基于稀疏时频分布的跳频信号参数估计

基于常规时频分析方法的跳频信号参数估计中,采用核函数抑制时频分布交叉项会导致时频聚集性的下降,不利于信号参数提取。针对此问题,该文提出一种基于稀疏时频分布(STFD)的跳频信号处理方法。该方法首先根据Cohen类分布的原理和跳频信号模糊函数的特点,以模糊域矩形窗为核函数,构建了一种Cohen类的矩形核分布(RKD)。RKD可有效抑制交叉项,但其时频分辨率较低。为提高RKD的时频性能,在压缩感知框架下,利用跳频信号时频分布的稀疏特性,对RKD附加稀疏性约束,建立稀疏时频分布(STFD)的优化求解模型。STFD不仅能有效抑制交叉项,而且具有良好的时频聚集性。仿真分析表明,与传统时频分析方法相比,该文提出的基于STFD的跳频信号参数估计方法性能更优。     

On alias-free formulations of discrete-time Cohen's class ofdistributions

The transition of the Cohen's (1989) class of distributions from the continuous-time case to the discrete-time case is not straightforward because of aliasing problems. We classify the aliasing problems, which occur for joint time-frequency representations (TFRs), into two categories: type-I and type-II aliasings. Type-I aliasing can be avoided by properly defined discrete-time versions of some members of Cohen's class (in particular, properly defined kernels), whereas type-II aliasing can be reduced and/or eliminated by increasing the sampling rate. A type-I alias-free formulation of the discrete-time Cohen's class (AF-DTCC), which is equivalent to the AF-GDTFT of Joeng and Williams (see ibid., vol.40, no.2, p.1084, 1992) is then introduced based on the fact that the Cohen's class can be expressed as the 2-D Fourier transform of the generalized ambiguity function (AF). Based on this definition, two discretization schemes for kernel functions are presented in both the AF domain and the time-lag domain, and are shown to be equivalent under certain conditions. We also do the following: (1) we show that a discrete-time Wigner-Ville distribution (DWVD) and discrete-time spectrogram (DSPG) are type-I alias-free and members of AF-DTCC; (2) we use all the available correlation information from a given data sequence by using the Woodward AF instead of the Sussman AF; (3) we give kernel constraints in the AF domain for various distribution properties; and (4) we provide a type-I and type-II alias-free formulation for those distributions whose kernel functions satisfy the finite frequency-support constraint     

Kernel design for reduced interference distributions

The authors present a class of time-frequency signal representations (TFRs) called the reduced interference distribution (RID). An overview of commonly used TFRs is given, and desirable distribution properties are introduced. Particular attention is paid to the interpretation of Cohen's class of time-frequency distributions of TFRs in the ambiguity, temporal correlation, spectral correlation, and time-frequency domains. Based on the desirable kernel requirements, the RID is discussed and further defined. A systematic procedure to create RID kernels, (or, equivalently, compute RIDs) is proposed. Some aspects and properties of the RID are discussed. The authors estimate design considerations for RIDs and compare various selections of the primitive window. Some experimental results demonstrating the performance of the RID are presented     

用于多分量线性调频信号的自适应核分布分析

该文针对多分量线性调频信号,提出了一种新的自适应核时频分布-自适应高斯核分布,并给出了有效的核函数估计准则;以自适应高斯核分布为例,分析了采用自适应核时频分布对信号自身项及交叉项的影响,从而说明自适应核相对于固定核的优势所在;总结了基于模糊域自适应设计多分量线性调频信号核函数的一般方法。计算机仿真结果表明了自适应高斯核分布在抑制交叉项并保持较高时频分辨力方面的有效性。     

Double-dimensional distributions: another approach to "quartic" distributions

We present the definitions of double-dimensional time-frequency distributions, especially the Wigner distribution (WD) of the WD and the ambiguity function of the ambiguity function. The first coincides with the notion of the local ambiguity function presented in the papers of O'Neill and Williams (1999), and O'Neill and Flandrin (2000) and are classified as the "quartic time-frequency distribution." The second turned out to be the Fourier transform of the quartic ambiguous ambiguity function. Using the above notions, the double dimensional extension of the Cohen's class distributions is defined and illustrated by examples.     

Fast calculation of the Choi-Williams time-frequency distribution

The method presented allows faster calculation of any time-frequency distribution with a kernel that can be formulated in the time-lag plane. Specific examples are the Wigner and Choi-Williams distributions. The Choi-Williams distribution (CWD) uses an exponential kernel in the generalized class of bilinear time-frequency distributions to achieve a reduction in the cross-term components of the distribution. Matrix manipulations provide an intuitive approach and, when combined with parallel processing, improve the processing speed to allow real-time calculations of the CWD. The use of an outer product matrix with a weighting matrix is particularly useful when evaluating different weighting parameters. For any given signal, the outer product matrix needs to be calculated just once. The various weighting matrices can be stored and used with any signal when needed. Parallel processing architectures allow implementation of the algorithm with speeds that are appropriate for real-time, running window calculations     

Alias-free generalized discrete-time time-frequency distributions

A definition of generalized discrete-time time-frequency distribution that utilizes all of the outer product terms from a data sequence, so that one can avoid aliasing, is introduced. The new approach provides (1) proper implementation of the discrete-time spectrogram, (2) correct evaluation of the instantaneous frequency of the underlying continuous-time signal, and (3) correct frequency marginal. The formulation provides a unified framework for implementing members of Cohen's class, which was formulated in the continuous-time domain. Some requirements for the discrete-time kernel in the new approach are discussed in association with desirable distribution properties. Some experimental results are provided to illustrate the features of the proposed method     

Measuring time-frequency information content using the Renyientropies

The generalized entropies of Renyi inspire new measures for estimating signal information and complexity in the time-frequency plane. When applied to a time-frequency representation (TFR) from Cohen's class or the affine class, the Renyi entropies conform closely to the notion of complexity that we use when visually inspecting time-frequency images. These measures possess several additional interesting and useful properties, such as accounting and cross-component and transformation invariances, that make them natural for time-frequency analysis. This paper comprises a detailed study of the properties and several potential applications of the Renyi entropies, with emphasis on the mathematical foundations for quadratic TFRs. In particular, for the Wigner distribution, we establish that there exist signals for which the measures are not well defined     

基于模糊平面的信号识别方法

将一维信号变换到二维坐标平面往往更有利于描述信号的时变特征,从而实现信号的分类识别。基于离散时频分布的信号识别方法,将时频核设计问题转化为以信号自模糊函数为原始特征的特征选择问题,以实现特征降维和信号识别。时频核设计孤立考察模糊平面上各个特征点,且降维空间中存在着识别信息冗余。将核设计的原理推广,直接基于模糊平面进行信号识别,利用K—L展开和线性变换对自模糊函数进行特征提取,在降维空间内综合了各原始特征共有的分类信息,并去除特征之间的相关性,从而比时频核设计方法具有更优的信号识别性能。     

Linear frequency-modulated signal detection using Radon-ambiguitytransform

A novel time-frequency technique for linear frequency modulated (LFM) signal detection is proposed. The design of the proposed detectors is based on the Radon transform of the modulus square or the envelope amplitude of the ambiguity function (AF) of the signal. A practical assumption is made that the chirp rate is the only parameter of interest. Since the AF of LFM signals will pass through the origin of the ambiguity plane, the line integral of the Radon transform is performed over all lines passing through the origin of the ambiguity plane. The proposed detectors yield maxima over chirp rates of the LFM signals. This reduces the two-dimensional (2-D) problem of the conventional Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) based detection or the Radon-Wigner transform (RWT) based detector to a one-dimensional (1-D) problem and consequently reduces the computation load and keeps the feature of “built-in” filtering. Related issues such as the finite-length effect, the resolution, and the effect of noise are studied. The result is a tool for LFM detection, as well as the time-varying filtering and adaptive kernel design for multicomponent LFM signals     

A signal-dependent time-frequency representation: optimal kerneldesign

A new time-frequency distribution (TFD) that adapts to each signal and so offers a good performance for a large class of signals is introduced. The design of the signal-dependent TFD is formulated in Cohen's class as an optimization problem and results in a special linear program. Given a signal to be analyzed, the solution to the linear program yields the optimal kernel and, hence, the optimal time-frequency mapping for that signal. A fast algorithm has been developed for solving the linear program, allowing the computation of the signal-dependent TFD with a time complexity on the same order as a fixed-kernel distribution. Besides this computational efficiency, an attractive feature of the optimization-based approach is the ease with which the formulation can be customized to incorporate application-specific knowledge into the design process     

On generalized-marginal time-frequency distributions

We introduce a family of time-frequency (TF) distributions with generalized marginals, i.e., beyond the time-domain and the frequency-domain marginals, in the sense that the projections of a TF distribution along one or more angles are equal to the magnitude squared of the fractional Fourier transforms of the signal. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for a TF distribution in Cohen's class to satisfy generalized marginals. We then modify the existing well-known TF distributions in Cohen's class, such as Choi-Williams (1989) and Page distributions, so that the modified ones have generalized marginals. Numerical examples are presented to show that the proposed TF distributions have the advantages of both Wigner-Ville and other quadratic TF distributions, which only have the conventional marginals. Moreover, they also indicate that the generalized-marginal TF distributions with proper marginals are more robust than the Wigner-Ville and the Choi-Williams distributions when signals contain additive noise     

A constrained weighted least squares approach for time-frequencydistribution kernel design

In most applications of time-frequency (t-f) distributions, the t-f kernel is of finite extent and applied to discrete time signals. This paper introduces a matrix-based approach for t-f distribution kernel design. In this new approach, the optimum kernel is obtained as the solution of a linearly constrained weighted least squares minimization problem in which the kernel is vectorial and the constraints form a linear subspace. Similar to FIR temporal and spatial constrained least squares (LS) design methods, the passband, stopband, and transition band of an ideal kernel are first specified. The optimum kernel that best approximates the ideal kernel in the LS error sense, and simultaneously satisfies the multiple linear constraints, is then obtained using closed-form expressions. This proposed design method embodies a well-structured procedure for obtaining fixed and data-dependent kernels that are difficult to obtain using other design approaches     

二次时频表示中核函数的优化设计

二次时频分布是分析非平稳信号的有力工具，在具有许多优良特性的同时，存在严重的交叉干扰项。在Wigner-Ville分布及Cohen类时频分布具有固定核函数的基础上，研究了基于信号的核函数优化设计的两种方法，径向高斯核函数和最优相位核函数的设计方法。基于信号的核函数的时频表示可以有效地抑制或转移交叉分量，提高时频表示的可读估计，改善其主要性能。     

Volterra series representation of time-frequency distributions

This paper addresses a Volterra series representation of bilinear (or quadratic) time-frequency distributions that belong to Cohen's class, whereby the analogy of the bilinear class with a second-order double Volterra series is utilized. In addition, a different viewpoint for the bilinear kernel and a complementary interpretation concerning the quadratic time-frequency distributions are provided.     

Optimal kernels for nonstationary spectral estimation

Current theories of a time-varying spectrum of a nonstationary process all involve, either by definition or by difficulties in estimation, an assumption that the signal statistics vary slowly over time. This restrictive quasistationarity assumption limits the use of existing estimation techniques to a small class of nonstationary processes. We overcome this limitation by deriving a statistically optimal kernel, within Cohen's (1989) class of time-frequency representations (TFR's), for estimating the Wigner-Ville spectrum of a nonstationary process. We also solve the related problem of minimum mean-squared error estimation of an arbitrary bilinear TFR of a realization of a process from a correlated observation. Both optimal time-frequency invariant and time-frequency varying kernels are derived. It is shown that in the presence of any additive independent noise, optimal performance requires a nontrivial kernel and that optimal estimation may require smoothing filters that are very different from those based on a quasistationarity assumption. Examples confirm that the optimal estimators often yield tremendous improvements in performance over existing methods. In particular, the ability of the optimal kernel to suppress interference is quite remarkable, thus making the proposed framework potentially useful for interference suppression via time-frequency filtering     

A general approach for obtaining joint representations in signalanalysis. II. General class, mean and local values, and bandwidth

For pt.I see ibid., vol.44, no.5, p.1080-90 (1996). Using the method developed in Cohen (1996) (Part I), the concepts of instantaneous frequency and group delay are generalized to arbitrary variables; in addition, new expressions for mean values and bandwidths are obtained. The kernel method is used to define a general class for arbitrary variables. As in the time-frequency case, the general class generates all possible distributions. The method is also formulated in terms of the local autocorrelation function     

A NEW QUADRATIC TIME-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONAND A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEVERAL POPULARQUADRATIC TIME-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

A new quadratic time-frequency distribution (TFD) with a compound kernel is proposed and a comparative study of several popular quadratic TFD is carried out. It is shown that the new TFD with compound kernel has stronger ability than the exponential distribution (ED) and the cone-shaped kernel distribution (CKD) in reducing cross terms, meanwhile almost not decreasing the time-frequency resolution of ED or CKD.     

一种新的二次时频分布和几种主要二次时频分布的比较研究

本文提出一种新的Cohen类时频分布并对几种主要Cohen类时频分布进行了实验比较研究。结果表明,基于指数分布(ED)和锥形核分布(CKD)的复合核分布(ECKD)具有更强的抑制交叉干扰性质,同时几乎不会使ED或CKD的时频分辨力降低。     

基于科恩分布的地球物理信号的时频分析

在简要讨论几种科恩类广义双线性时频分布的基础上,探讨双线性时频分布的算法实现与仿真流程,进而模拟出地磁脉动信号的几种时频分布,同时还对Pc脉动的几种双线性时频分布进行了比较,给出了相应的交叉项抑制和参数选取的方法。结果表明,在核函数参数选取适当的情况下,广义双线性时频表示是分析地球物理信号的有力工具。