Adaptive Spectrum Sensing Algorithm in Cognitive Ultra-wideband Systems

Energy detection is a simple spectrum sensing technique that compares the energy in the received signal with a threshold to determine whether a primary user signal is present or not. Setting the threshold is very important to the performance of the spectrum sensing. This paper proposes an adaptive spectrum sensing algorithm where an optimal decision threshold of energy detection is derived based on minimizing the weighted sum of probabilities of detection and false alarm. Since the optimal decision threshold is dependent on the noise power and signal power, a simple, practical frequency domain approach is devised to estimate both. The algorithm can be used for the detection of various kinds of signals without any prior knowledge of the signal, channel or noise power, and is able to adapt to noise fluctuation. Simulations for detecting narrow-band and wideband signals (phase shift keying signal, frequency shift keying signal, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal) and ultra-wideband (UWB) signals (direct sequence spread spectrum signals) in an IEEE 802.15.3a UWB band are presented. The results show that the proposed algorithm has excellent robustness to noise uncertainty and outperforms the existing spectrum sensing algorithms in the literature.     

Fundamental Limitations on Pilot-based Spectrum Sensing at Very Low SNR

Spectrum sensing is one of the most challenging issues of Cognitive Radio communications. The possibility of extremely low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal poses a fundamental challenge to spectrum sensing. In this paper, pilot-based spectrum sensing for OFDM signals is investigated. It is shown that the existing pilot-based OFDM spectrum sensing algorithms suffer from the frequency offset between the transmitter and sensing devices, as well as the noise uncertainty in the sensing threshold design. We consequently propose a robust pilot-based spectrum sensing algorithm for low SNR OFDM signals using a sliding frequency correlator. The proposed algorithm processes additional bandwidth to eliminate the impact of frequency offset. In addition, considering the unknown noise statistics and its time-varying nature, a ratio threshold which is not sensitive to the noise power level is derived for spectrum sensing. Our theoretical analysis and simulation results show that this algorithm can achieve exceptionally good sensing performance at very low SNR, while being insensitive to time and frequency offsets and requiring no information of the noise statistics.     

基于多尺度功率谱子带梯度的宽带频谱感知算法与性能分析

为了应对复杂环境下非合作通信、电磁频谱监管等宽带接收中存在的先验信息缺失、信道失真严重以及频域呈现不平坦色噪声的挑战,提出一种基于多尺度功率谱子带梯度的宽带频谱感知算法,该算法不要任何的先验信息,对功率谱进行分段计算梯度,再进行自适应双阈值检测,通过多尺度的技巧提高了宽带频谱感知的稳定性。对该算法在不同信道模型下的统计特性、虚警概率、检测概率以及判决门限的表达式进行了理论推导。理论分析和实验仿真表明,算法适用于高斯噪声信道和平坦衰落信道,能够有效克服色噪声,并且能够实现用户频带范围定位,运算复杂度低、实时性强,对噪声不确定度具有稳健性,能够用于低信噪比场合。     

利用功率谱极值和几何平均的频谱感知算法

为了提高基于功率谱的频谱感知算法抗噪声不确定性、抗频偏及低信噪比下检测性能,本文利用功率谱的部分样本平均估计最大值,以降低信号频偏对频谱感知性能影响;利用功率谱的最大值与最小值之差与功率谱几何平均之比作为判决统计量,以尽可能消除噪声影响及保留主用户信号;推导得到了检测门限表达式,表明该算法对噪声不确定性不敏感。加性高斯白噪声信道和瑞利衰落信道下的仿真结果表明:该算法频谱感知性能优于已有的基于功率谱的频谱感知算法,降低了未知载波频偏和噪声不确定性对频谱感知算法性能的影响,该算法能够有效检测实际信号。      

特征值极限分布的改进合作频谱感知

本文采用随机矩阵理论,分析和研究了多认知用户接收信号采样协方差矩阵的最小特征值的极限分布,针对基于最大最小特征值之差的合作频谱感知算法,提出了新的门限判决方法。此算法能有效克服噪声不确定度的影响,且不需预先知道授权用户信号的先验知识和噪声方差。仿真结果表明,与以前的感知算法相比,本文算法有更低的判决门限,在低信噪比、小采样时,在达到设定虚警概率的前提下,该算法能够获得更好的感知性能。      

基于能量检测与Sevcik分形维数的协作频谱感知算法

在认知无线网络中,针对单节点频谱感知易受到噪声不确定性的影响和传统的能量检测法在高噪声功率场景中检测性能较差等问题,根据Sevcik分形维数(Sevcik fractal dimension, SFD)对噪声不敏感、能够区分信号与噪声波形的特点,提出一种将自适应门限的能量检测法与SFD相结合的协作频谱感知方法. 通过能量检测法对接收信号进行检测判决,然后由SFD对判定为主用户不存在的信号进行复检,并将所有检测结果进行K秩融合,根据融合结果得出最终判决. 仿真结果表明,本文提出的频谱感知方法对噪声不敏感,在低信噪比下的检测性能得到显著提高.     

基于信号集合势和连续性的认知无线电宽带频谱感知

针对传统感知算法依赖主用户信号与噪声先验信息,以及易受噪声功率估计不确定性影响的缺点,提出了一种基于信号集合势和连续性的宽带频谱感知方案。该方案将宽带频谱感知分为主用户占子带集合势的估计和子带位置判决两步。在两次不同感知结果中利用主用户连续占用子带的特性,有效地实现最终感知性能的提升。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方案不仅能够解决传统感知方法依赖噪声和主用户信号先验信息的问题,而且对抗噪声功率不确定性具有鲁棒性。特别地,与传统的能量检测频谱感知算法相比,该算法能有效地实现宽带频谱盲感知。     

基于循环前缀频域自相关的OFDM信号频谱感知

针对无线通信频谱资源有限并且利用率非常低的问题,研究了认知无线电系统中基于信号典型特征的频谱感知策略,并进行动态频谱检测.提出了一种基于循环前缀频域自相关的频谱感知算法,利用正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)信号的循环前缀具有循环平稳特性,在信号频域进行自相关运算,设定判决门限,完成对信号频谱的检测,同时具备较好的抑制平稳噪声和干扰的能力.在低信噪比或者噪声不确定度大的应用场景下,能够获得比能量检测方法更优、更稳定的频谱感知效果,增强了噪声鲁棒性.在算法中采用双门限检测,进一步减弱了噪声不确定度对检测性能的影响,提高了频谱感知性能.     

Spectrum Sensing Based on Deep Learning Classification for Cognitive Radios

Spectrum sensing is a key technology for cognitive radios.We present spectrum sensing as a classification problem and propose a sensing method based on deep learning classification.We normalize the received signal power to overcome the effects of noise power uncertainty.We train the model with as many types of signals as possible as well as noise data to enable the trained network model to adapt to untrained new signals.We also use transfer learning strategies to improve the performance for real-world signals.Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of this method.The simulation results show that the proposed method performs better than two traditional spectrum sensing methods,i.e.,maximum-minimum eigenvalue ratio-based method and frequency domain entropy-based method.In addition,the experimental results of the new untrained signal types show that our method can adapt to the detection of these new signals.Furthermore,the real-world signal detection experiment results show that the detection performance can be further improved by transfer learning.Finally,experiments under colored noise show that our proposed method has superior detection performance under colored noise,while the traditional methods have a significant performance degradation,which further validate the superiority of our method.     

协作频谱感知中快速自适应门限策略

频谱感知是认知无线电的一个重要组成部分。在异构网络中,认知节点的移动会导致接收信号强度和噪声功率发生变化,这使得采用固定门限参数的频谱感知策略无法保证在任何时候均工作于最优感知状态。为了解决这一问题,该文提出一种自适应门限参数的协作频谱感知策略。该策略无需主用户信号、信道以及环境噪声的任何先验信息,参与协作的所有认知节点采用最陡下降法自适应调节门限参数,控制中心采用最优数据融合算法获得最小检测代价。仿真结果显示,当认知节点参数发生变化时,协作节点的门限参数快速收敛于最优值,使系统贝叶斯风险最小。     

一种基于特征值和级联聚类的协作频谱感知方法

为了提高低信噪比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR)下频谱感知的性能，使用模糊C均值(Fuzzy C-means, FCM)和高斯混合模型(Gaussian Mixture Model, GMM),提出了一种基于特征值和级联聚类的协作频谱感知方法。从接收信号的协方差矩阵中提取特征值构造特征向量，通过在三维空间中执行聚类得到信道是否可用的分类模型，此过程无需获得主用户(Primary User, PU)信号以及噪声功率的先验信息，避免了复杂的门限计算。FCM聚类用于优化GMM聚类的初始参数，有效解决了在低SNR下GMM容易陷入局部最小值的问题。仿真结果表明，该方法降低了GMM的收敛时间并提高了模型分类的准确性，与其他主流方法相比能够有效提升频谱感知的性能。     

基于功率谱熵的频谱感知算法研究

针对低信噪比条件下认知无线电频谱感知问题,提出了一种基于功率谱熵的频谱检测算法。在分析主用户信号空闲与占用两种不同条件下观测信号功率谱熵差异的基础上,将其作为检验统计量,并确定了相应的判决门限,以实现对主用户信号频谱是否空闲的判决。计算机仿真结果表明,本算法无需信号的先验信息,可在较低信噪比条件下实现对常用调制信号的频谱感知,与盒维数频谱感知方法相比,检测性能约有8 dB的改进。     

利用CM分量的无噪声不确定度频谱感知算法

基于拟合优度检验的频谱感知算法检测性能较好但易受到噪声不确定度的影响。该文利用对方差偏离不敏感的Cramer von Mises(CM)统计量第一分量,设置了新的检验统计量,并推导了频谱空闲时检验统计量的概率密度函数和判决门限,从而提出了利用CM分量的频谱感知算法。在减小拟合优度检验(GoF)中的CM算法复杂度的同时,克服了噪声不确定度对CM算法性能的影响。仿真结果表明所提算法有效解决了噪声不确定度对算法的影响。      

基于随机矩阵理论的DET合作频谱感知算法

针对认知无线电系统中的频谱感知问题,该文采用随机矩阵理论(Random Matrix Theory, RMT)对多认知用户(Secondary User, SU)接收信号采样协方差矩阵的最大特征值的分布特性进行了分析和研究,提出了一种新的基于双特征值判决门限(Double Eigenvalue Threshold, DET)的合作频谱感知算法。由该算法感知性能的理论分析可知:DET合作感知算法无需主用户(Primary User, PU)发射机信号的先验知识,也不需要预先知道信道背景噪声功率。仿真结果表明,与传统的频谱感知方法相比,该方法只需较少的认知用户就能获得较高的感知性能,并且对噪声的不确定性具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于特征值极限分布的合作频谱感知算法

采用最新的随机矩阵理论,对多个认知用户接收信号采样协方差矩阵的最小特征值的极限分布进行了分析,提出了一种改进的最大最小特征值合作感知和门限判决方法。该算法不需预知授权用户信号的先验知识,且能有效克服噪声不确定度的影响。与现有算法相比,在给定虚警概率时,仿真结果显示该算法判决门限更低、检测概率更高;而且在认知用户和采样数较少时,也能获得很好的检测性能。     

Smart antenna‐assisted spectrum sensing for robust detection in cognitive radio networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of multiband spectrum sensing by employing smart antenna arrays at the cognitive receiver. Although energy detection is widely used for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks because of its simplicity and accuracy, it is severely deteriorated by the noise uncertainty. This paper introduces robust spectrum sensing techniques to circumvent this difficulty, which operate simultaneously over the total frequency channels rather than a single channel each time. To enhance the detection performance, the proposed schemes jointly utilize the information of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, signal and noise subspace components in conjunction with the likelihood functions and Gerschgorin radii. Neither subjective decision threshold setting nor the estimation of noise power is required in our schemes, making them robust to noise uncertainty. Simulations are presented to validate the performance of the proposed schemes, and the results show that our schemes can outperform other existing spectrum sensing methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Robust spectrum sensing under noise uncertainty for spectrum sharing

Spectrum sensing plays an important role in spectrum sharing. Energy detection is generally used because it does not require a priori knowledge of primary user, (PU) signals; however, it is sensitive to noise uncertainty. An order statistics (OS) detector provides inherent protection against nonhomogeneous background signals. However, no analysis has been conducted yet to apply OS detection to spectrum sensing in a wireless channel to solve noise uncertainty. In this paper, we propose a robust spectrum sensing scheme based on generalized order statistics (GOS) and analyze the exact false alarm and detection probabilities under noise uncertainty. From the equation of the exact false alarm probability, the threshold value is calculated to maintain a constant false alarm rate. The detection probability is obtained from the calculated threshold under noise uncertainty. As a fusion rule for cooperative spectrum sensing, we adopt an OR rule, that is, a 1‐out‐of‐N rule, and we call the proposed scheme GOS‐OR. The analytical results show that the GOS‐OR scheme can achieve optimum performance and maintain the desired false alarm rates if the coefficients of the GOS‐OR detector can be correctly selected.     

Extended noise analysis — a novel tool for reliability screening

Noise specifies the fluctuations of device characteristics under operation. Low frequency noise can be used to obtain information on the internal device quality under operating conditions. Commonly, only the noise power spectrum is measured in frequency domain. This is equivalent to the second order moments of the fluctuating quantity. Restriction on reliability prediction via power spectrum analysis means restriction on the second order moments of the fluctuating quantity. Our intention is more general. We are searching for tolerance limits of noise characteristics in time and frequency domain capable of separating reliable devices from non-reliable. Extended noise analysis is a new method of noise characterization in time domain. It considers the 2-dimensional distributions of noise signals at the beginning and the end of a time interval. This yields additional information. Quantities like moments of higher order and the parameters of conditional distributions indicate atypical dynamics. The approach was used to characterize the low frequency current noise of InGaAs/AlGaAs laser diodes at currents well below threshold. Failed and surviving items show different distributions of several noise characteristics.     

Windowed overlapped frequency domain block filtering approach for direct sequence signal acquisition

This study applies a windowed frequency domain overlapped block filtering approach to acquire direct sequence signals. As a novel viewpoint, the windows not only allow pulse shaping without front-end pulse-shaping filter, but also increase the performance of the spectrum sensing unit, which can efficiently be implemented into this frequency domain receiver and may further be used for spectrum sensing in cognitive radios or narrowband interference cancellation in military radios. The proposed receiver is applicable for the initial time synchronization of different signals containing a preamble. These signals include single carrier, constant envelope single carrier, multicarrier, and even generalized multicarrier signals, making the proposed receiver structure a universal unit. Furthermore, the receiver can be used to perform filtering with long codes and compute the sliding correlation of an unknown periodic preamble. The receiver can further be modified to handle large Doppler shifts. We will also demonstrate herein the computational complexity and analysis of the acquisition performance in Rayleigh and Rician fading channels.     

基于谱图预处理的卫星通信信号盲检测

传统功率谱检测是建立在噪声谱的均值和方差满足不随频率变化假设基础上的,而实际非协作卫星通信中的噪声谱一般并不满足此假设,导致该方法的检测性能受限。该文用滑动窗最小二乘法对接收信号进行预处理,使噪声谱趋近满足上述假设,由此提出了一种卫星通信信号的盲检测方法,并推导了相对于传统功率谱检测方法的性能改善因子。仿真结果表明:该方法在相同条件下检测性能一般明显优于传统的功率谱检测方法,且具有计算量小、易于实现等优点。