Hybrid mobility management schemes integrating mobile IP and SIP for seamless invocation of services in All-IP network

The growing demand for seamless invocation of different multimedia services from handheld devices anytime anywhere is the main driving force for drawing attention in the area of mobility management. Although Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) based mobility solution is very efficient for real-time services, Mobile IP is required to handle mobility of the mobile node (MN) at the network layer. We have extensively studied and explored some existing mobility management methods integrating the functionalities of Mobile IP and SIP in this paper. These schemes require support of IP encapsulation at the protocol stack of correspondent node (CN). To address the above problem, we have proposed in this paper, certain modification at the IP layer of Base Station (BS) that also reduces the bandwidth consumption. Moreover, service provisioning in a continuous way in public places like airport, university campus etc., requires to integrate some micro-mobility protocol with the existing mobility management methods to reduce the handoff disruption time in case of intradomain handoff. Thus, in this paper, we have proposed two new hybrid mobility management schemes that integrate two existing Mobile IP and SIP-based schemes where the proposed modification in the IP layer of BS is incorporated separately with the micro-mobility protocol Hierarchical Mobile IP (HMIP). The numerical results show that the integration of HMIP into the existing methods reduces both the signaling cost and the delay, mainly the active handoff disruption time. Simulation results on NS-2 demonstrate the performance improvement of the proposed mobility management schemes over the existing methods in terms of handoff delay.     

改进的移动IP的注册性能分析

根据现有的IETF移动IP规范，当移动节点驻留在远离归属网络的外地网络时，将会产生严重的注册延迟，从而引起严重的包丢失和通信吞吐量的下降。本文利用改进后的移动IP网络结构，引入routing agent，使得大量的当地注册报文只需要在RA上处理即可，从而减少了注册延迟，改善了移动IP的性能。本文对其中的注册代价进行了深入的分析，并与标准移动IP中的注册代价进行了对比。     

一种分布式全IP无线接入网方案

提出一种独特的无线IP接入网结构。此结构突破了传统的接入网管理域概念,直接在最靠近无线传输点的基站控制器上为用户提供IP网络接入,构成分布式的全IP无线接入网。其支撑协议MPPP(MobilePoint-to-PointProtocol)可充分体现用户移动的个性特征,构成动态逻辑接入网管理域。提出的快速平滑切换可保证用户在大业务量、频繁高速移动中的无损IP业务。     

Mobility management for VoIP service: Mobile IP vs. SIP

Wireless Internet access has gained significant attention as wireless/mobile communications and networking become widespread. The voice over IP service is likely to play a key role in the convergence of IP-based Internet and mobile cellular networks. We explore different mobility management schemes from the perspective of VoIP services, with a focus on Mobile IP and session initiation protocol. After illustrating the signaling message flows in these two protocols for diverse cases of mobility management, we propose a shadow registration concept to reduce the interdomain handoff (macro-mobility) delay in the VoIP service in mobile environments. We also analytically compute and compare the delay and disruption time for exchanging signaling messages associated with the Mobile IP and SIP-based solutions.     

P-MIP: Paging Extensions for Mobile IP

As the number of Mobile IP users grows, so will the signalling overhead associated with Internet mobility management in the core IP network. This presents a significant challenge to Mobile IP as the number of mobile devices scale-up. In cellular networks, registration and paging techniques are used to minimize the signalling overhead and optimize the mobility management performance. Currently, Mobile IP supports registration but not paging. In this paper, we argue that Mobile IP should be extended to support paging to improve the scalability of the protocol to handle large populations of mobile devices. To address this, we introduce P-MIP, a set of simple paging extensions for Mobile IP, and discuss the construction of paging areas, movement detection, registration, paging and data handling. We present analysis and simulation results for Mobile IP with and without paging extensions, and show that P-MIP can scale well supporting large numbers of mobile devices with reduced signalling under a wide variety of system conditions.     

An Empirical Analysis of Handoff Performance for SIP,Mobile IP,and SCTP Protocols

Over the last decade, we have witnessed a growing interest in the design and deployment of various network architectures and protocols aimed at supporting mobile users as they move across different types of networks. One of the goals of these emerging network solutions is to provide uninterrupted, seamless connectivity to mobile users giving them the ability to access information anywhere, anytime. Handoff management, an important component of mobility management, is crucial in enabling such seamless mobility across heterogeneous network infrastructures. In this work, we investigate the handoff performance of three of the most widely used mobility protocols namely, Mobile IP, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). Our empirical handoff tests were executed on an actual heterogeneous network testbed consisting of wired, wireless local area, and cellular networks using performance metrics such as handoff delay and handoff signaling time. Our empirical results reveal that Mobile IP yields the highest handoff delay among the three mobility protocols. In addition, we also found that SIP and SCTP yield 33 and 55% lower handoff delays respectively compared to Mobile IP.     

IIPP: integrated IP paging protocol with a power save mechanism

The advent of advanced mobile/wireless systems has been facilitating the battery‐powered mobile computing devices (nodes) to remain always connected to the internet. However, until now, the power‐drain rate of mobile nodes is very high in comparison with the available power of portable batteries. To reduce the energy consumption of mobile nodes, we present an integrated IP paging protocol (IIPP) by integrating the IP‐layer paging protocol based on Mobile IPv4 regional registration (MIPRR) with a power save mechanism. IIPP reduces the frequency of signaling messages between mobile nodes and networks. When not sending or receiving data for a certain time, mobile nodes enter power save mode (PSM), and consume very low power. We formulate analytical models and carry out simulations to evaluate the proposed IIPP. The results show that, compared to MIPRR, IIPP significantly reduces the average power consumption of the mobile node and signaling overheads in the network. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

移动IP与SIP集成应用中优化的AAA过程

在移动IP和SIP分别实现网络层和应用层移动性管理的多层多协议移动性管理方案中,当两种协议独立进行AAA操作时,存在缺乏效率的问题。为解决该问题,提出优化方案——“移动IP与SIP集成应用中优化的AAA过程”(OAPIMS)。在新一代AAA协议Diameter环境下,通过移动注册时,对两种协议的操作信令进行优化,减少了信令交互次数,达到提高效率的目的。分析表明,该方法可以明显降低信令开销,减少时延,提高系统性能。     

移动IP路由优化性能分析及仿真

因特网技术的普及,使得人们实现了网际通信和信息共享,但基于有线方式的Internet受到空间和时间的限制,无法满足用户随时随地能够接入因特网的要求,这成为研究移动主机路由协议的驱动力.移动IP是一种简单、可扩展的全球IP移动性的解决方案,但三角路由问题的存在带来了网络花费问题和性能问题.路由优化移动IP协议是解决移动IP相关问题的侯选协议之一.本文对两种协议进行了理论分析和仿真.结果表明,是否采用路由优化协议,不能一概而论,要根据网络及业务到达特征决定.另外,两种协议都不能很好地支持将来的微小区带来的频繁切换,而解决该问题就是我们下一步的研究方向.     

Topology-aided cross-layer fast handoff designs for IEEE 802.11/mobile IP environments

This study first reviews state-of-the-art fast handoff techniques for IEEE 802.11 or Mobile IP networks. Based on that review, topology-aided cross-layer fast handoff designs are proposed for Mobile IP over IEEE 802.1.1 networks. Time-sensitive applications, such as voice over IP (VoIP), cannot tolerate the long layer-2 plus layer-3 handoff delays that arise in IEEE 802.11/Mobile IP environments. Cross-layer designs are increasingly adopted to shorten the handoff latency time. Handoff-related layer-2 triggers may reduce the delay between layer-2 handoff completion and the associated layer-3 handoff activation. Cross-layer topology information, such as the association between 802.11 access points and Mobile IP mobility agents, together with layer-2 triggers, can be utilized by a mobile node to start layer-3 handoff-related activities, such as agent discovery, address configuration, and registration, in parallel with or prior to those of layer-2 handoff. Experimental results indicate that the whole handoff. delay can meet the delay requirement of VoIP applications when layer-3 handoff activities occur prior to layer-2 handoffs.     

An Efficient Fault Tolerance Protocol with Backup Foreign Agents in a Hierarchical Local Registration Mobile IP

A Mobile IP allows IP hosts to move between different networks without changing their IP addresses. Mobile IP systems supporting local registration were introduced to reduce the number of times a home registration with the remotely located home agent was needed. The local registration Mobile IP scheme enhanced performance by processing registration requests of mobile nodes at a local agent. The local registration approach may affect other aspects of the Mobile IP systems such as fault tolerance. In this paper, we briefly review previous solutions for supporting fault tolerance in local registration Mobile IP systems and propose a fault tolerance protocol with a backup foreign agent in a hierarchical local registration mobile IP to enhance the efficiency of such systems against foreign agent failures. We also describe the specification of the proposed protocol using LOTOS and perform its validation using MiniLite. Finally, we analyze the performance of our proposed fault tolerance protocol through simulation.     

Micro mobility in the IP networks

Wireless access to Internet services will become typical, rather than the exception as it is today. Such a vision presents great demands on mobile networks. Mobile IP represents a simple and scalable global mobility solution but lacks the support for fast handoff control and paging found in cellular telephony networks. In contrast, second- and third-generation cellular systems offer seamless mobility support but are built on complex and costly connection-oriented networking infrastructure that lacks the inherent flexibility, robustness, and scalability found in IP networks. This paper presents an overview and performance comparison of two of the main micro-mobility protocols, namely Cellular IP and Hierarchical Mobile IP with regards to the handoff process for UDP applications. The differences in the handoff quality of the two protocols are small and can be traced to design choices within the typical model. There are however significant differences regarding the processing requirement, routing efficiency and parameters relating to implementation and deployment.     

移动IP与TeleMIP技术

移动IP是一种简单可扩展的全球Internet移动解决方案。但它不能实现快、无缝、平滑的切换，TeleMIP提供了一种方案以解决在无线蜂窝网络中实现快速、无缝、平滑的切换。最后根据这两种技术的互补性，提出二进行无缝结合的方案，并认为这种结合将成为未来移动互联技术的发展方向之一。     

基于身份的移动IP注册协议研究

针对移动IP注册协议中家乡和移动节点过多且复杂的计算问题,提出了一个新的基于身份的密钥分发方案,并在此基础上设计了一种高效的移动IP注册协议。该协议实现了移动IP各个节点间相互认证,其中移动节点与家乡代理之间具有双重认证的特点。双线性对和秘密随机数的选取保证了消息的安全性,消息认证码Mac和数字签名Sig保障了消息的完整性。该协议从整体上减少了计算量,降低了注册延迟率,同时也有效地保证了安全性。安全性分析表明,该方案满足移动IP的安全要求。     

Low-latency mobile IP handoff for infrastructure-mode wireless LANs

The increasing popularity of IEEE 802.11-based wireless local area networks (LANs) lends them credibility as a viable alternative to third-generation (3G) wireless technologies. Even though wireless LANs support much higher channel bandwidth than 3G networks, their network-layer handoff latency is still too high to be usable for interactive multimedia applications such as voice over IP or video streaming. Specifically, the peculiarities of commercially available IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN hardware prevent existing mobile Internet protocol (IP) implementations from achieving subsecond Mobile IP handoff latency when the wireless LANs are operating in the infrastructure mode, which is also the prevailing operating mode used in most deployed IEEE 802.11b LANs. In this paper, we propose a low-latency mobile IP handoff scheme that can reduce the handoff latency of infrastructure-mode wireless LANs to less than 100 ms, the fastest known handoff performance for such networks. The proposed scheme overcomes the inability of mobility software to sense the signal strengths of multiple-access points when operating in an infrastructure-mode wireless LAN. It expedites link-layer handoff detection and speeds up network-layer handoff by replaying cached foreign agent advertisements. The proposed scheme strictly adheres to the mobile IP standard specification, and does not require any modifications to existing mobile IP implementations. That is, the proposed mechanism is completely transparent to the existing mobile IP software installed on mobile nodes and wired nodes. As a demonstration of this technology, we show how this low-latency handoff scheme together with a wireless LAN bandwidth guarantee mechanism supports undisrupted playback of remote video streams on mobile stations that are traveling across wireless LAN segments.     

Dynamic hierarchical mobility management strategy for mobile IP networks

One of the major challenges for the wireless network design is the efficient mobility management, which can be addressed globally (macromobility) and locally (micromobility). Mobile Internet protocol (IP) is a commonly accepted standard to address global mobility of mobile hosts (MHs). It requires the MHs to register with the home agents (HAs) whenever their care-of addresses change. However, such registrations may cause excessive signaling traffic and long service delay. To solve this problem, the hierarchical mobile IP (HMIP) protocol was proposed to employ the hierarchy of foreign agents (FAs) and the gateway FAs (GFAs) to localize registration operations. However, the system performance is critically affected by the selection of GFAs and their reliability. In this paper, we introduce a novel dynamic hierarchical mobility management strategy for mobile IP networks, in which different hierarchies are dynamically set up for different users and the signaling burden is evenly distributed among the network. To justify the effectiveness of our proposed scheme, we develop an analytical model to evaluate the signaling cost. Our performance analysis shows that the proposed dynamic hierarchical mobility management strategy can significantly reduce the system signaling cost under various scenarios and the system robustness is greatly enhanced. Our analysis also shows that the new scheme can outperform the Internet Engineering Task Force mobile IP hierarchical registration scheme in terms of the overall signaling cost. The more important contribution is the novel analytical approach in evaluating the performance of mobile IP networks.     

A Comprehensive Analysis of Mobility Management in MPLS-Based Wireless Access Networks

Efficient mobility management is one of the major challenges for next-generation mobile systems. Indeed, a mobile node (MN) within an access network may cause excessive signaling traffic and service disruption due to frequent handoffs. The two latter effects need to be minimized to support quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of emerging multimedia applications. In this perspective, we propose in this paper a new mobility management scheme designed to track host mobility efficiently so as to minimize both handoff latency and signaling cost. Building on and enhancing Mobile IP and taking advantage of MPLS traffic engineering capability, three mechanisms (FH-, FC- and MFC-Micro Mobile MPLS) are introduced. In order to assess the efficiency of our proposals, all protocols are compared. To achieve this, we develop analytical models to evaluate the signaling cost and link usage for both two-dimensional and one-dimensional mobility models. Additional mathematical models are also provided to derive handoff latency and packet loss rate. Numerical and simulation results show that the proposed mechanisms can significantly reduce the registration updates cost and provide low handoff latency and packet loss rate under various scenarios.      

A multi‐anchoring approach in mobile IP networks

Many recent mobility solutions, including derivatives of the well‐known Mobile IP as well as emerging protocols employed by future Internet architectures, propose to realize mobility management by distributing anchoring nodes (Home Agents or other indirection agents) over the Internet. One of their main goals is to address triangle routing by optimizing routes between mobile nodes and correspondent nodes. Thus, a key component of such proposals is the algorithm to select proper mobility anchoring nodes for mobile nodes. However, most current solutions adopt a single‐anchoring approach, which means each mobile node attaches to a sole mobility anchor at one time. In this paper, “we argue that the single‐anchoring approach has drawbacks when facing various mobility scenarios. Then, we offer a novel multi‐anchoring approach that allows each mobile node to select an independent mobility anchor for each correspondent node. We show that in most cases our proposal gains more performance benefits with an acceptable additional cost by evaluation based on real network topologies. For the cases that lead to potential high cost, we also provide a lightweight version of our solution which aims to preserve most performance benefits while keeping a lower cost. At last, we demonstrate how our proposal can be integrated into current Mobile IP networks. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Comparison of Performance between Macro-mobility Protocol and Micro-mobility Protocol

1　IntroductionAlthoughthemobileIP protocol[1～3] workswellinthemacromobilitysituation ,someproblemsoccurinthemicromobilitysituation .Therearetwomainconcerns.First,theregistrationdelaycon tributestothehandoffdelay .Thedelayissignifi cantwhenanMNisfarawayfromhomeandcausessignificantpacketdropanddrasticreductionincom municationthroughput.Second ,frequentlocationupdatesincurextensiveoverheadforlocationcachemanagementinrouteoptimizationthatrequiresac curatelocationinformationinordertotunnelIPda…