多天线频谱共享认知网络保密中断概率分析

针对单输入多输出认知无线电网络,研究了瑞利衰落信道下采用最大比合并时保密中断性能。在所研究的系统中,次用户发射机发送机密信息给另一个次用户接收机,次用户接收机配备多个天线并且采用最大比例合并多个接收信号。同时,拥有多个天线窃听者也采用最大比合并方案偷听次用户发射机和次用户接收机之间传送的信息。频谱共享下次用户发射机工作时必须保证主用户的服务质量。推导了保密中断概率的精确表达式,分析了系统保密中断概率渐近性能。仿真结果验证了分析的正确性。     

衰落信道下基于接收机信标感知的频谱共享

理想的主、次系统频谱共享应尽量使次级用户发射机与主用户接收机处于互为对方的保护边界和干扰边界的临界状态。本文基于此临界状态对信标感知灵敏度和次级用户发射功率的要求,通过分析信道衰落和双向信道非对称性引起的临界干扰概率,首次针对基于接收机信标感知的频谱共享方法,给出了衰落信道下满足主用户干扰约束的次级用户发射功率约束机制。针对单个工作频段存在多个主用户接收机的（广播）场景,以距次级用户发射机最近的主用户接收机为干扰保护目标,通过分析信标的多个衰落副本的累积作用对信标感知的影响,进一步给出了这种场景下的次级用户发射功率约束与主用户临界干扰概率的关系。      

感知频谱共享下的多天线功率优化分配算法研究

本文构建了一种在感知结果下具有多天线次用户的频谱共享模型,该模型由单入单出主用户对和多入单出认知用户对构成。当认知用户感知到主用户占用信道时,主用户向认知用户发送Message信息,使得认知用户发射端能够得知主用户对干扰总功率的限制要求,通过自适应地调整认知用户发射机的发射功率,以保证其对主用户不造成有害干扰;如果主用户未占用信道,认知用户立刻以最大发射功率占用信道。并分别在主用户存在和不存在两种情况下,优化认知用户发射机各天线的发射功率来最大化系统总的数据传输率。最后,通过数值仿真来验证推导出的功率分配策略,并对其进行分析和讨论。仿真结果表明:相比于机会频谱接入（Opportunistic Spectrum Access, OSA）和基于感知的频谱共享（Sensing-based spectrum sensing）模式,推导的功率分配策略在提出的模型中可以获得更高的信息传输率。      

认知无线Ad Hoc网络单跳传输容量的研究

研究了认知无线电AdHoc网络的单跳传输能力,该网络与主用户网络工作在同一地理区域和共享同一频谱。主用户网络具有更高的优先级访问认知用户网络频谱,认知网络需要控制其发射机密度以限制对主用户干扰。认知、主用户节点位置假设服从泊松点分布,推导了认知、主用户网络单跳传输容量,最后进行了仿真验证其正确性。仿真结果表明:主用户网络传输容量随主用户中断概率增加而增加,随增量中断概率的增加而降低。认知用户网络传输容量仅由次用户中断概率参数决定。     

基于干扰温度的多用户MIMO频谱共享系统容量分析

在无线通信认知无线电中,频谱共享系统被证实能够提供更高的频谱利用率。考虑到多用户多天线的频谱共享系统中次用户的发射功率受限于主用户的干扰温度,介绍了单天线系统和3种不同MIMO传输机制,并根据SNR分别推导出具体的容量表达式。最后通过仿真得出ST/SC方式能够获得最佳容量,而STBC方式应用于频谱共享系统没有提升容量的优势。     

认知中继网络中基于频谱感知的自适应功率控制策略

针对采用联合overlay和underlay频谱共享模式的认知中继网络,基于频谱感知结果和干扰信道条件,提出了自适应功率控制策略,从理论上分析了次用户的中断概率。通过Monte-Carlo仿真,与单一overlay或underlay频谱共享模式和固定功率控制方案下次用户的中断性能进行了比较。仿真结果表明,采用自适应功率控制方案,在相同中断概率条件下,次用户对主用户的干扰概率降低了70%~80%;在相同干扰概率条件下,次用户的中断概率降低了1~2个数量级,频谱共享性能得到了有效提高。     

认知中继网络中认知用户基于频谱感知机会中继的中断性能分析

认知无线电中继网络中,认知用户需要成功感知到其所在簇内的主用户频谱空穴后才能成为认知中继节点,且各认知中继节点发射功率受到各自主用户干扰温度限制(ITC)。该文对认知中继节点采用分布式空时编码和解码转发协议时认知用户的中断性能进行了分析;给出了认知用户在干扰温度限制下中断概率的上下界,得出中断概率的上下界在不同干扰温度限下与认知用户归一化数据速率、中继数量和其对主用户检测概率的关系。给出了源节点和频谱感知中继节点在相同干扰温度限下的数值仿真,并对仿真结果进行了分析。     

OFDMA中频谱感知的功率控制算法研究

结合认知无线电的特点,将基于频谱感知的功率控制算法应用到OFDMA系统中,建立了PA-OFDMA(Power Adaptation-OFDMA)仿真模型,实现了认知环境下的多址接入技术。该模型基于频谱感知信息,通过一种功率阈值分配算法自适应地为每个子信道分配一个独立的功率阈值,限定使用该信道认知用户的最大发射功率,实现非授权用户与授权用户的频谱共享。与干扰温度模型进行了比较,仿真结果表明,该模型解决了干扰温度模型中的局部干扰问题,提高了系统容量,具有较高的频谱利用率和较低的误比特率。     

考虑恶意节点的CRN合作频谱感知方法

基于带有恶意节点的更为实际的频谱感知环境,研究了基于合作感知的频谱共享网络模型,次级用户将会根据合作感知结果动态地调整其发射功率。为了防止恶意节点对感知系统的感知性能造成严重影响,研究了如何进行合作感知以提高感知性能。在一定的检测概率和相关功率约束下,建立了一个以最大化次级网络的吞吐量为目标函数的优化问题。仿真实验首先突出说明了恶意节点数目对频谱感知影响重大,同时还表明无论是否存在恶意节点,提出的算法均可有效地计算出最优的感知时间和发射功率,且在降低最大干扰功率限制和最大发射功率限制时,网络的吞吐量是增大的。     

Nakagami衰落信道下的蜂窝系统性能分析

文中考虑多小区蜂窝系统中小区边缘用户受到来自其他小区间同信道干扰,分析了在Nakagami-m衰落信道下,用户和基站均为单天线时的多小区蜂窝系统性能,以获得干扰信号衰落参数m和干扰基站发射功率对系统性能的影响。采用概率密度函数（PDF）分析法推导了系统中断概率和平均误符号率（ASER）的闭合表达式,并进一步通过数值仿真来分析同信道干扰对系统性能的影响。仿真结果表明,系统的中断概率和ASER的解析曲线均与仿真结果一致,系统性能随着干扰信号衰落参数m和干扰功率的增加而降低。     

Cooperative Decode-and-Forward Relaying for Secondary Spectrum Access

We propose a two-phase protocol based on cooperative decode-and-forward relaying for a secondary system to achieve spectrum access along with a primary system. The primary and secondary systems comprise of a transmitter-receiver pair, PT-PR and ST-SR, respectively. In the first transmission phase, PT transmits the primary signal to PR, which is also received by ST and SR, where it is decoded. At ST, the primary signal is regenerated and linearly combined with the secondary signal by assigning fractions alpha and (1 - alpha) of the available power to the primary and secondary signals respectively. This combined signal is then broadcasted by ST in the second transmission phase. We show that as long as ST is located within a critical radius from PT, there exists a threshold value for alpha above which the outage probability of the primary system will be equal to or lower than the case without spectrum sharing. We also determine the outage probability achieved by the secondary system. Theoretical and simulation results confirm the efficiency of the proposed spectrum sharing scheme.     

能量收集认知多跳中继网络中断性能分析及优化

针对能量收集认知无线网络中的多跳中继传输问题,该文构建了一种新的具有主网络干扰的功率信标(PB)辅助能量收集认知多跳中继网络模型,并提出单向传输方案。在干扰链路统计信道状态信息场景下,推导了次网络精确和渐近总中断概率闭合式。针对精确总中断概率表达式的复杂性和非凸性,采用自适应混沌粒子群优化(ACPSO)算法对次网络总中断性能进行优化。仿真结果表明,PB功率、干扰约束、次网络跳数、能量收集比率、主接收端数目和信道容量阈值等参数对中断性能影响显著,所提算法能快速和有效地对网络中断性能进行优化。     

Cooperative Spectrum Sharing based on Amplify and Forward Relaying in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, we consider a cognitive radio system in non-ideal fading wireless channels and propose a geometric approach based on cooperative amplify and forward relaying for the secondary users, which serves as an alternative way to ensure the primary user??s transmission and realize spectrum sharing. The whole system consists of a pair of primary transmitter and receiver and a pair of secondary transmitter (ST) and receiver. The key feature of the proposed approach is that ST acts as a half-relaying for the primary system by linearly combining the primary signal with the secondary signal and allocating fractions ?? and 1 ? ?? of the transmit power to the primary and secondary signals separately. We show that for a fixed ??, we can find a critical region for ST restricted in two-dimension where outage probability of the primary system is kept or lower than the case without spectrum sharing. The outage performance achieved by the secondary system is also derived. We get the optimal ?? and location for the secondary system when the secondary parameters are changeable. Finally, the bit error rate for both primary and secondary systems are derived in closed-form expressions. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed scheme can significantly realize spectrum sharing.     

On the performance of cooperative cognitive networks with proactive relay selection

This paper provides a general outage analysis framework for cooperative cognitive networks with proactive relay selection over non-identical Rayleigh fading channels and under both maximum transmit power and interference power constraints. We firstly propose an exact closed-form outage probability expression, which is then exploited for determining the diversity order and coding gain for proactive relay selection scenarios as well as deriving system performance limits at either large maximum transmit power or large maximum interference power. The derived performance metrics bring several insights into system performance behavior without the need of time-consuming Monte-Carlo simulations. Various results confirm the validity of the proposed derivations and show that cooperative cognitive networks with proactive relay selection incur performance saturation and their performance depends considerably on the number of involved relays. In addition, cooperative cognitive networks are significantly better than dual-hop counterparts without any cost of system resources.     

Cognitive relay network with several primary receivers and outdated CSI: a new spectrum sharing constraint

This paper introduces a new spectrum sharing constraint which facilitates outage analysis for the cognitive relay networks with multiple primary receivers (PR)s and under outdated channel state information (CSI). The pivotal idea in spectrum sharing paradigm is controlling the interference generated due to the coexistence of primary and secondary users. In a realistic scenario, interference management is hampered by several parameters. In this context, this paper targets the influence of the CSI accuracy and the number of PRs. In a cognitive network with multiple PRs, the best approach to shielding the receivers from intolerable interference is to limit the maximum inflicted interference. Although being effective, this strategy has two drawbacks. First: it measurably affects mathematical tractability of the outage analysis. Second: it requires substantial resources to find the strongest interference channel which may be unaffordable in certain applications, especially when there are many PRs. In this paper, we propose the total interference (TI) constraint as the spectrum sharing criterion and investigate the outage behavior of the secondary network. A simple back-off power control method is adopted so as to mitigate the harmful effect of the outdated CSI. Considering decode-and-forward relays and partial relay selection strategy, we derive exact expressions for the end-to-end outage probability. Monte-Carlo simulations are made and results corroborate correctness of the mathematical derivations. The findings suggest that: first, outage assessment under the TI constraint is more tractable than under the maximum interference (MI) constraint as it leads to simple closed-form expressions. Second, the secondary network under the TI constraint is more resilient against the outdated CSI because the interference probability arising from the outdated CSI is smaller under the TI constraint than MI.     

Cognitive Heterogeneous Networks with Unreliable Backhaul Connections

To enhance the spectrum scarcity of cooperative heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with unreliable backhaul connections, we examine the impact of cognitive spectrum sharing over multiple small-cell transmitters in Nakagami-m fading channels. In this system, the secondary transmitters are connected to macro-cell via wireless backhaul links and communicate with the secondary receiver by sharing the same spectrum with the primary user. Integrating cognitive radio (CR) network into the system, we address the combined power constraints: 1) the peak interference power at the primary user and 2) the maximal transmit power at the secondary transmitters. In addition, to exclude the signaling overhead for exchanging channel-state-information (CSI) at the transmitters, the selection combining (SC) protocol is assumed to employ at the receivers. To evaluate the performance, we first derive the closed-form statistics of the end-to-end signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio, from which the exact outage probability, ergodic capacity and symbol error rate expressions are derived. To reveal further insights into the effective unreliable backhaul links and the diversity of fading parameters, the asymptotic expressions are also attained. The two interesting non-cooperative and Rayleigh fading scenarios are also investigated. Numerical results are conducted to verify the performance of the considered system via Monte-Carlo simulations.     

Unified performance analysis of maximal‐ratio combining for spectrum sharing systems with antenna correlation

A comprehensive analytical framework of a spectrum sharing system, in which secondary receiver (SR) is equipped with multiple antennas, is presented over Rayleigh fading channels. The impact of spatial fading correlation on the performance of spectrum sharing system with maximal‐ratio combining at the SR is investigated. In particular, we explicitly derive the CDF and moment generating function of the end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio by assuming a correlation model with arbitrary eigenvalue multiplicities at the SR. On the basis of these results, we conduct an evaluation of secondary system performance in terms of the outage probability, the average symbol error probability, and the ergodic capacity. All analytical results are verified by Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, to obtain an insight of system performance, the asymptotic analysis is studied to obtain the diversity gain and the coding gain in the peak transmit power dominated region. Our results show that the diversity gain is unaffected by antenna correlation whereas the coding gain is degraded. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fundamental Limits of Full-Duplex Spectrum Sharing Under Peak Interference Power Constraint

Cognitive radio (CR) and full-duplex (FD) have received extensive attention and research due to their high spectrum efficiency, which can effectively solve the problem of low spectrum efficiency in current communication systems. Based on CR and FD techniques, in this paper, a FD spectrum sharing CR networks is considered, in which both secondary users (SU1 and SU2) are each equipped with dual antennas, one antenna is used to transmit signals, and the other antenna is used to receive signals at the same time and frequency. Under peak interference power and peak transmit power constraints, we analysis the ergodic sum capacity and the outage probability based on the FD spectrum sharing CR networks and the conventional spectrum sharing CR networks. Furthermore, under no peak transmit power constrain and perfect self-interference cancellation (SIC), based on the FD spectrum sharing CR networks and the conventional spectrum sharing CR networks, the closed-form expressions of the theoretical performance upper bound of the ergodic sum capacity and the outage probability are derived by two lemmas and four propositions. Accurate mathematical analysis display, under the same bandwidth, the upper bound of ergodic sum capacity for the full-duplex spectrum sharing CR networks is twice as much as the traditional spectrum sharing CR networks, and the FD spectrum sharing CR networks based on SU1, also has better performance upper bound on the outage probability than the traditional spectrum sharing CR networks. Simulations results also validate that, the FD spectrum sharing CR networks obtains better communication performance than the conventional spectrum sharing CR networks, especially when the mean of self-interference channel power gain is small. Finally, we also can see that the simulation performance upper bound is completely consistent with the theoretical analysis performance upper bound, whether in the FD spectrum sharing CR networks or the conventional spectrum sharing CR networks. So also verifies the correctness of the theoretical performance upper bound derivation.

     

Cooperative amplify‐and‐forward partial relay selection with outdated channel information in spectrum‐sharing systems

Recently, cooperative relaying techniques have been integrated into spectrum‐sharing systems in an effort to yield higher spectral efficiency. Many investigations on such systems have assumed that the channel state information between the secondary transmitter and primary receiver used to calculate the maximum allowable transmit secondary user transmit power to limit the interference is known to be perfect. However, because of feedback delay from the primary receiver or the time‐varying properties of the channel, the channel information may be outdated, which is an important scenario to cognitive radio systems. In this paper, we investigate the impact of outdated channel state information for relay selection on the performance of partial relay selection with amplify and forward in underlay spectrum‐sharing systems. We begin by deriving a closed‐form expression for the outage probability of the secondary network in a Rayleigh fading channel along with peak received interference power constraint and maximum allowable secondary user transmit power. We also provide a closed‐form expression for the average bit‐error rate of the underlying system. Moreover, we present asymptotic expressions for both the outage probability and average bit‐error rate in the high signal‐to‐noise ratio regime that reveal practical insights on the achievable diversity gain. Finally, we confirm our results through comparisons with computer simulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.