Optically transparent monopole antenna with high radiation efficiency manufactured with silver grid layer (AgGL)

A technology based on a meshed silver/titanium bilayer printed on glass substrate is briefly presented. A sheet resistance equal to 0.054 /sq with 81.3 of optical transparency is obtained. The performances of a monopole antenna made from such a material have been investigated. The measured S₁₁ and gain of the transparent antenna are compared with those of an antenna fabricated from a reflective silver/titanium film, and stand for reference. The transparent antenna provides radiation efficiency better than 85%.     

基于空间光通信卡塞格伦天线弊端的探讨

对于任何通信系统而言，天线能否正确发射和接收有效信号是人们最为关心的问题。对于点对点的激光通信系统而言，由于激光与电波迥然不同的特点，在天线系统的设计上更需严格要求。在空间光通信系统中，光学天线是一个物镜系统，通过折射、反射和折射一反射光学系统实现，目前应用比较广泛的是牛顿系统、格林系统以及卡塞格伦系统。讨论了卡塞格伦天线系统．该系统的结构（双反射式）决定了存在遮挡比造成光能量浪费的潜在问题，也就是所谓的渐晕现象。另一个问题是像差，也就是卡塞格伦天线系统要获得良好的像质必须以牺牲视场为代价。基于这两点提出了减小渐晕的几种新方案，并从减小像差上进行了理论分析。     

A reconfigurable aperture antenna based on switched links between electrically small metallic patches

A reconfigurable aperture (RECAP) antenna is described in which a planar array of electrically small, metallic patches are interconnected by switches. The antenna can be reconfigured to meet different performance goals by changing the switches that are open and closed. The switch configuration for a particular goal is determined using an optimizer, such as the genetic algorithm. First, the basic concept for the RECAP antenna is verified by comparing theoretical results with measurements for configurations in which the switches are simply wires connecting the patches. Next, details are given for a prototype antenna in which field-effect transistor based electronic switches are used with optical control. Theoretical results for the prototype antenna are then compared with measurements for cases in which electronic reconfiguration is used to change the bandwidth of operation or steer the pattern of the antenna. Finally, an overview of alternate switch/control strategies, some of which were tested, is given along with suggestions for improving the next generation of this antenna.     

Optical Beamforming Network Based on Fiber-Optical Delay Lines and Spatial Light Modulators for Large Antenna Arrays

An optical beamformer for antenna arrays based on fiber-optical delay lines for feeding subarrays and spatial light modulators to change the radio-frequency phase of independent antenna elements is proposed. The architecture has the potential to control antenna arrays of a large number of elements. Preliminary experimental results to show the feasibility of the concept are provided     

小型变焦无线光通信终端ATP技术研究

通信目标光学捕获对准技术不依赖GPS和无线通讯手段、不易受强电磁环境的干扰,是发展轻小型化激光通信的重要方向。本文针对轻小型化无线光通信终端天线展开研究,设计了切换变焦形式的光学天线,构建了以变焦光学天线为基础的无线光通信终端模型,通过链路功率核算,验证了变焦前信标光和变焦后通信光链路的有效性。本设计为激光通信系统的便携式应用提供重要技术支撑。     

Shaped-beam horn-reflector antennas

A design method for a horn-reflector antenna, which has a beam of arbitrary cross section, is developed. To show the effectiveness of the design theory, the measured data of an electrical model of Japan's domestic communications satellite antenna of this type are shown in comparison with calculated results. The design theory is based on geometrical optics, and is applicable not only to a horn-reflector antenna, but also to any reflector antenna. At the first step of the design theory, the shape of the wavefront near the aperture is determined to correspond to desired beam shape. The shape of the reflector is then determined by the law of the optical path.     

Spatial optical beam-forming network for receiving-mode multibeamarray antenna - proposal and experiment

This paper proposes an array antenna for multibeam reception with a beam-forming network (BFN) that uses spatial optical signal processing and also presents experimental results. In this antenna, signals received at individual antenna elements are converted to optical signals, and are optically divided from the directions of signal arrival by means of optical spatial Fourier transformation, and then the optical signals are reconverted into microwave signals at the BFN. In this BFN, to maintain optical path-length conditions, an optical integrated circuit is employed. We have experimentally investigated the optical signal processing performances of the BFN for multibeam reception. The experimental results show that optical beam direction is changed according to the signal arrival direction of an array antenna. Two multiple RF signals with different phase distributions are separated. The sidelobe level of the optical signal is reduced when amplitude distributions of optical signals are Chebyshev distributions. We also present the signal transmission behavior of this BFN. The measured carrier-to-noise-ratio degradation of this BFN is 2 dB at BER=10^-6 when 118.125-Mb/s QPSK modulated signal is input into the BFN     

Packaging of optoelectronic and RF components with shared elements for dual-mode wireless communications

The development of a new hybrid packaging method is reported, where the front end radio frequency (RF) element, namely a modified quasi-Yagi antenna, is integrated with an optical transmitter and an optical receiver on single PCB for dual-mode, i.e. RF/free space optical communication. The VCSEL and the pin diode are placed on the antenna directors to share the common metal pads on the Duroid (RT 6010) board. The modules have demonstrated dual-mode wireless communication capability, i.e. RF and free space optics. Though the RF channel induces noise to the optical transmitter/receiver due to electromagnetic coupling between closely-spaced RF and optical circuits, a data rate of 2.5 Gbit/s is demonstrated for the optical channel.     

亚毫米波段折叠光路的准光近场照射天线设计与应用

介绍了一种新颖的折叠光路近场准光照射天线设计方法,并成功应用在微波黑体定标源微弱散射的双站测量中. 在双站测量中,传统的小口径天线适用于低频范围,被测目标足够小才能保证远场条件. 与传统基于远场条件出发的小口径天线设计不同,本文所提出的准光照射天线的设计目的是在目标区降低链路衰减,实现相位平坦、幅值边缘衰减的聚焦照射,并可在近场区域内测得目标的远场散射特征. 设计基于准光学设计方法:由主反射镜和平板反射镜共同构成紧凑的折叠光路,首先确定馈源喇叭天线的等效高斯波束参数,然后基于高斯波束传播理论设计主反射镜,再通过全波仿真验证其折叠路径. 仿真分析表明即使馈源采用基本的圆锥喇叭馈源,也可实现良好的聚焦效果. 双站实测数据表明该天线设计达到了设计目的,为亚毫米波近场双站散射测量的开展提供了关键性的波束控制,具备广泛的应用价值.     

可见光通信中菲涅耳透镜仿真设计与优化

可见光通信是一种在白光LED技术上发展起来的新兴光无线通信技术,具有发射功率高、无电磁干扰等优点。相比常规透镜,在可见光通信系统的光接收天线上,使用菲涅耳透镜可以降低成本,减小透镜厚度和接收焦距。本文利用Zemax软件对菲涅耳透镜进行了设计、仿真与优化,首先分析了透镜设计技术要求,提出了基于菲涅耳透镜的设计与仿真方法及参数设置,然后对几类透镜进行了仿真与性能分析,在此基础上进行了透镜设计优化。结果表明,在光垂直入射且探测器尺寸为1.5×1.5mm2情况下,可保证F数＜1,并得到优化的透镜结构和参数,使集光效率达到90%,为基于菲涅耳透镜的天线设计提供了理论与应用基础。     

Use of direct-modulated/gain-switched optical links inmonopulse-type active phased array systems

With the advance of high speed laser technology, optical interaction with microwave circuits has become highly viable. Such interaction is advantageous as the fiber is low-loss, lightweight, and immune to electromagnetic interference. In this paper, interaction of direct-modulated and gain-switched optical links with active antenna phased array systems is demonstrated. In the direct-modulated optical system, the RF signal directly modulates the DFB laser. In the gain-switched optical system, the laser is gain-switched to function as a RF frequency doubler. The modulated signal is transmitted via an optical fiber and recovered at the receiving end by a high-speed photodetector. The recovered RF is then injected into the active antenna phased array systems as an injection-locking reference signal. Two active antenna systems are used for this demonstration: beam-switching and Doppler transceiver     

X波段微波全息天线的仿真与设计

本文介绍了一种基于光学全息理论的全息天线,并通过仿真对全息天线工作原理进行了验证,结论表明如果在介质板上形成不同的干涉图案,就可以实现天线最大辐射方向的扫描。     

基于人工阻抗表面的毫米波圆极化全息天线

基于全息光学原理,提出并设计了一种加载相位调制的毫米波圆极化全息天线,天线由电小尺寸的人工阻抗单元按表面阻抗分布参数排列而成。利用横向谐振技术分析了标量人工阻抗单元表面阻抗的计算方法,建立了单元尺寸与表面阻抗之间的数据库。给出了干涉表面的阻抗分布参数计算方法,通过加载相位调制,实现了全息天线的圆极化。利用Matlab-HFSS联合建模仿真,建立了毫米波圆极化全息天线的基本模型,仿真结果表明,天线工作于35 GHz,波束沿法向偏转35°,中心的轴比小于1.5 d B。     

Optical Sensor for Real-Time Reconstruction of Distortions on Electronically Steered Antenna

A measurement system based on a set of optical fiber probes has been implemented and tested for real-time reconstruction of mechanical distortions of electronically steered antenna arrays. Such an optical sensor allows a full-reconstruction of the emitting surface topography, which is necessary to electronically compensate the degradation of the radiating pattern under mechanical distortions of its structure.     

Optical simulation of microwave antennas

It has recently been suggested that microwave antennas may be simulated at optical frequencies using the neon-helium continuous gas laser. The present paper discusses various aspects of this problem and presents a simulation example using as a model the 96-element Australian array used to scan the surface of the sun at 80 megacycles. An optical system can be used for simulation in which an objective lens obtains the Fourier transform of the antenna aperture field which may be photographed. An additional lens produces an image of the antenna aperture field in the same air space as the far field pattern, thus permitting photographs of near field as well as far field patterns. Antenna masters are made as optical transparencies using photographic plates or film. Phasing may be obtained by using a variable thickness optical material evaporated on glass. Various combinations of array distribution, antenna weighting, and phasing are possible to simulate. Atmospheric perturbations are introduced on the antenna pattern by the use of two-dimensional phase delay patterns. Photographs are presented of the antenna aperture field, the far field pattern and several intermediate near field patterns.     

偏轴卡塞格伦天线的二次赋形

针对采用旋转副镜方式切换频段的大型卡塞格伦天线,提出根据等光程条件和主反射镜的射线描迹对副反射镜进行二次赋形,以修正偏轴对光程造成的影响。通过物理光学法计算了二次赋形后的卡塞格伦天线及正馈和偏焦的对称型卡式天线远场方向图,并比较了馈源相心在不同横偏距离时二次赋形后的天线方向图。结果表明:副反射镜的二次赋形有效地修正了偏轴对天线辐射方向图的影响。     

空间激光通信系统离轴天线设计研究

空间激光通信终端通常依靠光学天线提高整个通信系统的发射及接收效率。提出了一种空间激光通信系统的离轴天线系统,以克服传统卡塞格林两镜系统存在接收视场小、发射效率低等缺点。设计了一个通光孔径为150 mm,放大倍率为15,满足0.85、1.064、1.55 m多个通信波段光学天线系统。计算了初始结构参数,利用光学设计软件ZEMAX-EE对该光学天线系统进行了光线追迹和优化设计,并对设计结果进行分析。分析结果表明:在整个工作波段(0.85、1.064、1.55 m)内,点列图半径几何值小于10 rad,实现了高放大倍率、宽波段像散同时校正,在宽波段内均达到衍射极限,满足设计指标要求,能够满足高性能空间激光通信系统的要求。     

Optical techniques for reconfiguring microwave phased arrays

Very large phased array antennas, particularly in radar and adaptive receive applications as opposed to communications usages, require large amounts of digital data processing for beamsteering, null-formation, imaging, and signal correlation computations. Such processing requires a computational capability which is effectively proportional to the square of the antenna size, and can readily become one of the main design drivers. This processing bottleneck problem is addressed for large phased array antennas. An approach in terms of parallel processing in the optical domain is presented as a potential solution. The defining equations for a phased array antenna system are given, along with the transfer functions for an embedded optical spatial filter control element. Such a control element is shown to have the potential of rapidly reconfiguring a large phased array antenna without the speed penalties associated with conventional sequential addressing methods. A hypothetical phased array antenna, with optical spatial filter control elements, is simulated in a computer model and performance results are presented     

对准误差对前置光放大卫星激光通信系统性能的影响

发射机及接收机的对准误差都会引起前置光放大卫星激光通信系统信号的衰落,在同时考虑发射机、接收机对准误差的条件下优化系统性能非常重要。将接收机对准误差引起的空间光耦合损耗用一个高斯函数近似,并同时考虑发射机对准误差引起的对准损耗,推导出了接收光功率概率密度的近似解析表达式,应用该概率密度函数,建立了基于平均误码率原则的前置光放大卫星激光通信系统的优化模型。仿真结果表明,在给定平均误码率要求及对准误差一定时,存在一个最佳发射光束宽度、接收天线直径及空间光耦合参数,使所需的发射功率最小,采用更大的接收天线并不能降低对发射功率的要求。     

纳米天线增强光波透过金属薄膜上亚波长小孔的模拟研究

亚波长金属结构的光学性质已成为光学研究的热点之一。应用三维时域有限差分(3D-FDTD)法模拟研究了利用三维金属纳米天线实现的金属薄膜上亚波长狭缝的光波强透射。分别在金属膜前后放置金属天线,计算光波透过金属薄膜上亚波长狭缝的透射率。通过改变小孔和天线的相对位置,发现当天线和小孔共振模的阶数同为二阶和三阶时,相位匹配,能相互耦合,形成两个强透射峰。当天线放置在狭缝前方和后方,天线共振可以将能量耦合进入和耦合出小孔,都能实现强透射。