高精度舰船图像拼接算法研究

为了解决当前图像拼接重叠区域多的问题,提出高精度的舰船图像拼接算法研究。在图像拼接之前,需先提取图像特征,采用Harris角点局部特征检测算法,在尺度空间寻找位置、尺度和变量特征,以此设计尺度空间极值点检测流程,避免外界噪声干扰。根据每个关键点特征计算图像尺度变化比例、图像旋转角度和不同图像间平移距离,确定不同图像特征点位置关系,以此实现图像参数自动辨识。采用surf角点检测算子检测图像重叠区域角点,在允许尺度空间多层图像处理下,无需对图像进行二次抽样处理。通过构建Hessian矩阵判别式,判断特征点是否为极点,利用二阶标准高斯函数,判别特征点。利用相应波为信息计算偏航角,确定变换参数,完成图像拼接。由实验结果可知,该算法图像拼接重叠区域较少,拼接精准度较高,为舰船稳定运行奠定基础。     

大型邮轮薄板激光复合焊接数值模拟与参数分析

近年来,邮轮建造中越来越多地使用4 mm～8 mm薄板结构以减小生产和运营成本。薄板的大量使用使得焊接变形问题更加严重,因此激光复合焊接等热输入小的焊接方式在邮轮等薄板船舶上的需求不断提高。然而,由于国内邮轮制造业和船舶激光复合焊接工艺起步晚,对激光复合焊接中的关键参数与焊缝成型等的关系研究不足。文章建立邮轮薄板激光复合焊接的热弹塑性模型,并结合试验结果对焊接速度、激光功率、光丝间距、送丝速度、基电流和峰电压等关键焊接参数对焊缝成型的影响进行探究。结果表明：激光参数和电弧参数通过影响2种热源之间的协同效应来影响焊缝形貌;送丝速度和峰电压对余高等焊缝特征尺寸的影响较大,当送丝速度过大时,会加剧气孔等缺陷的产生。     

奥氏体不锈钢MIG焊与激光-MIG复合焊对比分析

对比分析MIG焊与激光-MIG复合焊的焊接工艺参数和焊缝的成形外貌、无损检测、宏观金相、力学性能。试验结果表明：激光MIG复合焊结合两种焊接工艺各自的优点，焊缝同时具有MIG焊和激光焊的成形外貌特征；激光-MIG复合焊具有比MIG焊更好的力学性能和更高的焊接效率。     

工业纯钛激光自熔焊接工艺及气孔形成机理研究

采用IPG光纤激光器对2 mm厚TA2进行不同工艺参数激光自熔焊对接试验.借助金相显微镜、超景深三维显微分析系统、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对焊缝横截面宏观形貌进行观察,并且对气孔分布及形貌特征进行分析,探讨焊缝对气孔的敏感性规律以及气孔形成机理.试验结果表明:TA2焊缝中气孔主要分布在焊缝中下部熔合线附近,其形状呈规则的圆形或椭圆形、尺寸小、内壁较光滑,符合氢气孔的特征;当焊接速度不变时,随着激光功率的增大,焊缝的平均气孔率呈先上升后下降的趋势;当激光功率不变时,随着焊接速度的增大,焊缝的平均气孔率呈先显著上升后下降的趋势;当氢的扩散程度和熔池液相存在时间都有利于气孔的形成,焊缝的平均气孔率达到最大值.     

激光功率对激光-电弧复合焊接头成型的影响

采用激光-电弧复合焊(Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding,LAHW)技术对6.0 mm厚的AH36钢板进行复合焊接,分析不同激光功率对焊接接头成型的影响,并对最优参数的焊缝进行力学性能分析.焊接缺陷主要表现为:在激光功率偏小时,焊缝背部不完全熔透;在激光功率偏大时,焊缝正面出现咬边和凹陷;在激光功率为44...     

Ti64钛合金窄间隙激光填丝焊接头组织性能

采用钛基金属粉芯焊丝，通过激光填丝焊接方法对Ti64钛合金板进行窄间隙焊接，分析了激光填丝焊接接头各区域的微观组织类型及形貌特征；测试了焊接接头的力学性能，如显微硬度、室温拉伸性能。结果表明：焊缝区(WM)主要由粗大的原始β柱状晶粒和内部网篮状针状α’马氏体组成，热影响区(HAZ)主要由等轴状α相和长条状α相，以及少量次生α_p相组成；在焊缝组织中，小角度晶界主要集中分布在片层组织边界，焊缝中的大角度晶界比例较大，大于15°的大角度晶界占比约85.55%;Ti64钛合金焊接接头的焊缝区都由密排六方(HCP)晶体结构构成，没有发现其他晶体结构；焊接接头的抗拉强度达939MPa，断后伸长率为13%，断裂位置在母材(BM)区域，拉伸断口存在明显的剪切唇，韧窝较深且均匀；焊缝区的平均显微硬度值明显高于母材及热影响区。     

25mmHY-80钢的激光辅助熔化极气保焊

研究了激光辅助熔化极气保焊焊接HY-80钢时各种工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响及激光与电弧的复合作用，确定了最佳焊接工艺参数。实验结果表明，焊缝金属显微组织主要是马氏体，而不会产生针状铁素体。动态撕裂试验和爆破试验结果表明．焊缝金属韧性低且波动大，改善焊丝化学成分是探索提高焊缝金属韧性的途径之一。     

基于AIS数据的交汇水域船舶会遇态势辨识

船舶会遇态势辨识是实现船舶安全避碰的重要前提,交汇水域复杂的通航环境和船舶运动的不确定性使在辨识会遇态势过程中容易出现误判的情况。为准确快速辨识交汇水域的船舶会遇态势,提出联合支持向量机-贝叶斯滤波(Support Vector Machine and Bayesian Filter, SVM-BF)的辨识会遇态势模型和算法。基于会遇几何模型计算两船的相对距离和航向差作为会遇特征,并将特征序列输入模型,在SVM初辨识的基础上,使用BF器对SVM产生的初判结果进行累积判别,提高辨识不同会遇态势的准确性。选取长江口南槽交汇水域的船舶自动识别系统(Automatic Identification System, AIS)数据,进行会遇过程分析与特征提取和SVM-BF模型训练和算法验证。结果表明:基于SVM-BF模型辨识会遇态势算法能针对交叉、对遇和追越等态势进行及时有效识别,与仅采用SVM的辨识模型相比,SVM-BF能有效降低误判概率。     

船体外板大拼接焊缝高效无尘喷砂除锈器

为适应船体外板大拼接焊缝大范围高效环保喷砂除锈,开发大腔室多枪旋转高效无尘喷砂器,并对其气固两相流特性进行研究.将整个喷砂过程置于一个直径100.0 m m以上的密闭腔室,采用单/双喷砂枪通过电机高速旋转喷枪对工件表面进行喷砂,并基于真空负压对反弹的磨料和冲蚀掉的铁锈、油污、粉尘等进行回收、分离和循环再利用.采用基于欧...     

基于计算机大数据的船舶视频图像类型辨识分析

传统船舶视频图像类型识别算法在图像类型识别计算过程中,存在视频图像高频尺度空间像素子带系数计算精度较低,导致图像画面差异辨识度降低,无法高精度对比图像特征参量的问题。因此,提出计算机大数据船舶视频图像类型辩识分析。通过神经网络算法,建立视频图像特征的神经网络模型;根据特征模型推导建立辨识模型。在辨识模型的基础上,通过导入大数据高频子带尺度算法,对图像特征尺度空间内的高频子带系数进行优化计算,从而提升视频图像类型的辨识精度。通过实验数据对比表明:提出的视频图像辨识算法,能够有效改善图像类型识别环境,提升图像类型辨识精度,解决了传统辨识算法辨识精度低的问题。     

Stress concentration factors at welds in pipelines and tanks subjected to internal pressure and axial force

In this paper, analytical expressions for stress concentration factors in pipes subjected to internal pressure and axial force are derived for a number of design cases based on classical shell theory. The effect of fabrication tolerances in simple butt welds is assessed. Analyses based on classical mechanics are compared with results from axisymmetric finite element analyses for verification of the presented methodology. Stress concentration factors are presented for circumferential butt welds in pipes welded together from pipes with different thicknesses, welds at buckling arrestors, welds at flanged connections in pipelines, and welds at ring stiffeners on the inside and the outside of the pipes. It also includes stress concentration factors at end closures in pipes for gas storage. Larger pipes are fabricated from plates with a longitudinal weld. This fabrication process introduces out-of-roundness in the pipes. The actual out-of-roundness is a function of internal pressure. An analytical expression for the bending stress in the pipe wall due to this out-of-roundness is presented. The derived stress concentration factors can be used together with a hot spot stress S–N curve for calculation of fatigue damage.     

Effect of weld geometric profile on fatigue life of cruciform welds made by laser/GMAW processes

The effect of weld geometric profile on fatigue life of laser-welded HSLA-65 steel is evaluated. Presented are results of cruciform-shaped fatigue specimens with varying weld profiles loaded cyclically in axial tension–compression. Specimens with a nearly circular-weld profile were created at 133 cm/min, as part of this effort, with a hybrid laser gas-metal-arc welding GMAW (L/GMAW) process. The ability of the laser-welding process to produce desirable weld profiles resulted in fatigue life superior to that of conventional welds. Comparison of finite-element analyses, used to estimate stress-concentration factors, to the hot spot and mesh insensitive approaches for convergent cases with smooth weld transitions is presented in relation to the experimental results. When a geometry-based stress concentration factor is used, the fatigue tests show much less variability and can be lumped into one master curve.     

Improving the toughness of high strength GMA welds

The propertied of high strength GMA welds are controlled by bead size, in particular the weld metal microstructure which is controlled by weld cooling rate. Shielding gas composition is known to be important as regards the protection of the molten weld pool from atmospheric contamination. However the role of the shielding gas composition in developing weld metal toughness is less well documented. This paper attempts to identify those characteristics in the deposition of a weld which contribute to improved toughness in high strength steel welds.     

Weld toe versus root fatigue failure mode and governing parameters: A study of aluminum alloy load-carrying fillet joints

In load-carrying fillet welded connections, two fatigue failure modes are possible i.e. weld toe cracking and weld root cracking. The fatigue life associated with weld root cracking is typically much lower than weld toe cracking, exhibiting a wider scatter band, especially for welded aluminum alloys. This paper examines fatigue failure mode transition behaviors in load-carrying fillet welds made of aluminum and their governing parameters, among plate thickness, weld penetration, joint misalignment, weld material, and ultrasound impact peening(UIP). Through both experimental and theoretical studies, a quantitative fillet weld sizing criterion was proposed for avoiding weld root cracking in fillet-welded aluminum connections.     

等壁厚钢管桩横向焊缝应力集中系数的数值模拟

大型海洋工程结构多常用钢管桩,在钢管桩的制作和安装过程中通常会产生环向对接焊缝,由管节偏位引起的环向焊缝应力集中现象是焊缝疲劳热点应力评估和焊缝疲劳安全分析的重要影响因素.通过实用近似分析方法,研究在轴向拉力和平面内弯矩单独作用下等壁厚对接焊缝应力集中间题,得出等壁厚拉弯构件对接焊缝应力集中系数的近似计算公式;根据对钢...     

The effect of weld residual stress on fracture toughness at the intersection of two welding lines of offshore tubular structure

Due to the spatial complexity and fabrication characteristics of offshore platforms, it is inevitable to encounter overlaps or proximity of weld lines in tubular joints. Several international standards such as American Petroleum Institute (API), American Welding Society (AWS), and American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) regulate the minimum distance between primary weld beads; however, any logical and detailed background of this limitation has not been presented. For a non-compliant weld joint where the regulation is not met, fracture toughness calculation is a typical index to verify the structural integrity.This research consists of two parts. First, weld residual stress distributions are calculated by a 3D thermo-mechanical nonlinear Finite Element Analysis. Two crossing welds, a T-weld crossing on a butt weld, are simulated in one model. A separate tee and a butt welding simulations are also performed for a comparative purpose. Second, SIFs and J-integral values are calculated at the surface and deepest crack tip locations for four different types of semi-elliptical surface cracks. Four cracks are embedded into the weld model and the residual stress distribution from the 3D thermo-mechanical FEA are mapped to a 3D FE crack model as initial conditions. An additional axial tensile load is also imposed. SIF values are compared with those using the weighting function method for the butt weld model subject to three load cases, i.e., tensile stress only, weld residual stress only, and both of them. From the simulation, a tubular joint containing a chord girth weld intersected with weld beads of brace is found to show lower the SIF values than that having only a girth weld on chord.     

响应面法模拟轴肩和搅拌针形状对铝合金搅拌摩擦的影响(英文)

The present paper discusses the modeling of tool geometry effects on the friction stir aluminum welds using response surface methodology. The friction stir welding tools were designed with different shoulder and tool probe geometries based on a design matrix. The matrix for the tool designing was made for three types of tools, based on three types of probes, with three levels each for defining the shoulder surface type and probe profile geometries. Then, the effects of tool shoulder and probe geometries on friction stirred aluminum welds were experimentally investigated with respect to weld strength, weld cross section area, grain size of weld and grain size of thermo-mechanically affected zone. These effects were modeled using multiple and response surface regression analysis. The response surface regression modeling were found to be appropriate for defining the friction stir weldment characteristics.     

搅拌工具轴肩和搅拌头轮廓对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的影响一对比研究(英文)

In marine application,marine grade steel is generally used for haul and superstructures.However,aluminum has also become a good choice due to its lightweight qualities,while rusting of aluminum is minimal compared to steel.In this paper a study on friction stir welding of aluminum alloys was presented.The present investigation deals with the effects of different friction stir welding tool geometries on mechanical strength and the microstructure properties of aluminum alloy welds.Three distinct tool geometries with different types of shoulder and tool probe profiles were used in the investigation according to the design matrix.The effects of each tool shoulder and probe geometry on the weld was evaluated.It was also observed that the friction stir weld tool geometry has a significant effect on the weldment reinforcement,microhardness,and weld strength.     

Prediction of residual stresses induced by low transformation temperature weld wires and its validation using the contour method

Welding residual stresses are one of the main factors influencing the engineering properties of welded structures, and should be taken into account during designing and manufacturing products such as ships, bridges, etc. Recently, both computational and experimental methods play a significant role for providing residual stresses. The contour method (CM) became one of the most powerful techniques that can provide measurement of residual stresses normal to a plane of interest. In this method a component is cut at any plane of interest. Displacements normal to the cut surface are measured and then processed. Using the Thermal–Elastic–Plastic Finite Element Method (TEP-FEM), residual stresses after welding can be predicted. As well as, the elastic FEM can be used to reproduce residual stresses from measured longitudinal displacements in the CM.The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of different low transformation temperature (LTT) weld wires using TEP-FEM and the CM. In the simulation part, a computational approach is developed to numerically simulate both of welding and the CM. In the TEP-FEM, phase transformation is considered for LTT welds, additionally volume change and variation of mechanical properties with temperature are considered. In the simulated CM, welded specimens to be measured are replaced by TEP-FE models. Then the procedure of the CM is examined before applying it to real measurements. The simulated CM successfully predicted how the CM would reconstruct the residual stresses if applied experimentally. In the experimental part, welding is conducted using conventional and various LTT weld wires. Longitudinal residual stresses produced due to welding are measured using the CM. The results of TEP-FE simulation and the CM show the effectiveness of the different LTT weld wires in introducing compressive stresses in the weld. It is also observed that the applied LTT weld wires, which have almost the same martensitic transformation start temperatures, do not show big difference in the induced compressive residual stresses in the weld metal.     

SAW焊接型剖面预报的模糊逻辑系统开发(英文)

A fuzzy model was presented to predict the weldment shape profile of submerged arc welds(SAW) including the shape of heat affected zone(HAZ).The SAW bead-on-plates were welded by following a full factorial design matrix.The design matrix consisted of three levels of input welding process parameters.The welds were cross-sectioned and etched,and the zones were measured.A mapping technique was used to measure the various segments of the weld zones.These mapped zones were used to build a fuzzy logic model.The membership functions of the fuzzy model were chosen for the accurate prediction of the weld zone.The fuzzy model was further tested for a set of test case data.The weld zone predicted by the fuzzy logic model was compared with the experimentally obtained shape profiles and close agreement between the two was noted.The mapping technique developed for the weld zones and the fuzzy logic model can be used for on-line control of the SAW process.From the SAW fuzzy logic model an estimation of the fusion and HAZ can also be developed.