H.264标准半像素精度运动估计的硬件结构设计

设计了一种实时的基于可变块的半像素精度运动估计模块,包括半像素插值模块和半像素搜索模块,插值模块采用6阶FIR滤波器进行插值,搜索模块采用分级搜索算法.此模块应用在H.264标准便携视频设备的编码部分,用Verilog语言编写,采用Xilinx公司XC4VSX25的FPGA芯片作为硬件实现的运算核心.     

一种基于硬件实现的快速运动估计半像素级搜索算法

研究了在绝对差和准则下的整像素级块匹配和半像素级块匹配的联系，对绝对差和进行了合理的数学曲线拟合，通过数学曲线来预测最小绝对差和所在半像素位置，从而得到半像素级最佳匹配矢量。分析了三种不同的凹函数预测模型，提出了一种适合硬件实现的运动估计快速半像素级搜索算法。该算法直接根据整像素级运动估计的结果来推算半像素级运动估计结果，在很大程度上降低了半像素级运动估计的运算复杂度，从而利用低码率视频编码的实时实现。试验结果表明该算法可获得较好的重建图像质量。该算法利于硬件实现，可以方便地集成到现有的视频编码器中，具有较好的实用价值。     

Fast algorithm and efficient hardware architecture of half-pixel interpolation unit for H.264/AVC

A fast half-pixel motion estimation algorithm and its corresponding hardware architecture are presented. Unlike three steps are needed in typical half-pixel motion estimation algorithm, the presented algorithm needs only two steps to obtain all the interpolated pixels of an entire 8′8 block. The proposed architecture works in a parallel way and is simulated by Modelsim 6.5 SE, synthesized to the Xilinx Virtex4 XC4VLX15 Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) device, and verified by hardware platform. The implementation results show that this architecture can achieve 190 MHz and 11 clock cycles are reduced to complete the entire interpolation process in comparison with typical half-pixel interpolation, which meets the requirements of real-time application for very high defination videos.     

Improved motion vector scaling technique based on half-pixel offset compensation

It is observed that there exists a half-pixel offset in vertical direction between top and bottom fields in interlaced sequence, and this half-pixel offset has an impact on performing motion vector scaling in multipicture motion-compensated prediction. However, the impact caused by this half-pixel offset is processed inconsiderately during motion vector derivation in the up-to-date video coding standards, where temporal motion vector predictor usually derives its forward or backward motion vector by performing motion vector scaling based on temporal distance. In this paper, an improved motion vector scaling technique is proposed to compensate the impact caused by the half-pixel offset between top and bottom fields. Motion vector scaling is performed on corresponding coordinates which represent the position relationship between top and bottom fields properly. Experimental results show that the proposed motion vector scaling technique improves coding efficiency for interlaced sequence, especially for bi-predictive pictures.     

Invertible temporal subband/wavelet filter banks with half-pixel-accurate motion compensation

Three-dimensional (3-D) subband/wavelet coding with motion compensation has been demonstrated to be an efficient technique for video coding applications in some recent research works. When motion compensation is performed with half-pixel accuracy, images need to be interpolated in both temporal subband analysis and synthesis stages. The resulting subband filter banks developed in these former algorithms were not invertible due to image interpolation. In this paper, an invertible temporal analysis/synthesis system with half-pixel-accurate motion compensation is presented. We look at temporal decomposition of image sequences as a kind of down-conversion of the sampling lattices. The earlier motion-compensated (MC) interlaced/progressive scan conversion scheme is extended for temporal subband analysis/synthesis. The proposed subband/wavelet filter banks allow perfect reconstruction of the decomposed video signal while retaining high energy compaction of subband transforms. The invertible filter banks are then utilized in our 3-D subband video coder. This video coding system does not contain the temporal DPCM loop employed in the conventional hybrid coder and the earlier MC 3-D subband coders. The experimental results show a significant PSNR improvement by the proposed method. The generalization of our algorithm for MC temporal filtering at arbitrary subpixel accuracy is also discussed.     

基于H.264快速半像素插值算法的VLSI实现

提出一种快速半像素插值算法的VLSI硬件结构,该结构充分利用中间数据,有效地降低了分像素运动估计的计算量。采用Altera FPGA开发平台进行验证,系统可稳定地工作在135 MHz时钟频率下,并实时编解码1080P@25fps高清视频,满足系统的实时性要求。     

H.263: video coding for low-bit-rate communication

This article provides an overview of H.263, the new ITU-T Recommendation for low-bit-rate video communication. H.263 specifies a coded representation for compressing the moving picture component of audio-visual signals at low bit rates. The basic structure of the video source coding algorithm is taken from ITU-T Recommendation H.261 and is a hybrid of interpicture prediction to reduce temporal redundancy and transform coding of the prediction residual to reduce spatial redundancy. The source coder can operate on five standardized picture formats: sub-QCIF, QCIF, CIF, 4CIF, and 16CIF. The decoder has motion compensation capability with half-pixel precision, in contrast to H.261 which uses full-pixel precision and employs a loop filter. H.263 includes four negotiable coding options which provide improved coding efficiency: unrestricted motion vectors, syntax-based arithmetic coding, advanced prediction, and PB-frames     

Analysis of spatial transform motion estimation with overlappedcompensation and fractional-pixel accuracy

The authors investigate how the performance of spatial transform motion estimation can be significantly improved by incorporating overlapped compensation and fractional-pixel accuracy. An overlapped spatial transformation (OST) motion model is developed, which successfully addresses the inability of the conventional block matching technique to compensate for complex motion and inside-block motion field discontinuities. Simulation results show that the motion compensated prediction error of this method is reduced by 1.1 dB, compared with the conventional overlapped block matching motion estimation, for the same generated motion vectors overhead. To improve the performance, the overlap must be used in both the motion estimation and compensation processes. Further improvement can be obtained using half-pixel precision motion vectors. However, this improvement is comparatively less than the gain of conventional block matching from a half-pixel search     

扫描型IRFPA非均匀微扫描的无边框亚像元热成像处理算法

针对扫描型热成像中垂直方向微扫描帧间位移不再精确为半像素的情况,按照错位方向的不同,分别采用近似回代算法进行图像重构,并对不同错位方向中近似回代引进的误差进行规律分析,提出一种非均匀微扫描情况下的无边框亚像元热成像处理算法.该算法采用邻近像元对边界像元进行近似回代,并根据统计学原理对近似回代过程中引进的误差进行优化,获得与原始图像高度近似的亚像元图像.实验表明,效果明显好于过采样和直接的近似回代,并且算法简单,处理量小,易于实现实时处理.对提高扫描型热成像系统的技术性能指标具有重要意义.     

基于运动矢量分布特征的半像素快速搜索算法

针对MPEG-4视频编码中半像素全搜索方法运算量较大的缺点,提出一种基于运动矢量分布特征的快速半像素运动矢量搜索算法。试验表明最佳半像素运动矢量的分布具有一定的规律,即大多数的运动矢量分布在水平或垂直两个共扼方向上。因此在满足一定条件的前提下水平和垂直方向上的运动矢量被优先搜索,其次搜索其余的点。仿真结果表明本算法可以使半像素平均搜索点数减少71%,而编码质量和码流长度并没有明显降低或增加。     

Fast two-step half-pixel accuracy motion vector prediction

A new fast algorithm is presented for reducing the computational complexity of half-pixel accuracy motion estimation. A reduction in the required number of computations is obtained by limiting the number of candidate blocks by predicting the direction of minimum error. It reduces the necessary computational overhead to ~38% of that for the conventional method     

Block motion compensated coding of interlaced sequences using adaptively deinterlaced fields

Video coding algorithms using block motion compensation were first developed for progressively scanned sequences and as such, are not entirely suitable for interlaced sequences In this paper we present a new approach for block-based coding of interlaced sequences. This proposed algorithm processes the interlaced sequence as a sequence of even and odd fields by using the last decoded field, adaptively deinterlaced, for the motion compensated prediction of the current field. The deinterlacing is performed at the decoder and no extra information has to be sent to guide the adaptation. The algorithm is a simple and efficient alternative to algorithms using the last two decoded fields for the motion compensated prediction of the current field. The new approach can easily incorporate the use of fast search algorithms and allows the use of true half-pixel accuracy in the estimates of the vertical component of the motion vectors. In HDTV sequences tested, this algorithm achieves superior performance due to this half-pixel accuracy.     

结合图像分割的改进导引滤波

为了更好地对图像进行平滑同时保持边缘不模糊,设计一种新的滤波方法。对基于该方法的图像滤波、细节增强等算法进行研究。首先,根据图像的亮度和颜色对图像进行分割,将图像分成不同的区域。接着,在不同的区域进行导引滤波,得到互不交叠的多个滤波子图像。然后,将这些子图融合,得到基于分割的改进导引滤波结果。最后,利用提出的改进导引滤波方法提出一种多尺度的细节增强方法。实验结果表明,在图像光滑和细节增强方面,提出的方法都要好于传统的导引滤波:提出的方法不仅能较好的光滑图像,同时保持边缘清晰,减少了传统滤波方法在边缘处的光晕现象。     

Electronically tunable current-mode second-order universal filter using minimum elements

A new electronically tunable universal filter with single-input, triple-output employing only four elements (two capacitors and two negative-type second generation current controlled conveyors (CCCII)) is proposed. The proposed filter realises three basic filter functions simultaneously: lowpass, highpass and bandpass. The validity of the proposed filter is verified through PSPICE simulations.     

All-fiber spectral filters with nonperiodic bandpasscharacteristics and high extinction ratios in the wavelength range 0.8μm<λ<1.6 μm

A simple modification is proposed to the dual-core spectral filter design which extends the range of single wavelength transmission considerably, making the filter characteristic nonperiodic in the wavelength range 0.8 μm<λ<1.6 μm. Also, a spectral filter based on collinear triple-core fiber is proposed which provides a substantially lower sidelobe level than the dual-core filter. Transmission characteristics of the proposed filters are calculated and compared with those of the unmodified dual-core filter. The advantages of the proposed filters, particularly for application in wavelength division multiplexed systems are addressed     

Voltage-mode FDCCII-based universal filters

Three new voltage-mode universal biquadratic filters configuration are proposed. The first proposed high-input impedance universal filter with single input and five outputs, which can simultaneously realize voltage-mode lowpass (LP), bandpass (BP), highpass (HP), bandstop (BS) and allpass (AP) filter responses employing all grounded passive components. The second proposed high-input impedance universal filter with three input and single output, which also can realize all the standard filter functions without requiring any inverting input voltage signal. The third proposed universal filter with three inputs and five outputs, which can be used as either a three-input single-output or a two-input five-output universal filter. Moreover, each of the proposed circuits still enjoys (i) the employment of only grounded capacitors, and (ii) no requirement with the component choice conditions to realize specific filtering functions.     

新型的平面双模椭圆函数带通滤波器

根据传统的方形贴片双模滤波器,提出了一种新颖的带有两个切角的平面双模带通滤波器结构.该结构使用单个贴片谐振器并且没有耦合缝隙,通带两端各有一个衰减极点,有效减小了滤波器的辐射损耗.对该滤波器结构进行改进,又提出了一种带有两个相互正交、长度不等槽线的双模椭圆函数带通滤波器结构.该滤波器在中心频率1.8GHz处,回波损耗达到31.53 dB,通带内最小插损达到0.01 dB,3 dB相对带宽为19.44%.采用Ansotf公司的En-sem ble 8.0仿真软件进行的仿真研究.仿真结果表明该结构可以更加有效地减小辐射损耗,增加带宽,且体积比传统滤波器减小了约40%,有利于小型化.     

Localized 2-D filter-based linear coherent noise attenuation

A novel localized two-dimensional (2-D) filter is proposed. The proposed filter derived from the frequency-wavenumber filter and Radon transform filter, with the filtering operation applied at the stage of Fourier projection, has good local property and less filtering distortion. An example of the proposed method to attenuate linear coherent noise in a seismic image is given. Comparisons of the results between our method and the conventional 2-D filters (including frequency-wavenumber filter and Radon transform filter) show that the new method outperforms both frequency-wavenumber method and Radon transform method.     

Digital filter bank design quadratic-constrained formulation

Formulate the filter bank design problem as an quadratic-constrained least-squares minimization problem. The solution of the minimization problem converges very quickly since the cost function as well as the constraints are quadratic functions with respect to the unknown parameters. The formulations of the perfect-reconstruction cosine-modulated filter bank, of the near-perfect-reconstruction pseudo-QMF bank, and of the two-channel biorthogonal linear-phase filter bank are derived using the proposed approach. Compared with other design methods, the proposed technique yields PR filter banks with much higher stopband attenuation. The proposed technique can also be extended to design multidimensional filter banks     

Band-pass correlation filter for illumination- and noise-tolerant face recognition

The paper proposes a band-pass correlation filter in frequency domain for frontal face recognition task under both poor illumination and noisy condition. The band-pass nature of the proposed filter is achieved through combination of a modified high-pass filter and a continuous wavelet filter. An optimal range of scale is selected for this wavelet filter. The performance of the proposed band-pass correlation filter for face recognition tasks under variations in illumination and noise is evaluated and compared with other filters using standard databases (YaleB and PIE). High recognition accuracy is achieved in this proposed technique.