GEO与NGEO卫星频谱共存干扰抑制技术（一）

由于对低延时实时系统和宽带数据的需求日益增加,人们越来越关注如何在几个可用的频带中部署更多的近地轨道（LEO）和中地轨道（MEO）卫星。当可用的非静止轨道（NGEO,即LEO/MEO）卫星数目增多时,其与在轨的地球静止轨道（GEO）卫星频谱共存已经成为了一种必须。在这种情况下,为了使它们的频谱可以共用,探索一项技术来抑制GEO和NGEO系统间的干扰是非常关键的。更具体地说,在GEO和NGEO卫星网络共存的情况下,共线干扰可能是一个严重的问题,特别是在赤道上空。本文提供了几个关于如何在NGEO卫星链路和GEO卫星链路共存情况下频率共用的研究。除此之外,本文提出了几种认知方法来解决共线干扰,也提出了未来研究方向。     

国外卫星移动通信新进展与发展趋势

在地面移动通信迅猛发展的新形势下,提供相似业务的卫星移动通信的发展动态和趋势值得关注.首先介绍了国外卫星移动通信市场发展动态,然后分别介绍了静止轨道、中轨道和低轨道三类卫星移动通信系统的最新进展,其中静止轨道卫星移动通信发展最好,中低轨道卫星移动通信系统发展相对不景气;最后探讨了卫星移动通信的发展趋势,指出通过星地集成...     

State-of-art of Geosynchronous SAR

Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Synthetic Aperture Radar(GEO SAR) runs in the height of 36000Km geosynchronous earth orbit,compared with traditional Low Earth Orbit(LEO) SAR(orbit height under 1000Km),GEO SAR has advantages of shorter repeat period,wider swath and so on.Firstly,the basic principle and state-of-art of GEO SAR in domestic and overseas are introduced.Secondly,coverage characteristic of GEO SAR is analyzed.Thirdly,the key problems of yaw steering and imaging on curved trajectory in GEO SAR are discussed in detail,and the corresponding primary solutions are presented in order to promote future research on GEO SAR.     

In‐line interference mitigation techniques for spectral coexistence of GEO and NGEO satellites

The interest towards the deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO)/Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite systems in several frequency bands is increasing due to the requirement of low latency for real‐time systems and high demand of broadband data. When the number of usable Non‐Geostationary (NGEO) satellites, that is, LEO/MEO in space, increases, the frequency coexistence between the NGEO satellite systems with the already existing geostationary (GEO) satellite networks becomes a requisite. In this context, it is crucial to explore interference mitigation techniques between GEO and NGEO systems in order to allow their spectral coexistence. More specifically, in the coexistence scenario of GEO and NGEO satellite networks, in‐line interference may be a serious problem, especially in the equatorial region. In this paper, we provide several frequency sharing studies in the context of the coexistence of an NGEO satellite link with another NGEO/GEO satellite link. Furthermore, we carry out interference analysis between GEO and MEO satellite systems considering the case of the O3b satellite system and propose an adaptive power control technique for both the uplink and downlink scenarios in order to mitigate the in‐line interference. Moreover, we suggest several cognitive solutions for mitigating the in‐line interference and provide future research issues. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于EPFD分析的高低轨卫星角度间隔研究

随着低轨(LEO)通信卫星业务需求的增加，低轨卫星需要使用Ka频段进行通信。本文针对低轨卫星采用Ka频段可能与在轨的高轨卫星发生同频干扰问题，采用基于链路分离角的空域分隔方法进行干扰规避的角度间隔分析。分别从不同干扰场景、地面站分布情况来分析对干扰角度间隔的影响，并在此基础上提出该角度间隔范围内，低轨卫星需采取的干扰规避措施。     

对流层对地球同步轨道SAR成像的影响研究

地球同步轨道SAR（GEO SAR）具有超长孔径时间和大覆盖范围的特性,使得传统低轨SAR成像中采用的对流层冻结模型假设失效。因此,需要考虑时变条件下的对流层效应对GEO SAR成像的影响。本文根据对流层中电磁波的传播规律,利用射线描迹法,分析了GEO SAR中相位误差的特点;并通过建立时变对流层影响下的GEO SAR回波信号模型,研究了对流层引起的GEO SAR图像偏移及图像散焦现象,并分析总结了相关影响的边界条件。最后,基于仿真数据,分析了对流层效应对GEOSAR成像的影响。      

高低轨频率共存卫星通信系统鲁棒波束成形算法研究

针对静止轨道(Geostationary Earth Orbit, GEO)卫星系统和低轨道(Low Earth Orbit, LEO)卫星系统频率共享时存在的干扰问题,本文基于低轨分布式卫星编队提出了一种鲁棒自适应波束成形算法,从空间域功率隔离角度解决了高低轨卫星通信系统上行链路共用频谱时GEO用户对于LEO卫星共线干扰问题。算法中综合考虑卫星通信系统长传播时延导致的阵列导向矢量存在一定误差,在基于线性约束最小方差(LCMV)准则的自适应波束成形器中设计了考虑系统最恶劣误差情况的鲁棒性约束,并采用泰勒级数逼近法求解波束成形器加权矢量。仿真结果表明本文的鲁棒波束成形算法在卫星通信环境下适应度较高,能够有效地缓解高低轨卫星通信系统频率共享带来的同频干扰问题。      

A survivable routing protocol for two-layered LEO/MEO satellite networks

Due to the rapid development of space communication, satellite networks will be confronted with more complex space environment in future, which poses the important demand on the design of the survivable and efficient routing protocols. Among satellite networks, two-layered Low Earth Orbit (LEO)/Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite networks (LMSNs) have become an attractive architecture for their better communication service than single-layered satellite networks. To determine the topological dynamics of LMSN, the satellite group and group manager (SGGM) method is a prevalent strategy. However, it can not precisely capture the topological dynamics of the LEO layer, which may result in the unreliability of data transmission. Besides, most existing routing protocols based on the SGGM method will collapse once any top satellite fails. To overcome both limitations, this paper proposes a new topology control strategy for LMSNs. The proposed strategy determines the snapshot in terms of the topological change of the LEO layer, which ensures the topological consistency of routing calculation. Moreover, a new survivable routing protocol (SRP) is presented for LMSNs by combining both centralized and distributed routing strategies. The SRP can provide strong survivability under the LEO or MEO satellite failure. Besides, it can also achieve the minimum delay routing provided the MEO layer can effectively work. The performance of SRP is also evaluated by simulation and analysis.     

A flexible LEO satellite modem with Ka‐band RF frontend for a data relay satellite system

From a geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite's perspective, a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite is visible on more than half of its orbit. Albeit the free‐space loss of an inter‐satellite link is much higher than the one of a direct ground link, considerable data rates and download volumes can be achieved. In this paper, we describe the system architecture of an integrated approach for a data relay satellite system and the development of LEO satellite and ground station modems. The approach allows serving several small and inexpensive LEO satellites at the same time both with low rate telemetry/telecommand links and with high rate download of sensor data.     

GEO-LEO双基SAR序贯多帧-多通道联合重建无模糊成像方法

采用地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星作为双基合成孔径雷达(SAR)的发射站,可为低轨(LEO)接收站提供大范围、持续的波束覆盖。同时,由于收发分置的系统形态,LEO接收站可以实现下视、前视、后视等多视区成像,因此,GEO-LEO双基SAR在地球测绘、侦察监视等领域具有广阔的应用前景。为实现大幅宽成像,GEO SAR发射站的脉冲重复频率较低,而LEO SAR接收站会引入大的多普勒带宽,造成GEO-LEO双基SAR方位欠采样。通过在接收站引入多通道技术虽可抑制模糊,但是面临GEO-LEO双基SAR的严重欠采样问题,多通道无模糊重建方法所需通道数过多,不利于接收系统小型化。针对方位严重欠采样条件下的复杂观测场景无模糊成像问题,该文提出了序贯多帧-多接收通道联合重建无模糊成像方法,通过利用序贯观测场景多帧图像的相关性和多接收通道的采样信息进行联合重建,实现无模糊成像。首先将GEO-LEO双基SAR无模糊成像问题建模为张量联合低秩与稀疏优化问题,然后在交替方向乘子法迭代求解中利用多接收通道信息,实现了GEO-LEO双基SAR对复杂观测场景的无模糊成像。相比于基于传统多通道重构的成像方法,该方法可显著减少无模糊成像所需的接收通道数,仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。      

Theatre in the Sky: a ubiquitous broadband multimedia‐on‐demand service over a novel constellation composed of quasi‐geostationary satellites

To meet an ever‐growing demand for wideband multimedia services and electronic connectivity across the world, development of ubiquitous broadband multimedia systems is gaining a tremendous interest at both commercial and academic levels. Satellite networks will play an indispensable role in the deployment of such systems. A significant number of satellite communication constellations have been thus proposed using Geostationary (GEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), or Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. These constellations, however, either require a potential number of satellites or are unable to provide data transmission with high elevation angles. This paper proposes a new satellite constellation composed of Quasi‐GeoStationary Orbit (Quasi‐GSO) satellites. The main advantage of the constellation is in its ability to provide global coverage with a significantly small number of satellites while, at the same time, maintaining high elevation angles. Based on a combination of this Quasi‐GSO satellites constellation and terrestrial networks, the paper proposes also an architecture for building a global, large‐scale, and efficient Video‐on‐Demand (VoD) system. The entire architecture is referred to as a ‘Theatre in the Sky’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Trace-Time Framework for Prediction of Elevation Angle Over Land Mobile LEO Satellites Networks

Elevation angle is one of the most significant parameters of land mobile satellite channels, subject to rapid variations in the case of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems. In this paper a novel trace-based framework is proposed and analyzed which is capable of predicting elevation angle as a function of time during satellite visibility window. Trace-time based modeling makes the framework practical for real-time evaluation of elevation angle and its alteration incurred by communication links in LEO satellite systems. The proposed method is particularly suitable for development of communication channel models and services in mobile LEO satellite networks where path variability is of great importance.     

Personal communications by satellite

Personal communications (PC) refers to two-way voice (and possibly data) communications to a small hand-held unit, capable of being carried by a person and used in various locations. PC via satellite refers to the case where this hand-held unit communicates directly with a satellite to provide the duplex voice (or data) service. Both geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) and low earth orbit (LEO) satellites have been considered to provide this service. GEO and LEO satellite systems must compete with existing mobile cellular radio systems both in meeting performance requirements and service costs, if they are to be a significant supplier of PC services. GEO and LEO systems each have unique advantages and disadvantages when used to provide a PC service. While these general characteristics are identified in Section 1 of the paper, a more quantitative comparison is needed. This quantitative comparison is made by comparing a GEO PC satellite system, operating at EHF (K_a-band) frequencies with a LEO system operating at UHF (L-band) frequencies, including service costs for both systems. The two systems used in the comparison are examples of realistic GEO and LEO system designs for PC service, and although it is not exhaustive, the comparison points out some of the key differences between GEO and LEO systems that affect service performance and cost.     

适合中国的卫星通信组网的星座方案

针对我国地域分布的实际情况及通信业务量各时段的差异，提出适合中国的卫星无线光通信系统星座方案，利用3颗中轨卫星和16颗低轨卫星组成的通信系统能够覆盖我国区域，满足通信要求。     

Design and implementation of variable coding and modulation for LEO high-resolution Earth observation satellite

As LEO (Low Earth Orbit) high-resolution Earth observation satellite needs to transmit a large amount of remote sensing data from the satellite to the ground station, higher downlink capacity still poses a severe challenge to LEO. Therefore, variable coding and modulation (VCM) has become an important scheme to optimize the performance of satellite downlink. In this paper, the downlink VCM system of China Earth observation satellite is studied for the first time. By evaluating the free space loss of the satellite downlink path, a VCM-based satellite downlink system is designed, and a DVB-S2 BCH-LDPC encoded variable bit rate high-order MAPSK modulator is implemented. The maximum channel bit rate can reach 3.5 Gbps. Then, the experimental results of Gaofen-7 satellite, which was launched in November 2019, are carried out which showed that our design method effectively meets the design requirements, and the performance is verified.     

QoS Handover Management in LEO/MEO Satellite Systems

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are foreseen to complement terrestrial networks in future global mobile networks. Although space segment topology of a LEO network is characterized by periodic variations, connections of mobile stations (MSs) to the satellite backbone network alter stochastically. As a result the quality of service delivered to users may degrade. Different procedures have been proposed either as part of a resource allocation mechanism or as part of an end-to-end routing protocol to manage transitions of MSs from one satellite to another (handover). All of these techniques are based on the prioritization of requested handovers to ease network operation and therefore enhance provision of service. This paper proposes a new handover procedure that exploits all geometric characteristics of a satellite-to-MS connection to provide an equable handover in systems incorporating onboard processing satellites. Its performance is evaluated by simulations for a variety of satellite constellations to prove its general applicability. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中低轨卫星跨层激光链路二次同步切换方法

中低轨卫星之间跨层激光链路的无缝切换直接决定了双层卫星光网络的稳定性.异步切换方法会导致网络拓扑频繁重构,而集中同步切换将造成两层间连接中断,网络运行状态失控.为此,本文提出了中低轨卫星星座激光链路的二次同步切换方法,在保证中低轨道卫星连通的基础上,可降低网络拓扑重构频率.研究了整数周期比的中轨道和低轨道卫星空间位置特性,建立了中低轨卫星星座构形二阶非球摄动模型,确定了中低轨道之间轨道周期比为3的双层卫星星座构形.按连接和切换顺序将该星座构形中跨层激光链路分为两组,以相对周期的1/4为基准,每次令其中一组同步切换,通过交替完成切换.研究结果表明,二次同步切换方法使得网络拓扑重构频率降低到链路切换频率的1/7,比集中切换方法在网络平均时延方面降低了30ms.     

Web traffic capacity of multi-beam GEO and MEO mobile satellite systems

An investigation into the downlink Web traffic capacity of W-CDMA land mobile satellite communication systems for Geostationary (GEO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) constellations is presented. It is shown that the effect of power control errors on the Web traffic capacity severely degrades the performance of mobile satellite systems. It is also shown that the use of the proposed macrodiversity system is to mitigate the effect of power control errors, and consequently increases the Web traffic capacity of multi-beam GEO and MEO mobile satellite systems     

LEO/MEO双层卫星网络层间星际链路建立策略的性能研究

从改善LEO/MEO双层卫星网络拓扑结构稳定性的角度出发,该文提出了3种基于集中重建的层间星际链路建立策略。新策略的基本思想是通过强制所有层间星际链路在相同时间进行重建来大幅减少网络拓扑的重构次数。仿真结果表明,与原有的策略相比,该文提出的策略能够以可接受的代价提高LEO/MEO双层卫星网络拓扑结构的稳定性。     

分布式GEO SAR模糊度分析

地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达（GEO SAR）具有短重访、广覆盖等优势。分布式GEO SAR由多个GEO SAR同时收发形成多个相位中心,具有可降低合成孔径时间、提高信噪比等优点。模糊度是雷达系统设计中的重要指标,传统SAR的模糊度计算通常在距离时域、方位频域进行。然而在分布式GEO SAR中,通常无需进行全孔径成像即可获得满足要求的分辨率,因而点目标的方位向信号带宽低于场景瞬时多普勒带宽,使得基于方位频域的模糊度计算方法失效。此外,双基地配置以及地球球形表面也给地面模糊区位置的计算带来困难。本文首先给出考虑地球球形表面的双基地GEO SAR模糊区位置的近似计算方法,然后给出分布式GEO SAR模糊度的计算步骤。仿真对比分析了传统频域方法与本文所提方法,并详细分析了单基地GEO SAR、双基地GEO SAR和多基地GEO SAR的模糊度特点。