不同河岸带植物根际丁草胺降解特性差异及其微生物学机制

以根际袋盆栽方法,研究了芦苇(Phragmites australis)、茭白(Zizania aquatia)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus Linn)三种典型河岸带植物根际丁草胺降解特征的差异,并从微生物学角度探讨了可能的机制.结果表明,与非根际相比较,不同河岸带植物根际对土壤中丁草胺降解有显著的增强效应.不同河岸带植物对丁草胺的降解效果存在显著差异,降解效果由大到小的次序为:菖蒲,芦苇,茭白.芦苇、茭白、菖蒲根际丁草胺降解速率常数依次分别为0.0606、0.0500、0.0680.在丁草胺作用下,不同河岸带植物根际与非根际土壤关键酶的活性和微生物特征存在明显差异.丁草胺对几种植物根际与非根际脱氢酶与脲酶都有不同程度的激活,但随后抑制并趋于正常水平,而磷酸酶则基本上影响不明显.同期根际的酶活性要比非根际的高.丁草胺作用后,对土壤细菌及真菌有明显的抑制作用,但对放线菌的数量影响不大.与芦苇和茭白相比,菖蒲根际土壤酶活性和微生物数量明显更高,说明该植物对土壤中丁草胺污染具有较好的缓冲作用,从而大大提高了丁草胺的微生物降解的增强效应.     

几种典型边坡植被的产流、产沙特征

乡土植物灌木化建植是高速公路边坡防护的重要途径。为了探明西南地区5种典型边坡植被配置模式的护坡性能及年际间差异,拟以成渝高速永川段K309+145~K309+370处为试验观测区,以景观过渡带(小乔木、地被植物)+坡面防护带(灌木、草本植物)的群落结构为基础,对比研究2010—2012年间各植被配置模式在自然降雨条件下的产流、产沙特征及年际间差异。结果表明:1)建坪初期,一年生草本植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis)所在的草灌混合群落(M5)生长快、成坪早,在2010年汛期即表现出较强的护坡性能:蓄水、保土能力分别达到59.14%、96.22%,产流量、产沙量(61.2 mm,52.0 g.m-2)也明显低于其它小区(P<0.05);狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)等多年生草本所在群落(M3、M4)成坪迟、生长慢,护坡性能普遍较差。2)在2011年汛期,多年生草本植物所在群落(M1~M4)的护坡性能较2010年明显提高,以M3、M4即苜蓿(Medicagofalcate)+狗牙根、小冠花(Coronilla varia)+黑麦草最为显著。3)2012年汛期,具有发达根系结构的狗牙根所在群落(M3)护坡性能最强:蓄水、保土能力分别达到80.03%、98.49%,产流量、产沙量分别为32.40 mm、17.67 g.m-2);M5的护坡性能最差,其产流量、产沙量(62.1 mm,150.33 g.m-2)也明显高于其他观测区。可以看出,在种植密度、建植措施等建群条件相同条件下,植被的护坡性能与其群落结构有关:建坪初期,护坡性能与地上生物量大小正相关(r2≥0.987),后期则与根系重量正相关(r2≥0.998)。     

京杭运河淮安段水利防护林群落护堤防蚀效应

对京杭运河淮安段水利防护林群落的护堤防蚀效应进行了研究.结果表明,防护林植被可以明显改善地表土壤物理性能,明显增加土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度,降低土壤容重.不同植物群落对地表土壤的护堤防蚀效应明显不同.早熟禾群落和女贞群落可以有效提高土壤有机质含量和土壤通气蓄水效应.有植被分布的地表土壤抗蚀性比裸地显著增强（P＜0.05）.相对而言,早熟禾群落土壤水稳性指数最大（0.892）,其余依次为女贞群落（0.835）、梨树群落（0.791）、桃树群落（0.530）、水杉群落（0.397）和裸地（0.341）.植物群落土壤的抗蚀性与植物根系生物量、根数和土壤有机质含量分别呈显著正相关（P＜0.01）.     

黄河口湿地典型盐碱植被群落土壤氮素的季节动态及根际效应

于5、8和10月对黄河口湿地典型断面盐碱植被群落进行3个航次的野外生态调查,研究了不同植被覆盖的湿地土壤氮素的时空分布特征及典型盐碱植物碱蓬和芦苇群落土壤氮素的根际效应,并基于线性模型的冗余分析(RDA)探讨土壤理化参数对氮素分布特征的影响.结果表明,黄河口湿地5月和10月土壤氮素含量高于8月,土壤氮素以有机氮为主,无机氮以铵态氮为主;总体上,表层土壤氮素含量芦苇碱蓬光滩,光滩土壤氮素含量低于碱蓬和芦苇群落土壤的30%—50%;光滩、碱蓬和芦苇群落剖面土壤总氮、有机氮和铵态氮在0—10 cm表层含量最高,随土壤深度其含量下降,硝态氮在土壤中呈现显著淋溶作用,其峰值出现在地下土壤层30 cm左右;碱蓬和芦苇群落根际土壤氮素含量均高于非根际土壤,且碱蓬根际土壤氮素含量显著高于芦苇根际土壤(P0.05).RDA分析结果表明,影响土壤氮素分布特征的主要理化参数是土壤有机碳含量和pH.植被种类影响黄河口湿地土壤氮素的累积,一般情况下土壤氮素的累积量呈现芦苇碱蓬光滩的特征,并具有明显的季节差异,相对芦苇群落,碱蓬在生长季节8月份根际土壤中积累更多的氮素.     

不同土著草本群落对加拿大一枝黄花早期阶段入侵的抑制能力研究

为了解不同土著草本群落对加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)的入侵抑制能力以及可能的机制,以杭州湾南岸湿地围垦区具有相同演替阶段的3种优势土著草本白茅(Imperata cylindrical)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)和荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)群落为研究对象,以加拿大一枝黄花单优群落为参照,调查了不同群落中加拿大一枝黄花密度和地上部分生长(株高和基径)情况,测定了不同群落的光照水平和土壤理化性质,分析了土著群落中加拿大一枝黄花密度和地上部分生长与群落光照水平和土壤肥力的关系。结果表明:(1)土著群落显著降低加拿大一枝黄花密度(P0.05),白茅群落还显著降低加拿大一枝黄花地上部分生长(P0.05)。(2)土著群落降低了群落冠层光照水平,土著群落冠层中部光合有效辐射低于加拿大一枝黄花单优群落。白茅群落和荻群落盖度显著高于芦苇群落和加拿大一枝黄花群落(P0.05),冠层高度由大到小依次为荻、芦苇、加拿大一枝黄花和白茅;加拿大一枝黄花株高与其邻株株高间呈显著正相关(P0.001)。(3)土著群落土壤肥力低于加拿大一枝黄花单优群落,白茅群落土壤肥力最低,但多数指标与芦苇群落和荻群落差异不显著(P0.05)。认为遮光可能是土著群落抑制加拿大一枝黄花早期入侵的主要机制,而较低的土壤肥力水平可能与光竞争协同作用进一步加剧了土著群落对加拿大一枝黄花扩散的抑制。通过筛选和培育那些能同时降低群落光照水平和土壤肥力水平的土著群落可有效抑制加拿大一枝黄花入侵。     

沿黄河下游湖泊湿地植物群落演替及其多样性研究

沿黄河下游湖泊湿地是黄河健康生命系统的重要组成部分,其植物群落演替及其多样性研究对湿地及其生物多样性保护有重要意义。通过野外样地调查,分析了沿黄河下游湖泊湿地植物物种组成及其群落的演替模式,并计算了群落植物多样性特征指数,包括物种丰富度指数（S）、多样性Simpson指数（D）、Shannon-wiener指数（H′）、均匀度指数Pielou（E）。结果表明,研究区湖泊湿地共有77种植物,属于28科61属,除榆树Ulmus pumila Linn.为木本植物外,其余76种为草本植物,其中有1种轮藻门植物,1种蕨类植物;从空间来看植物群落演替过程为沉水植物菹草群落→纯水烛群落→水烛群落→水烛＋扁秆藨草群落→藨草群落→芦苇群落,青龙湖湿地水环境的变化,使湿地植物群落的类型也随之发生变化;群落多样性指数Shannon-wiener指数均低于1.12,Simpson指数为0.41~1,Pielou均匀度指数为0.8左右;芦苇群落的物种数最多,有32个物种,水烛群落以12种次之,菹草群落、水烛＋扁秆藨草群落和扁秆藨草群落中的物种数差别不大。沿黄河下游湿地植物群落多样性水平较低,湿地系统有向陆地系统过渡的趋势。     

金马河温江段河岸带不同生境下草本植物多样性和植物区系与土壤环境因子的关系

采用典型样地法,根据当地采沙运沙干扰及河岸带水位变化的影响,将河岸带生境划分河滩地、砾石地、芦苇地、斑茅地、沙坑地5个类型.运用除趋势对应分析(DCA)和冗余分析(RDA)研究不同生境间河岸带草本植物区系成分、群落和环境因子的关系.结果表明:(1)5个类型生境记录草本植物共35科91属109种,以禾本科(Gramineae)、菊科(Compositae)、蓼科(Polygonaceae)植物为主,沙坑地物种数最多,砾石地和河滩地物种数次之,斑茅地和芦苇地物种数最少.(2)属的区系成分较全面地表现了河岸带草本植物的地理分布,金马河温江段草本植物区系主要由世界分布型和泛热带分布型构成.(3)不同生境类型下Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson指数(H’)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)具有特定变化趋势,物种丰富度指数(D)对生境变化响应不显著.(4)河岸带土壤pH呈弱碱性,砾石地和芦苇地的全氮、全钾和有机质含量明显高于其他生境,河滩地和沙坑地土壤含水量、全磷含量较低. DCA和RDA结果表明,含水量、全氮和有机质是影响生境群落分布的主要限制因子,而土壤pH是影响植物区系组成分异的最主要条件.综上所述,经生态改造后的河滩地生境为河岸带最适生境类型.(图3表4参27)     

长江口滨海湿地芦苇和白茅形态和生长特征对地下水位的响应

芦苇是长江口地区滨海滩涂湿地主要建群种,如何控制白茅扩散、维持原生植被已成为滨海湿地管理亟待解决的生态问题之一.以长江口崇明东滩湿地为研究对象,通过野外调查滨海湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)和白茅(Imperata cylindrica)种群特征,比较3个不同地下水位(低、中、高水位)条件下芦苇与白茅幼苗和成株生长特征.结果表明:对幼苗而言,地下水位对芦苇单株生长特征影响不显著,地下水位升高会促进芦苇种群密度增加,而显著限制白茅种群密度增加;对成株而言,在单株水平,中水位芦苇株高、基径、叶面积和地上生物量以及相对生长速率显著高于低水位和高水位,并且芦苇相对于白茅的生长优势在中水位条件下最为明显.除株高和基径以外,白茅的其它生长指标在3个地下水位梯度间均无明显差异;在种群水平,芦苇种群植株密度,叶面积指数,叶、茎和地上生物量随着地下水位升高而逐渐升高,在高水位达到最优.与芦苇相反,白茅种群植株密度,叶面积指数,叶、茎和地上生物量随着地下水位升高而逐渐降低,在低水位生长最好.虽然白茅在单株水平上生长不如芦苇,但是凭借其极强的无性繁殖能力在芦苇群落中迅速扩散,与芦苇竞争光照、水分等资源,并且在地下水位较低的条件下白茅种群生长尤为旺盛.因此,在植物幼苗阶段通过人工水位调控适当提高地下水位可以抑制中生性植物白茅的生长,从而有助于恢复东滩湿地以芦苇为单优势种的湿地群落结构和功能.     

镇江内江湿地植物群落演替过程中土壤养分动态研究

镇江内江湿地是由长江携带的泥沙在镇江内江特有的水文条件下淤积而成,形成于江滩裸地上的植物群落开始了群落的原生演替过程。在此过程中,湿地的土壤养分状况随着植被的演替更迭,发生着协同演化的过程。为了进一步丰富群落演替理论,通过研究群落演替过程中不同阶段以及同一演替阶段不同层次土壤养分状况的时空变化,探索演替过程中的不同植被类型和土壤养分变化的内在联系及其互作效应。结果表明,随着演替进行,土壤的养分状况趋于改善,土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷含量呈上升趋势,只有速效钾的含量在后期芦苇阶段明显降低,这主要是由于收割芦苇将富含钾素的芦苇植株带出湿地系统所致。由于植物根系分布及枯落物多少的差异,使得各营养成分的垂直分布各异。     

三江平原小叶章和芦苇幼苗生长对低光胁迫的响应木

采用5种低光处理(100、200、400、600、1000 lx)研究了小叶章和芦苇幼苗成活和生长对低光胁迫的响应.两种湿地植物幼苗的成活率均随着光照强度的升高而显著增大,小叶章和芦苇幼苗全部成活的光照强度下限分别为400、1 000 lx.两种植物幼苗生长参数(根重、茎重、叶重、总生物量、绝对生长速率、相对生长速率、净同化速率)都随光照强度的升高显著增大,而叶生物量比和形态学参数(叶面积比、比叶面积)随光照强度的升高显著降低.可见,小叶章和芦苇幼苗生长明显受到光照的影响,幼苗可通过增大光合器官的投入适应低光环境.相对芦苇而言,小叶章幼苗在低光胁迫下形态可塑性大,小叶章更低的存活光强下限及更强的形态可塑性表明小叶章幼苗适应低光胁迫的能力大于芦苇,这可能是小叶章能成为三江平原典型草甸、湿草甸和沼泽群落的优势种,而芦苇只能成为伴生种的主要原因之一.图6表1参31     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明，目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。