澜沧江床沙重金属污染及其环境磁学指示

沉积物是河流水环境中重金属污染物的主要储存载体,其磁化率特征具有一定的污染指示意义.本研究对澜沧江干流及其11条主要支流,开展河道床沙沉积物样品采集,并测定了样品中5种重金属元素铜(Cu)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、铬(Cr)的含量和磁化率值.采用潜在生态危害指数法分析床沙的重金属污染程度,亦探讨了床沙重金属含量与磁化率关系.结果表明:(1)澜沧江流域自上而下,床沙中重金属含量呈减弱趋势,因流域内矿业开发、电站建设等人类活动的影响,使各断面重金属含量分布差异较大;(2)所有样点的综合潜在生态危害指数RI值均小于150,为低风险.潜在生态危害指数法和沉积物的磁化率特征分析结果表现一定的相似性,呈现中游磁化率值较高,污染指数值较高,而中下游磁化率值较低,污染指数值较低;(3)澜沧江床沙中重金属As含量与磁化率和频率磁化率有很好的相关性,在一定程度上对床沙污染具有一定的指示意义.研究结果揭示了澜沧江床沙重金属污染状况及其环境磁学指示,为澜沧江矿产资源与水能合理开发提供新的科学依据.     

武汉南湖沉积物的重金属污染状况评价

采用原子吸收分光光度法对湖北武汉南湖柱状沉积物中的6种重金属(Cd,Cu,Cr,Mn,Pb和Zn)进行测定.结果表明,柱状沉积物中各种重金属的平均含量(w/mg kg-1,DM)分别为Cd 0.155,Cu 47.0,Cr 147.8,Mn 1 026.5,Pb 55.7,Zn 132.1.水平分布,重金属的最大含量出现在点Ⅳ和点Ⅰ,且平均含量也高于其他的点;垂直分布.最大含量出现0～5cm或5～10 cm的沉积层,随沉积深度的增加而降低.这些结果表明外源污染对沉积物的重金属负荷具有重要影响.应用地质累积指数Igeo值对重金属污染状况进行评价,结果表明,重金属的污染主要是Cr和Cd,其中Cr的最高含量(w/mgkg1,DM)为231.9,Cd为0.348;重金属的污染程度较轻.图2表1参20     

应用多变量脸谱图进行河流与湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染状况的综合对…

依据沉积学原理和水体沉积物重金属的环境地球化学特征，将地积累指数与改进的多变量ｈｅｒｎｏｆｆ脸谱图相结合，选择江西德兴铜矿附近的乐安江表层沉积物以及德国西南部Ｍａｎｎｈｅｉｍ和Ｗｏｒｍｓ周围若干湖泊的表层沉积物作为研究对象开展不同地域、不同类型水体沉积物中重金属积累的对比分析和污染状况的综合性定量评介，多变量脸谱图能清晰地反映出两区域沉积物中重金属的污染特征和空间分布模式。     

基于多元统计技术的赣江沉积物重金属污染评价

赣江是鄱阳湖重要入湖河流,为了解赣江流域沉积物重金属空间分布及污染状况,本文布设了29个采样点,对赣江沉积物重金属(Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Hg、W、Cr、Mn、Zn)含量和序列组分进行了测定及分析,并运用污染负荷指数(PLI)、地累积指数(Igeo)和潜在生态风险(RI)指数评价沉积物重金属污染程度.结果 表明,Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、W、Hg和Pb的平均浓度分别超出本底3.8、4.1、5.2、3.0、22.7、5.0、11.8、1.6倍.其中,章江(Z)分布较高的Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Hg、W;桃江(T)分布较高的Cr和Mn;赣江(G)分布较高的Zn.所有采样点的PLI值均大于1,表明所有采样点均受到重金属污染;Igeo评价结果表明,赣江沉积物重金属Igeo依次为Cd(3.4)＞Hg(1.7)＞Zn(1.6)＞Cu(1.2)＞Mn(1.0)＞As(0.4)＞W(0.3)＞Pb(-0.1)＞Cr(-3.7);其中Cd的污染程度最高,Zn、Hg、 Cu,As、W、Pb为轻度污染,沉积物中Cr的Igeo＜0,表明赣江未受到Cr的污染.RI均值均大于150,表明赣江水系沉积物重金属均存在潜在风险,且赣江沉积物重金属污染对鄱阳湖构成严重威胁.     

苏州河沉积物中重金属的污染特征及其评价

本研究通过对苏州河上海段13个采样断面的沉积物中重金属含量进行测定,揭示苏州河底泥重金属污染的空间分布特征,并运用生态危害指数等对底泥重金属含量进行了评价.     

崇明岛潮滩沉积物中重金属的污染评价

本文对崇明岛环岛潮滩沉积物-水界面表层沉积物（0～1cm）中重金属的含量进行了分析，探讨其污染状况，并从沉积物的污染状况来推断岛屿周围水域的环境状况，旨在为崇明岛生态岛建设提供科学依据．     

乐安江鄱阳湖河口沉积物样品生态效应的初步评价

对乐安江鄱阳湖河口三个沉积物样品中主要污染元素含量的分析,表明存在重金属Cu和Zn污染。用模拟湖水对沉积物进行溶出实验,上清液金属含量符合国家地表水质量标准,成组生物检验(Battery Test)结果表明,三个沉积物样品对无脊椎动物和发光菌均无急性毒牲,但对光合藻类的生长有抑制作用。初步用毒性鉴定和评价方案进行的研究结果表明,抑制作用主要由阳离子类型污染物引起。     

太湖、巢湖沉积物中重金属污染的总量特征及其区域性差异

选取太湖、巢湖污染较为严重的区域为研究对象,采集季节性沉积物柱状样,以0.5cm的间距高精度分割样品,分析其中的Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn等重金属元素的含量,对沉积物中重金属的总量特征及季节性变化特征进行了分析,得出以下结论:太湖、巢湖沉积物中重金属的总量均呈现出Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu的特征,季节性变化幅度为Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu,重金属元素的地球化学性质对其季节性变化有很大的影响.同时,不同的区域背景差异(如元素丰度、污染状况等)导致了太湖、巢湖采样点沉积物中重金属元素季节性特征的差异.     

乐安江鄱阳湖河口沉积物样品生态效应的初步

对乐安江鄱阳湖河口三个沉积物样品中主要污染元素含量的分析，表明存在重金属Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ污染。用模拟湖水对沉积物进行溶出实验，上清液金属含量符合国家地表水质量标准。成组生物检验结果表明，三个沉积物样品对无脊椎动物和发光菌均无急性毒性。但对光合藻类的生长有抑制作用。初步用毒性鉴定和评价方案进行的研究结果表明，抑制作用主要由阳离子类型污染物引的。     

大源渡库区表层沉积物中重金属污染状况

为了了解大源渡库区 (湘江衡阳段 )合坝发电后重金属的污染状况 ,于 1 999年 8月和 2 0 0 0年 8月分别对库区 1 2个断面表层沉积物样品中重金属的含量进行测定 .在以往工作的基础上 ,将合坝发电后重金属的含量与背景值、历史值进行比较分析 ,并用地质积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对库区水系的重金属污染和生态危害进行了评价 .1　样品采集与分析本调研共设 1 2个断面 .每个断面设左、右 2个采样点 .采集的样品为 5ｃｍ以内的表层沉积物 .将样品在室温风干 ,研碎 ,过 1 0 0目筛 .用标准方法对样品中的Ｃｒ,Ｐｂ ,Ａｓ,Ｈｇ,Ｃｄ ,Ｃｕ ,Ｚ…     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

知识型员工的特点、激励及管理对策研究

知识经济时代，企业最宝贵的财富是知识型员工。知识型员工是生产力的代表。知识型员工的工作效率决定了企业的竞争能力．因此。如何激励知识型员工成为企业探讨的一个重要问题．本文从知识型员工的特点入手。按有关知识管理专家提出的激励因素，从四个方面阐述了对知识型员工的激励策略。并提出了对知识型员工的管理对策．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

Conservation and the Lure of the Garden

Abstract:  Among the conservation voices today who seek a sensible "middle ground" in remedying land-use problems are those who propose a tend-the-garden ethic in which humans would merely need to view the earth as a garden and labor to make it productive and beautiful in order to solve conservation challenges. This line of reasoning is exemplified by Michael Pollan's highly praised book, Second Nature , which supports conservation values but harshly criticizes contemporary environmental efforts, including the work of such organizations as The Nature Conservancy. Pollan's portrayal of the gardener as model conservationist is usefully compared with an important essay by Aldo Leopold from a half-century ago, "The Farmer as a Conservationist," which similarly uses a model land tender as exemplar of where conservation needs to head. Comparing the two writings reveals profound flaws in the contemporary tend-the-garden line of thought. In doing so, it usefully reveals to scientists why their efforts are so often misunderstood and resisted. The popularity of tend-the-garden reasoning illustrates how successful the environmental backlash has been in misportraying the motives and aims of serious conservationists, particularly those who seek to protect wildlife and natural habitat. In doing so, it highlights the need for conservationists to take their own ideas more seriously and to do a far better job of presenting those ideas, in coherent form, to broad audiences.