厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同脱氮处理城市污水

利用ABR反应器在温度为27℃,p H为8,HRT为10 h,进水NO-2-N/NH+4-N为1.32条件下,在45 d内成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应,稳定阶段反应器出水TN平均去除率为83%,此阶段的三氮比ΔNH+4-N∶ΔNO-2-N∶ΔNO-3-N为1∶1.31∶0.27.在利用厌氧氨氧化反应器处理实际污水过程中,进水中不可避免地含有一定量的有机碳.在C/N比为0.5时,有机碳对厌氧氨氧化反应无明显影响;厌氧氨氧化菌与反硝化菌的最佳协同作用条件为C/N=1,此时TN平均去除率为93%;在C/N比为2时有机碳会对厌氧氨氧化菌产生抑制作用,导致TN去除率降低;降低进水COD浓度后,厌氧氨氧化菌能在短时间内恢复活性.考察了厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同作用对城市污水的处理性能,证明ABR协同脱氮反应器适用于处理低氨氮浓度城市污水,出水TN浓度为7.5 mg·L-1左右,平均去除率达86%.     

基质浓度对ABR厌氧氨氧化反硝化脱氮除碳效能影响及动力学特征

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)为研究对象,以一定COD、NH+4-N和NO-2-N比例增加进水基质浓度,以明确基质负荷提高对ABR厌氧氨氧化和反硝化协同体系脱氮除碳的影响,并通过基质去除模型获得反应器对基质的耐受程度.研究表明,ABR反应器能够实现厌氧氨氧化反硝化耦合脱氮除碳,当进水基质COD、NO-2-N和NH+4-N浓度从220、168和60 mg·L~(-1)提高至420、270和110 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器脱氮效能下降,COD、NO-2-N、NH+4-N和TN去除率分别为97%、94%、30%和78%,厌氧氨氧化对TN去除的贡献率从43.08%骤降至16.49%,反硝化脱氮贡献率从53.81%增至82.07%.动力学模型拟合发现,Stover-Kincannon模型(R2=0.937,TN;R2=0.975,COD)较一级基质去除模型(R2=0.314,TN;R2=0.016,COD)更适合评价反应器对基质的承受力;Stover-Kincannon模型表明,反应器对TN和COD的最大基质利用率分别为1.43 g·L-1·d-1和3.33 g·L-1·d-1,饱和常数(KB)分别为1.2和3.79,研究认为ABR协同脱氮除碳体系理论上还有继续提升基质负荷的潜力.     

基质浓度对ABR反应器SAD协同脱氮除碳效能影响

为改善厌氧氨氧化对总氮(TN)去除不完全和有机物对厌氧氨氧化胁迫的问题,采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR),接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化污泥与城市污水处理厂厌氧污泥,通过不同基质浓度控制,构建厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化系统(SAD),并考察不同进水基质(COD、NO-2-N、NH+4-N)浓度对耦合系统脱氮除碳效能的影响及污染物去除规律.结果表明,在ABR反应器中可实现厌氧氨氧化与反硝化的耦合反应,并缓解了有机物对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制效应.当进水COD、NO-2-N和NH+4-N浓度为260、185和100 mg·L-1,比例为2.6∶1.85∶1时,三者出水浓度分别低于10、1.0和0.9 mg·L-1,TN去除率达到99%,实现系统的稳定运行和C、N污染物的超低排放.不同基质浓度和比例条件下,目标污染物去除基本在第1隔室完成,去除率均在75%以上,且厌氧氨氧化反应在SAD耦合系统脱氮中占主导地位.     

基于ASBR反应器的厌氧氨氧化启动及特性研究

采用ASBR反应器,接种消化污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥的混合污泥,在温度(35±1)℃、HRT为24h、pH为7.3～8.5的条件下经过160d的培养,获得了砖红色的厌氧氨氧化菌菌胶团.试验结果表明:进水NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度约为180mg·L-1,平均总氮容积负荷为0.38kg·m-3·d-1时.NH4+4-N和NO-2N的去除率平均为93.2%和95.7%,TN平均去除率为86.9%.厌氧氨氧化反应过程出水pH值高于进水,稳定在7.74左右.     

气升装置对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮效能的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥研究了气升回流装置在提高进水基质浓度以提高反应器氮负荷过程中对反应器脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,在气升室中利用厌氧氨氧化反应产生的氮气作为动力可以实现出水自动循环.随着反应器脱氮效能的提高,气升室回流量也逐步增加,能够有效稀释进水基质浓度,缓解其对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制.经过183 d运行,进水NH+4-N、NO-2-N质量浓度分别提高至700 mg·L-1和840 mg·L-1,出水NH+4-N和NO-2-N质量浓度最高达到46.3 mg·L-1和53.21mg·L-1,氮去除速率稳定在28.3 kg·(m3·d)-1左右.说明气升装置所形成的自回流系统能够有效改善传统厌氧氨氧化反应器运行过程中高基质浓度抑制的问题,同时减少外置回流泵的动力消耗,是一种经济有效的措施.     

HRT对厌氧氨氧化协同异养反硝化脱氮的影响

采用SBR处理实际生活污水,在实现半亚硝化时,出水NH_4~+-N、NO-2-N及COD平均浓度分别为37.27、39.97和120mg·L~(-1),将其作为厌氧氨氧化反应器(ASBR)的进水.控制温度为24℃,pH为7.2±0.2,考察HRT分别为36、33、30和27h时对厌氧氨氧化协同异养反硝化脱氮的影响.结果表明:(1)HRT为33 h时系统脱氮效能最佳,总氮容积负荷(TNLR)和总氮去除负荷(TNRR)平均值分别为0.056 kg·(m3·d)~(-1)和0.050 kg·(m3·d)~(-1);NH_4~+-N、NO-2-N和COD平均出水浓度分别为1.36、0.47和49.79 mg·L~(-1),三者去除率分别为96.30%、98.83%和56.17%;ΔNO-2-N/ΔNH_4~+-N和ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N分别为1.17和0.15,比厌氧氨氧化反应的理论值(1.32,0.26)小0.15和0.11,造成此偏差的原因是由于系统中存在异养反硝化.(2)随着HRT的逐渐减小,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐减小,异养反硝化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐增加.本研究结果可为厌氧氨氧化技术在实际工程中的应用提供参考.     

HCO3-浓度对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮效能的影响

采用序批式生物膜反应器,通过氮去除速率的测定,研究了HCO3-浓度对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,当HCO3-与NH4+-N进水浓度比值为0.21时,反应器出水pH值大幅升高,抑制了厌氧氨氧化菌活性,使得氮去除速率大幅下降.当其比值为1.13时,反应器内pH能够降低到厌氧氨氧化菌生长所需要的环境,同时,反应器的氮去除速率开始逐步升高.当过量的HCO3-进入反应器后对厌氧氨氧化反应无影响,说明HCO3-对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮效能具有重要的影响,对维持反应器pH值与脱氮效能十分重要.在厌氧氨氧化反应器启动过程中HCO3-与NH4+-N进水浓度最佳比值为1.13.     

PN-ANAMMOX一体化反应器处理电子行业PCB废水

利用已经启动成功并达到稳定脱氮效能的部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化反应器,研究碱性印制电路板(PCB)废水自养生物脱氮的可行性及运行特性.结果表明,将进水NH+4-N浓度维持在220 mg·L-1时,经过80 d的运行,一体化反应器出水NH+4-N、NO-2-N浓度降低并稳定在4.0 mg·L-1和9.8 mg·L-1左右,脱氮效能最高达到1.29 kg·(m3·d)-1.同时出水总氮小于50 mg·L-1,满足接管排放标准.一体化反应器内好氧区NO-2-N产生速率最高为2.05 kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧区的厌氧氨氧化菌最高脱氮效能为2.91 kg·(m3·d)-1,说明各功能菌在相应区域得到稳定地增长.一体化反应器适用于无机含氨的碱性PCB废液自养生物脱氮处理.     

味精废水短程硝化工艺的运行性能

通过现场试验研究了工程规模的短程硝化反应器处理实际味精废水的运行性能.结果表明,短程硝化工艺(Single Reactor High Activity Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite,SHARON)适合处理低浓度味精废水(pH值为9.36～10.49;NH4*-N浓度5b 239.70～341.23 mg·L-1;COD为1000～1500 mg·L-1).短程硝化反应器的硝化性能良好,短程硝化效率(PartialNitrification Efficiency,PNE)高达94.56%±4·30%;在反应器内pH值为9.25-9.80、游离氨(Free Ammonia,FA)浓度为20～70 mg·L-1的工况下,短程硝化反应器运行性能稳定,PNE达96.64%±4·73%,出水中(NO:-.N)/(NH;-N)为0.70～1.35,出水pH值稳定在6.50-7.00,适用于后续厌氧氨氧化工艺(Anaerobic Ammonium 0xidation ANAMMOX)处理.进水FA浓度不宜过低,若反应液中的FA浓度低于20 mg·L-1,可导致NO-3-N浓度升高,不利于NO-2-N积累.采取一次性投加石灰的方式调节废水碱度,只适用于进水NH4 -N浓度较低的情况;若进水NH4 -N浓度较高,则会导致进水pH过高而抑制亚硝酸菌生长,宜采用多次投加或分段投加石灰的方式来调节废水碱度.     

低基质浓度下pH和DO对厌氧氨氧化反应效能的影响

在实验室稳定运行的ASBR反应器基础上,以人工模拟废水为原水,分别研究了p H值、DO对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响,旨在找出厌氧氨氧化反应最佳的p H值范围,并考察过高的进水DO对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响及厌氧氨氧化污泥对高浓度DO的抵抗性。结果表明:厌氧氨氧化反应器的最适进水p H为7.5~8.0,此范围内反应器脱氮性能良好且稳定,NH+4-N去除率达到90.2%,NO-2-N去除率达到91.1%。而厌氧氨氧化菌对DO十分敏感,水体中含氧量过高会产生明显的抑制作用,但控制进水溶解氧浓度后,厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能可迅速恢复。一定时间内高浓度DO对厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性抑制是可以恢复的。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.