初始啁啾和偏振效应对光纤通信系统的影响

采用多重重要抽样方法,对受偏振模色散(PMD)和偏振相关损耗(PDL)联合影响的10 Gbit/s光通信系统在不同脉冲初始啁啾和占空比下的性能进行了数值仿真.给出了PMD=10 ps和PDL=1、1.5 dB时开关键控(OOK)和差分相移键控(DPSK)调制的光传输系统的功率代价分布和系统失效概率.发现在不同占空比下,系统性能有明显不同;引入适当的初始啁啾(如啁啾因子C=0.5),有利于提高系统的性能.     

Impact of chromatic and polarization-mode dispersions on DPSK systems using interferometric demodulation and direct detection

We study the impact of chromatic dispersion (CD) and first-order polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) on systems using binary differential phase-shift keying (2-DPSK) or quaternary DPSK (4-DPSK) with nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) or return-to-zero (RZ) formats. These signals are received using optical preamplification, interferometric demodulation, and direct detection. We consider the linear propagation regime and compute optical power penalties at fixed bit-error ratio (BER). In order to evaluate the BER precisely taking account amplifier noise, arbitrary pulse shapes, arbitrary optical and electrical filtering, CD, and PMD, we introduce a novel model for DPSK systems and compute the BER using a method recently proposed by Forestieri for on-off keying (OOK) systems. We show that when properly applied, the method yields highly accurate results for DPSK systems. We have found that when either the NRZ or RZ format is used, 2-DPSK exhibits lower power penalties than OOK in the presence of CD and first-order PMD. RZ-2-DPSK, as compared with NRZ-2-DPSK, incurs smaller penalties due to PMD, but offers no advantage in terms of CD. 4-DPSK, as it has twice the symbol duration of OOK or 2-DPSK for a given bit rate, incurs much lower CD and PMD power penalties than either of these techniques. RZ-4-DPSK is especially promising, as it offers CD and PMD penalties significantly smaller than all other techniques, including NRZ-4-DPSK.     

3 Gbit/s optically preamplified direct detection DPSK receiver with 116 photon/bit sensitivity

For the first time experimental bit error rate curves are presented for an optically preamplified direct detection differential phase and shift keying (DPSK) communication link. DPSK offers approximately 6 dB peak power sensitivity improvement over more traditionally optically preamplified on/off keying (OOK). Using an erbium doped fibre preamplifier, a fibre Fabry-Perot filter, an optical DPSK demodulator consisting of a fibre-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a 1 bit differential delay, and a balanced receiver, a sensitivity of 116 photon/bit was obtained. To the authors' knowledge these results represent the first demonstration of optically preamplified DPSK with better sensitivity than previously reported multigigabit per second heterodyne DPSK and approximately 3 dB more sensitivity on a peak power basis than previously reported preamplified OOK systems.<>     

A Fiber-Based All-Optical 3R Regenerator for DPSK Signals

Analysis of an all-optical 3R regenerator for differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) signals is presented. Incoming DPSK signals impaired by noise are first demodulated to on-off keying (OOK) signals by a delay interferometer. The amplitude of the OOK signals is then stabilized by a fiber-based all-optical 2R regenerator. In a subsequent nonlinear fiber, locally generated optical clock pulses are phase-modulated by the stabilized OOK pulses and are output as regenerated signals. It is shown that significant phase-noise suppression is achieved by strong amplitude regeneration     

Moment-Generating Function Method Used to Evaluate the Performance of a Linear Optical Communication System

The moment-generating function (MGF) of the received photoelectric current is evaluated for a linear optical communication system consisting of distributed amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), polarization-mode dispersion (PMD), and polarization dependent loss (PDL). Using this function, optical performance characterization based on the bit error rate (BER), ${rm Q}$-factor, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), can be evaluated. As an example of the applicability to binary differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) systems with defined PDL, the BER results predicted by linked model and lumped model are compared. Our results indicate that the difference can be orders of magnitude when the PDL is larger than 2.5 dB. Additionally, random PDL induced statistical feature of the BER is entirely different for these two models. Finally, relations between the statistical variations of other performance parameters ( ${rm Q}$-factor and SNR) and link model parameters (input signal polarization, average PDL value, and link number $K$) are also investigated.      

Multicanonical Monte Carlo Modeling of Wavelength Division Multiplexed Differential Phase Shift Keying Systems

Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation is being considered as a possible candidate for future optical wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) transmission systems. In a single channel link, the balanced interferometric DPSK receiver exhibits increased tolerance against amplified spontaneous emitting (ASE) noise and fiber nonlinear effects. In this paper, a model is presented that can be used to estimate the performance of a multichannel DPSK system taking into account the influence of interchannel phenomena, namely cross-phase modulation (XPM) and four wave mixing (FWM), in the phase noise statistics. The model is based on an approximate solution of the fiber propagation equation and the multicanonical Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. It provides an efficient tool that can be used to investigate the influence of many link design parameters such as channel spacing, launch power, and fiber dispersion. The model is illustrated in the comparison of the performance of multichannel DPSK to on-off keying (OOK) systems. It is verified that, even in the presence of interchannel effects, DPSK modulation greatly enhances the system performance compared to OOK.     

不同FBG色散补偿结构中OOK传输性能对比

光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)以其使用方便、造价低、可靠性高等优势在高速光纤通信系统中逐步得到应用,而其色散补偿能力也一直备受研究者关注。文章对比研究了NRZ、33%RZ和CSRZ三种开关键控(OOK)调制格式在预补偿、对称补偿和后补偿三种FBG色散补偿结构中的传输性能,仿真结果表明OOK调制格式在FBG色散对称补偿结构中具有最好的传输性能。当在FBG色散对称补偿结构中单独考虑非线性效应和偏振模色散(PMD)时33%RZ具有较好的传输特性,而当综合考虑残留色散、非线性效应和PMD时,CSRZ系统传输性能最佳。     

强海洋湍流水下光通信系统误码率研究

水下无线光通信（underwater wireless optical communication,UWOC）系统具有宽带宽、低衰减、低延时时间、高安全、高速率等优点,可满足水下数据、图像、传感器网络、视频通信的高速需求,受到了广泛研究。然而,除了水下的吸收、散射效应外,湍流效应也会使光信号衰减和衰落,限制了UWOC系统的通信质量和传输距离。探讨了外差式差分移相键控（differential phase shift keying,DPSK）调制对误码率（bit error rate,BER）的提升能力。假定强海洋湍流信道为Gamma-Gamma分布,利用改进的Rytov方法,得出了UWOC系统采用平面波和球面波传输时的闪烁系数表达式。借助于Whittaker M函数推导了DPSK调制的UWOC系统采用这两种光波传输时BER的解析式,并利用数值结果验证了解析结果的正确性。应用解析公式,仿真分析了DPSK调制的UWOC系统采用两种光波在三种重要的海洋湍流因素和通信距离下的BER,并对比分析了DPSK调制与OOK调制的BER。仿真结果表明,UWOC系统采用DPSK调制和球面波传输,在较小的均方温度耗散率、较小的温度和盐度波动对海洋湍流贡献的比值、较大的湍流动能耗散率的海洋中及通过较短的通信距离传输可以得到更优的BER。      

A WDM-PON with DPSK modulated downstream and OOK modulated upstream signals based on symmetric 10 Gbit/s wavelength reused bidirectional reflective SOA

We investigate a wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) with centralized lightwave and direct detection. The system is demonstrated for symmetric 10 Gbit/s differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) downstream signals and on-off keying (OOK) upstream signals, respectively. A wavelength reused scheme is employed to carry the upstream data by using a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) as an intensity modulator at the optical network unit (ONU). The constant-intensity property of the DPSK modulation format can keep high extinction ratio (ER) of downstream signal and reduce the crosstalk to the upstream signal. The bit error rate (BER) performance of our scheme shows that the proposed 10 Gbit/s symmetric WDM-PON can achieve error free transmission over 25-km-long fiber transmission with low power penalty.     

fso中一种光载波外差dpsk系统的设计

介绍了自由空间光通信中的相干通信系统,通过对相干光通信中振幅键控(ASK),频移键控(FSK),相移键控(PSK),差分相移键控(DPSK)四种光载波相干调制方式性能的分析和比较,仿真结果得出PSK调制误码性能更好,提出了一种光载波外差差分相移键控(DPSK)系统.     

SOA-based regenerative amplification of phase-noise-degraded DPSK signals: dynamic analysis and demonstration

A theoretical analysis and an experimental demonstration of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based regenerative amplification (SORA) of phase noise (PN)-degraded return-to-zero (RZ) differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) signals are presented. The Q-factor improvement is 1.6 dB in single-channel and about 0.8 dB in two non-demultiplexed-channel regimes. The key physical mechanism that enables regeneration by the SORA is the discriminative gain provided by the SOA for the logical 0s versus the logical 1s when two mutually antisymmetric ON-OFF keying (OOK) data trains, created by the DPSK signal, collide in the SOA. The modeling results agree with the experiment.     

WDM PON using 10-Gb/s DPSK downstream and re-modulated 10-Gb/s OOK upstream based on SOA

A signal remodulation scheme of 10-Gb/s differential phase-shift keying(DPSK) downstream and 10-Gb/s on-off keying(OOK) upstream using a semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA) and a Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator(MZ-IM) at the optical networking unit(ONU) side for wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network(WDM PON) is proposed.Simulation results indicate that error-free operation can be achieved in a 20-km transmission,and the receiver sensitivity of return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying(RZ-DPSK) is higher than nonreturn-to-zero differential phase-shift keying(NRZ-DPSK) in the proposed scheme.     

XPM Statistics in 100% Precompensated WDM Transmission for OOK and DPSK Formats

We numerically study cross-phase modulation (XPM) statistics in 100% precompensated wavelength-division-multiplexing transmission with on–off keying (OOK) and differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) formats. XPM and its randomness are determined by nonlinear diffusion bandwidth and specific modulation format in the target channel. XPM degradation in DPSK channels shows much less stochastic than that in OOK channels. The small duty cycle also helps to reduce XPM randomness.      

Reconfigurable All-Optical Logic Gates for Multi-Input Differential Phase-Shift Keying Signals: Design and Experiments

Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) signals are promising candidate for the long-haul transmission systems. However, the development of the all-optical signal processing techniques for the DPSK signals is still in its infancy, especially the all-optical logic operations. In this work, a general scheme for reconfigurable logic gates for multi-input DPSK signals with integration possibility is proposed. Benefiting from the optical logic minterms developed by two kinds of optical devices, i.e., optical delay interferometers and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), target logic functions can be realized by combining specific minterms together. The scheme is reconfigured by changing the phase control of the delay interferometers or the input wavelengths. The latter approach was adopted in the experimental trials. Although the outputs of the scheme are on-off keying (OOK) signals, the data format is compatible with all-optical decision circuits where OOK format is preferred. Two- and three-input experiments are carried out at 20 Gbit/s with nonreturn-to-zero DPSK signals. Various logic operations are demonstrated, including full sets of two- and three-input minterms, AND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR logic operations where the AND and NOR logic are derived simultaneously and the XOR and XNOR logic are convertible. The optical SNR as well as the Q-factor of the two- and three-input results are measured and compared. It shows that the input powers to the SOAs are critical in achieving good extinction ratio and the Q-factor of logic results degrades when several minterms are combined. The recovery time of the SOAs need to be optimized as well. Finally, the scaling issues of the scheme are discussed.     

WDM high speed chirped DPSK fiber optical system transmission modeling in presence of PMD,PDL, and CD

An analytic model is reported to evaluate the electric output signals and their variance (eye diagram) for multichannel high-speed DPSK fiber optical system in presence of polarization mode dispersion (PMD), polarization dependent loss (PDL), and chromatic dispersion (CD). It is also found that even under linear cross talks, the balanced receiver output show a strong asymmetric phenomenon if adjacent channels are nonsynchronous.     

Optical Communication Using Subcarrier PSK Intensity Modulation Through Atmospheric Turbulence Channels

This paper studies optical communications using subcarrier phase shift keying (PSK) intensity modulation through atmospheric turbulence channels. The bit error rate (BER) is derived for optical communication systems employing either on/off key (OOK) or subcarrier PSK intensity modulation. It is shown that at BER = 10^-6 and a scintillation level of sigma = 0.1, an optical communication system employing subcarrier BPSK is 3 dB better than a comparable system using fixed-threshold OOK. When sigma = 0.2, an optical communication system employing subcarrier BPSK achieves a BER = 10^-6 at SNR = 13.7 dB, while the BER of a comparable system employing OOK can never be less than 10^-4. Convolutional codes are discussed for optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels. Interleaving is employed to overcome memory effect in atmospheric turbulence channels. An upper bound on BER is derived for optical communication systems employing convolutional codes and subcarrier BPSK modulation.     

Parametric-gain approach to the analysis of single-channel DPSK/DQPSK systems with nonlinear phase noise

This paper presents a novel method based on a parametric gain (PG) approach to study the impact of nonlinear phase noise in single-channel dispersion-managed differentially phase-modulated systems. This paper first shows through Monte Carlo simulations that the received amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise statistics, before photodetection, can be reasonably assumed to be Gaussian, provided a sufficiently large chromatic dispersion is present in the transmission fiber. This paper then evaluates in a closed form the ASE power spectral density by linearizing the interaction between a signal and a noise in the limit of a distributed system. Even if the received ASE is nonstationary in time due to pulse shape and modulation, this paper shows that it can be approximated by an equivalent stationary process, as if the signal were continuous wave (CW). This paper then applies the CW-equivalent ASE model to bit-error-rate evaluation by using an extension of a known Karhunen-Loe/spl acute/ve method for quadratic detectors in colored Gaussian noise. Such a method avoids calculation of the nonlinear phase statistics and accounts for intersymbol interference due to a nonlinear waveform distortion and optical and electrical postdetection filtering. This paper compares binary and quaternary schemes with both nonreturn- and return-to-zero (RZ) pulses for various values of nonlinear phases and bit rates. The results confirm that PG deeply affects the system performance, especially with RZ pulses and with quaternary schemes. This paper also compares ON-OFF keying (OOK) differential phase-shifted keying (DPSK) systems, showing that the initial 3-dB advantage of DPSK is lost for increasing nonlinear phases because DPSK is less robust to PG than OOK.     

基于LDPC码和BPPM的无线光通信系统性能研究

为了克服光在弱湍流大气条件传输时,光强闪烁造成的突发错误,在已知信道衰落信息(CSI)和未知信道衰落信息(NCSI)条件下,研究了基于低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)码和二进制脉冲位置调制(BPPM)的无线光通信系统性能,论述了BPPM光通信信道对称性的特点,并与基于LDPC码和OOK调制的光通信系统性能进行了比较。结果表明,在NCSI和CSI情况下,基于LDPC码和BPPM的光通信系统相对于基于LDPC码和OOK调制的系统均有更优异的差错性能;在NCSI情况下,基于LDPC码和BPPM的光通信系统的性能相对于CSI情况下的系统性能损失并不大;且采用LDPC码BPPM相对于LDPC码OOK调制的光通信系统,随着湍流强度的增大系统性能损失较小。因此,基于LDPC码和BP-PM的光通信系统在不需要信道衰落信息估计的情况下,能获得较大的编码增益,便于工程实现,在无线光通信中将有一定的应用前景。     

基于光纤差分相移键控的色散补偿方案的研究

为了研究光差分相移键控(DPSK)调制格式在光纤高速传输系统中的色散补偿, 利用色散补偿光纤(DCF)的色散补偿原理, 对40Gbit/s光纤传输系统进行色散补偿, 分析了40Gbit/s单通道光纤传输系统中3种DPSK调制格式信号的频谱特性; 仿真了3种码型的色散容忍度以及3种调制格式在考虑光纤的非线性下的色散补偿方案。结果表明, 光非归零码差分相移键控(NRZ-DPSK)信号具有最好的色散容忍度, 但其受非线性的影响比较大; 33%归零码差分相移键控(33%RZ-DPSK)信号的色散容忍度差, 但其色散补偿后的效果优于NRZ-DPSK; 而载波抑制归零码差分相移键控信号对色散和非线性效应都有较好的抑制; 3种DPSK调制格式均在对称补偿2方案中色散补偿的效果最佳。此仿真研究对光DPSK信号在光纤中的色散补偿具有参考意义。     

无线光开关键控调制在Turbo码下的差错特性分析

目前无线光通信工程主要采用开关键控调制,该调制简单、易实现,但误码率高,需要引入纠错编码技术.在分析Turbo码译码结构和开关键控迭代译码算法的基础上,分析仿真了迭代次数、帧长以及约束长度对开关键控调制误码率的影响.结果表明,引入Turbo码编译码技术能够有效改善无线光开关键控调制系统的误码性能.