Evaluation of layer properties of effective parameters of metallic rod metamaterials in GHz frequencies

In this paper, analytical modeling and numerical simulation of the complex effective dielectric, magnetic constants and refractive index of a metallic rod metamaterial in microwave frequency range are presented. Analytical modeling has been done using modified mathematical models of the complex dielectric and magnetic constants obtained for rod metamaterial structure. Numerical simulation of the above-mentioned parameters has been made using S-parameters obtained with the help of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations. The numerical simulation has been carried out for different thickness of rods. Remarkable coincidence between analytical and numerical results was found. The effective dielectric constant enhancement of the considered composite has been obtained. Recommendations for the practical application of considered metamaterial structure for designing patch antennas have been discussed.     

Dielectric Constant Ferrites and Loss Tangent of Microwave at Elevated Temperatures

Experimental data are given on the effect of elevated temperature on the dielectric properties of ferrites intended for microwave applications. Measurements were made at X band. The real part of the dielectric constant generally increases slowly with temperature, the maximum temperature coefficient observed being 300 parts per million per degree C. The dielectric loss tangent also generally increases with temperature. Measurements were made in a rectangular waveguide cavity, using a modified perturbation technique. It is shown that the simple perturbation technique may cause an appreciable error in the measurement of the real part of the dielectric constant. The effect of the finite resistivity of the cavity walls and the effect of the cavity irises on the measurement of the dielectric loss tangent, are also considered.     

微波介质陶瓷材料介电性能间的制约关系

微波介质陶瓷材料的三个主要参数相对介电常数εr、品质因数Q和谐振频率温度系数之间存在一定的关系。采用一维双原子线性振动模型,分析了微波介质陶瓷材料的εr、Q影响因素和它们之间的相互制约关系;采用Clausius-Mosotti方程,分析了谐振频率温度系数的影响因素以及它和εr之间的相互制约关系。讨论了提高高介微波介质陶瓷材料性能的途径,发现采用同电价质量较轻的离子取代,在基本不影响介电常数的情况下具有提高材料的Q·f值的可能性。     

Determination of Complex Permittivity of Arbitrarily Dimensioned Dielectric Modules at Microwave Frequencies

A method of evaluating the microwave dielectric properties of any geometrically defined sample is described by general theory and through experimental verification. The typical mathematical relations that describe specimen loss tangent by cavity methods are uniquely modified through inclusion of the derivative of cavity resonant frequency with respect to dielectric constant of the material comprising the particular configuration studied. The dielectric modules under study need not meet the small volume requirements demanded by perturbation theory; they may even occupy a very large volume of the cavity. A particular advantage of the described evaluation technique is the continuity of use of a given dielectric specimen for tests at microwave frequencies, without geometric alteration, after its properties at lower frequencies have been determined.     

Modified transmission-reflection method for measuring constitutive parameters of thin flexible high-loss materials

The transmission-reflection method is modified for measuring constitutive parameters of thin high-loss materials used as radar absorbers. The method uses a two-layer structure, consisting of a layer of thin flexible unknown material supported by a thicker rigid known material. The analysis and measurements focus on nonmagnetic samples of a high dielectric constant and loss factor and on the waveguide configuration in the X-band. A nonlinear least-squares optimization is used to obtain the complex permittivity from the measured scattering parameters. The uncertainty analysis presented facilitates selection of the support layer thickness. Simulations with the finite-difference time-domain method explore the effects of sample imperfections. Accuracy of a few percent can be achieved for a sample thickness of a fraction of a millimeter, provided that the thickness of the support dielectric is close to optimum and sample has only small surface imperfections.     

不同厚度PZT薄膜的制备及电性能特性研究

采用sol-gel（溶胶-凝胶）法在Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si基底上分别制备了厚度为400nm,600nm,800nm的PZT（锆钛酸铅,Zr/Ti=52/48）薄膜,研究了厚度对薄膜介电性能与铁电性能的影响。通过对薄膜的铁电性能与介电性能进行测试,分析了不同厚度薄膜的剩余极化强度、介电常数与介电损耗;通过对介电调谐率与最大正切损耗的计算,进一步分析了薄膜的介电调谐性能。实验结果表明,薄膜的介电常数与介电损耗随薄膜厚度的增大而增加;厚度为600nm的薄膜具有最好的介电调谐性能与铁电性能。     

A Microwave Technique for the Measurement of the Dielectric Properties of Soils (Correspondence)

During a recent investigation of antennas mounted flush with the earth, it was necessary to measure the dielectric properties of soil. Many different techniques for the measurement of dielectric constants and loss tangent have been developed. These techniques generally fall into two categories: those which utilize transmission through a sample and those which use the reflection from the sample. The particular technique employed is modified to suit the range of parameters being measured and the physical characteristics of the sample. In general, a measurement that provides an accurate determination of dielectric constant is relatively insensitive to variations in loss tangent and vice versa. The technique described here utilizes both types of measurements to find in a practical manner the dielectric constant and loss tangent of relatively moist loamy soil at microwave frequencies.     

Radiation by a probe through a substrate

Radiation by a probe through a grounded substrate layer is considered. The reaction concept is adopted and the coaxial line aperture effects are taken into account. Image theory is invoked to simplify the evaluation of the involved Sommerfeld type integrals. These integrals are computed through a real axis integration which combines numerical and analytical techniques. An interpolation method is introduced which eliminates repetitive calculation of reaction quantities. The properties of the probe such as input, mutual impedance, radiation pattern and radiation efficiency are examined as functions of substrate parameters such as thickness and dielectric constant. The probe length may be chosen to be smaller than, equal to or greater than the substrate thickness. The effect of substrate transverse magnetic (TM) surface wave modes is analyzed and it is found that at each mode cutoff omnidirectional radiation is obtained in thebar{H}-plane with maximum radiation along the horizon. The effect of small substrate loss on the probe parameters is also considered.     

短路波导法的新应用

本文介绍一种测定不能进行机械加工的“固体材料”（农产品或矿物）微波介电特性的新方法。将这类材料研碎，成为“空气－粒子”混合物，应用短路波导方法，对几种不同的“松密度”混合物测量其介电特性（介电常数和损耗因子）。当已知待测材料的“固体密度”时，利用这些测得特性与混合物“松密度”的线性函数关系进行“外推”，从而获得“固体密度”下的农产品（或矿物）的微波介电特性。     

Investigation into the Effect of Dielectric Loss on RF Characteristics of Helical SWS

A general theory has been developed to account for the effect of the dielectric loss of discrete rods on the performance characteristics of an actual helical slow wave structure (SWS). The effect of the lossy dielectric rods has been studied on various propagation parameters, namely, phase propagation constant, interaction impedance and attenuation constant at different operating frequency. It is clearly shown that the influence of dielectric loss on RF characteristics is much larger at the millimeter frequency band than that at the microwave frequency band, especially on interaction impedance and attenuation constant. The general theory developed here has been further confirmed by comparing the results with those obtained elsewhere for some special cases.     

A位Sm取代对BiNbO_4陶瓷烧结及微波介电性能的影响

就Sm部分取代BiNbO4陶瓷中的Bi对其烧结性能及微波介电性能的影响进行了研究。实验结果发现,随Sm取代量的增加,BiNbO4陶瓷的烧结温度升高,其晶相组成及微波介电性能也随之改变。通过适量的取代,可以获得各项性能均较优异的微波介质陶瓷材料组成。     

Full-wave analysis of coplanar strips considering the finite stripmetallization thickness

An extensive analysis, based on a full-wave mode-matching technique, is described for coplanar strips (CPS) incorporating the strips' finite metallization thickness. Results for the effective dielectric constant and characteristic impedance are presented to show the effect of the metallization thickness. It is found that the characteristic impedance has a strong dependence on the metallization thickness, which signifies the fact that the finite metallization thickness needs to be considered in designing practical microwave circuits employing CPS. Numerical results of CPS with zero metallization thickness obtained using this method are found to be in good agreement with those published previously. Extensive investigation of the numerical convergence of these results is also described     

微波脉冲与带缝非金属腔耦合的数值模拟研究

应用时域有限差分法(FDTD)模拟计算了微波脉冲与带缝非金属腔体的线性耦合过程.在正弦波凋制的高斯脉冲源激励下,分析了耦合场在腔体内的分布情况,总结了相对介电常数、腔壁厚度、孔缝尺寸等因数对耦合特性影响的基本规律.结果表明:在入射电场方向腔体中心轴线上的耦合场基本保持不变,垂直于入射电场截面上耦合场关于截画中心点呈对称分布;耦合进腔体的能量随厚度的增加和介电常数的增大而减小,但介电常数的影响更加明显,且随孔缝面积的增大而增大,面积一定时,随纵横比的增大而增大;孔缝中心处的电场耦合系数峰值随介电常数的增大呈近似线性下降,而腔体中心处呈振荡减小,在相对介电常数为6左右电场时域峰值达到最大;腔体内耦合磁场的变化规律与电场的类似.     

(Bi2-xZnx)(Ti2-xNbx)O7陶瓷的结构与介电性能

研究了(Bi2-xZnx)(Ti2-xNbx)O7(0.4≤x≤1.0)陶瓷材料的结构与介电性能.X-射线衍射结果表明,该组分体系在950～1 100 ℃烧结,可得到单相立方焦绿石结构陶瓷.扫描电子显微镜观察样品形貌发现,x越大,晶粒尺寸越大.室温介电性能的测试表明,在1 MHz条件下,随x值的增大,介电常数从218下降到122,损耗为(1～4)×10-4.介电温谱测试发现,该组分体系在低温下出现明显的介电弛豫峰,峰形随x增大逐渐宽化.微波特性的测试表明,在谐振频率2～3 GHz,样品的品质因数与谐振频率之积Q×f为112～158 GHz.     

Nonlinear saturation and efficiency enhancement in a Cherenkovlaser using a dielectric grating

With the aid of particle simulation, this paper discusses nonlinear saturation and efficiency enhancement in a single-pass Cherenkov laser using a dielectric grating, taking into account the nonlinear properties of a relativistic electron beam. For the analysis of the problem, a two-dimensional model for the Cherenkov laser is considered which is composed of a planar relativistic electron beam and a parallel plate waveguide, one plate of which is loaded with a dielectric grating. First, the nonlinear characteristics for the growth of the electromagnetic wave are considered for a dielectric grating with constant parameters. The variation of the groove depth or the slot width in a dielectric grating is found to have the same effect on the growth characteristics as the variation of the permittivity of a dielectric sheet with constant thickness. Then, in order to enhance the efficiency in energy transfer from the electron beam to the electromagnetic wave in the Cherenkov laser, one of the grating parameters or the groove depth is adiabatically decreased in accordance with the decrease in the average velocity of the electron beam. The result of numerical simulation shows that sufficient efficiency enhancement in energy transfer is achieved with the use of a dielectric grating with a variable parameter     

Microwave permittivity of leaf using an Ag thick-film microstrip resonator

The X-band microwave dielectric constant, dielectric loss and the conductivity of the leaves of four different plants were measured from even and odd mode resonance characteristics of an Ag thick-film microstrip straight resonator, due to the perturbation caused by leafy vegetation as an overlay. Using the changes in the frequency response, the moisture-dependent X-band microwave properties of the leaves of Ficus Bengalensis, Ficus Religiosa, Acalypha Wilkensiana, and Acalypha Hispidia have been calculated. The permittivity obtained depends on the position of the overlay and moisture content. A partial overlay method might be a low-cost alternative for dielectric characterisation of biomaterials since a very small size of leaf is needed.     

梯度多层BST薄膜介电性能研究

成分梯度多层钛酸锶钡薄膜具有较好的综合介电性能,包括适中的介电常数、高的介电调谐率、低的介质损耗及低的介电温度系数等,日益成为微波调制器件如移相器、滤波器、谐振器等的重要候选薄膜材料。就国内外近年来取得的重要成果进行了综述,对今后成分梯度多层BST薄膜的研究前景及方向进行了展望。     

A Parallel-Plate Waveguide Approach to Microminiaturized, Planar Transmission Lines for Integrated Circuits

The parallel-plate waveguide with a two-layer loading medium, a conducting semiconductor substrate, and a relatively thin dielectric layer approximates the interconnections in many integrated systems if the fringing fields are ignored. The fundamental mode of this structure is an E mode which is a surface wave. Its propagation behavior is analyzed in this paper and the equations are evaluated by highly accurate numerical methods. The semiconducting substrate is characterized by its dielectric constant and conductivity. A critical conductivity /spl sigma//sub min/ exists and is related to the cross sectional and material parameters. If the substrate conductivity is given by /spl sigma//sub min/ then the attenuation constant of the line is a minimum. The same value of conductivity yields minimum phase distortion at maximum bandwidth. If the conductivity is larger than /spl sigma//sub min/ the substrate acts as a poor conductor with associated skin effect; if it is smaller, lossy dielectric behavior results. Analysis shows that it is appropriate to subdivide the frequency range into three intervals. The lowest-frequency interval is characterized by propagation which resembles diffusion. This is caused by the loss in the dielectric layer. The next frequency range extends to some upper frequency which is determined by substrate conductivity and the cross-sectional dimensions. In this interval, the phase velocity of the fundamental mode is controlled by the ratio of dielectric to semiconductor thickness, which, if typical interconnections are considered, implies a very low velocity. This property indicates that the structure can serve as a delay line. Further increases in frequency result in higher phase velocities. Skin effect and dielectric loss behavior describe the propagation in this third interval.     

Dielectric property measurements of materials using the cavitytechnique

A cavity technique based on frequency shift was used to measure dielectric properties (dielectric constant and loss factor) of some particulate materials as a function of temperature. The materials studied were alumina, cobalt/alumina, dolomite, and sand. The properties were measured at various points between room temperature and 600°C in the frequency range of 925-995 MHz. The dielectric constant and loss factor of all samples, except the cobalt/alumina catalyst sample, were approximately constant with temperature. The dielectric constant and loss factor of the cobalt/alumina sample exhibited a noticeable increase with temperature     

便携式无线通信中的陶瓷技术

重点讨论了现代无线通信中关键元器件之一滤波器的发展进程,中、高频及微波滤波器的主要类型及性能特点。低损耗、高介电常数陶瓷在RF和IF滤波器中的应用,能够实现无线设备的微型化。对制备滤波器的介质陶瓷材料的要求是:在所使用的波段内,相对介电常数r要大,可缩小介质元件的尺寸;品质因数Q要高,可获得良好的滤波特性及通讯质量;谐振频率的温度系数f接近于零或可调节,以达到整机电子回路的要求。