ICTV报告Ⅷ以来昆虫病毒分类上的变化

昆虫病毒是生物防治的重要资源之一.国际病毒分类委员会ICTV负责病毒的分类和命名.ICTV最近一次报告是2005年的第Ⅷ报告.本文介绍了第Ⅷ报告以来昆虫病毒分类上的一些变化.昆虫杆状病毒科Bacluoviridae被重新分为a杆状病毒属Alphabaculovirus、β杆状病毒属Betabaculovirus、δ杆状病毒属Deltabaculovirus和γ杆状病毒属Gammabaculovirus 4个属.传染性软腐病病毒属Iflavirus中又增加了3个新种,其中2个是昆虫病原病毒,包括正茶尺蠖病毒Ectropis obliqua virus和羽翼畸形病毒Deformed wing virus,并以该属为代表属建立了新科--传染性软腐病病毒科Iflaviridae.蟋蟀麻痹病毒属Cripavirus中新增加了1个新种,即琉璃叶蝉病毒1 Homalodisca coagulata virus-1.ω四体病毒属Omegatetravirus也增加了新种马尾松毛虫病毒Dendrolimus punctatus virus.     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录（Ⅳ）

本文报道广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山管理站所辖林区广翅目1科2属2种，脉翅目3科8属10种，长翅目1科1属1种，鳞翅目（蛾类）27科213属299种的昆虫名录。     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录（Ⅴ）

本文报道广东南岭国家级自然保护区大江山管理站所辖林区鳞翅(蝶类）11科90属168种，双翅目6科23属39种和膜翅目8科29属56种等三目昆虫名录，另蛛形纲蜘蛛目10科15种。     

ICTV第九次报告以来的植物病毒分类系统

 本文结合国际病毒分类委员会(ICTV)第九次报告和官方网站公布的2011、2012、2013病毒分类系统,介绍了植物病毒3个目、23个科、3个亚科、103个属、1 169种的最新分类系统,较第八次报告新增了2个目、5个科、3个亚科、22个属共406种。同时还介绍了亚病毒感染因子的类病毒和病毒卫星分类的变化。     

ICTV最新十五级分类阶元病毒分类系统中的植物病毒

 本文报告了国际病毒分类委员会(ICTV)于2020年3月批准的最新2019病毒分类系统,全面采用了十五级分类阶元,分别为:域、亚域、界、亚界、门、亚门、纲、亚纲、目、亚目、科、亚科、属、亚属、种。寄主为植物的病毒包括了植物病毒和亚病毒感染因子(类病毒、卫星病毒和卫星核酸)。植物病毒共有1 608种,涉及2个域、3个界、8个门、13个纲、16个目、31个科、8个亚科、132个属、3个亚属。亚病毒感染因子包括33种类病毒,涉及2个科、8个属;6种卫星病毒,涉及4个属;142种卫星核酸,涉及2个科、2个亚科和13个属。     

杆状病毒在昆虫中的持续感染

杆状病毒(Baculovirus)是一类特异性感染节肢动物的环状双链DNA病毒,是野外控制害虫种群的重要生物因子,并已被开发为一种生物杀虫剂加以应用。杆状病毒感染昆虫宿主并不一定导致昆虫死亡,其持续感染(per-sistent infection)在昆虫种群中普遍存在,且在某些刺激条件下,持续感染可被激活为增殖性感染并引发病毒流行病爆发。因此,杆状病毒持续感染对昆虫种群动力学以及病毒流行病学的研究具有重要意义。     

昆虫病毒与苏云金杆菌混用研究应用进展

利用昆虫病毒防治农林害虫是生物防治的一种重要手段,用于害虫生物防治的昆虫病毒主要是杆状病毒科的核型多角体病毒(NPV)、质型多角体病毒(CPV)、颗粒体病毒(GV)和痘病毒科的昆虫痘病毒(EPV).     

浙江省松阳县半翅目昆虫记述

本名录报道采白浙江省松阳林区的半翅目昆虫186种,分隶于21科。每种均列出中名、学名;多数种类记有具体采集地点;有寄主和猎物的给出寄主植物（主要为木本寄主）或猎食的昆虫名称：育出或观察到天敌的列出天敌昆虫名称。     

茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒研究

本文报道茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒(EoNPV)基本特性及应用价值研究结果。EoNPV属昆虫杆状病毒属A亚组,单粒包埋型。其病毒粒子平均大小62×220nm,具有特异的肽谱、DNA内切酶谱和血清学反应特性。在动物机体及离体细胞中均未显示对非宿主昆虫和人畜的致病能力和遗传诱变效应 室内毒力测定及田间防治试验结果显示EoNPV对其宿主昆虫茶尺蠖有较强的毒力和较好的防效。茶尺蠖人工饲养及EoNPV人工增殖技术的建立,及具有光保护作用的EoNPV杀虫剂剂型的成功筛选,为EoNPV实际应用的可行性提供了依据。EoNPV作为茶尺蠖的生物控制剂,应用于茶园是有效、安全和可行的。     

改造病毒基因组增强病毒杀虫剂杀虫效率研究进展

由于基因工程技术的发展和安全性研究的深入,以重组杆状病毒为主的重组昆虫病毒杀虫剂的应用正面临着突破。文章综述了通过修饰或删除昆虫病毒某些基因、插入控制宿主发育、代谢激素或酶的基因、删除、修饰昆虫病毒基因组中特定的基因以扩大宿主域、应用RNA干扰技术提高昆虫病毒杀虫效率等构建重组昆虫病毒杀虫剂的技术路线,展望重组病毒杀虫剂的发展趋势。     

昆虫病毒在害虫防治上的应用及其对寄生蜂的影响

本文综述了昆虫病毒，包括核多角体病毒（NPV）、昆虫痘病毒（EPV）和颗粒体病毒（GV），在防治农林害虫中的应用及其对寄主寄生蜂影响的研究进展，同时也介绍了昆虫杆状病毒诱导细胞凋亡及基因工程研究的近况。     

松毛虫病毒研究进展

本文详细记述了松毛虫病毒的主要种类,对松毛虫病毒的应用、交叉感染及其分子特性（基因组序列结构、功能及其蛋白质结构与功能等）研究进行了较为全面的概括。目前松毛虫CPV的应用较其它各类病毒广泛,并在控制松毛虫类害虫上发挥了很好的控制和生态作用,大量松毛虫病毒的交叉感染研究为寻找其替代寄主做出了很大贡献;该类病毒基因组序列结构、功能及其蛋白质结构与功能等的深入研究为筛选和改良毒力强、稳定性好的毒株奠定了理论基础。本文还总结了近年来国内外利用松毛虫病原防治害虫取得的成果和目前存在的问题,还就我国利用松毛虫病毒防治该类害虫进行了展望。     

Biopesticide based sustainable pest management for safer production of vegetable legumes and brassicas in Asia and Africa

Vegetables are one of the important crops which could alleviate poverty and malnutrition among the smallholder farmers in tropical Asia and Africa. However, a plethora of pests limit the productivity of these crops, leading to economic losses. Vegetable producers overwhelmingly rely on chemical pesticides in order to reduce pest‐caused economic losses. However, over‐reliance on chemical pesticides poses serious threats to human and environmental health. Hence, biopesticides offer a viable alternative to chemical pesticides in sustainable pest management programs. Baculoviruses such as nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) and granulovirus (GV) have been exploited as successful biological pesticides in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Maruca vitrata multiple nucleocapsid NPV (MaviMNPV) was found to be a unique baculovirus specifically infecting pod borer on food legumes, and it has been successfully developed as a biopesticide in Asia and Africa. Entomopathogenic fungi also offer sustainable pest management options. Several strains of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have been tested and developed as biopesticides in Asia and Africa. This review specifically focuses on the discovery and development of entomopathogenic virus and fungi‐based biopesticides against major pests of vegetable legumes and brassicas in Asia and Africa. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sequence analysis of 43-year old samples of Plantago lanceolata show that Plantain virus X is synonymous with Actinidia virus X and is widely distributed

Plantain virus X was first recognized by the ICTV as a species in the genus Potexvirus in 1982. However, because no sequence was available for plantain virus X (PlVX), abolishing the species was proposed to the Flexiviridae working group of the ICTV in 2015. This initiated efforts to sequence the original isolates from Plantago lanceolata samples. Here we report the full-genome sequencing of two original isolates of PlVX, which demonstrate that the virus is synonymous to Actinidia virus X, a species previously reported from kiwifruit (Actinidia sp.) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum). PlVX was previously noted to be widespread in the UK in P. lanceolata. This report additionally presents novel data on the distribution and diversity of PlVX, collected at the same site as the original UK isolates, and from three independent surveys, two in the Netherlands and one in Belgium. This study also includes two new host records for PlVX, Browallia americana and Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper), indicating the virus is more widespread and infects a broader range of hosts than previously reported. This stresses the importance of surveys of noncultivated species to gain insight into viral distribution and host range. This study also demonstrates the value of generating sequence data for isolates retained in virus collections. Additionally, it demonstrates the potential value in prepublication data sharing for giving context to virus detections such as the four independent studies here which, when combined, give greater clarity to the identity, diversity, distribution, and host range of plantain virus X.     

A novel member of the genus Nepovirus isolated from Cucumis melo in Japan

An unusual virus was isolated from a Japanese Cucumis melo cv. Prince melon plant showing mild mottling of the leaves. The virus had a broad experimental host range including at least 19 plant species in five families, with most infected plants showing no symptoms on inoculated and uninoculated systemically infected leaves. The virus particles were spherical, approximately 28 nm in diameter, and the coat protein (CP) had an apparent molecular mass of about 55 kDa. The virus possessed a bi-partite genome with two RNA species, of approximately 8,000 and 4,000 nucleotides. Both genome components for the new virus were sequenced. Amino acid sequence identities in CP between the new virus and previously characterized nepoviruses were found to be low (less than 27%); however, in phylogenetic reconstructions the closest relationship was revealed between the new virus and subgroup A nepoviruses. These results suggest that the new virus represents a novel member of the genus Nepovirus. A new name, Melon mild mottle virus, has been proposed for this new virus.     

国际病毒分类委员会(ICTV) 2017分类系统与第九次分类报告的比较及数据分析

 本文结合国际病毒分类委员会(ICTV)第九次报告和ICTV官方网站公布的2017版分类系统,比较了二者的差异;同时就2017版分类系统的数据进行了全面分析,包括不同核酸类型病毒的种类和比例,植物病毒的种类和比例,以及2017版分类系统中几个值得关注的问题。     

豆科植物Xanthomonas属细菌的比较研究

 用菜豆、绿豆、爬豆、大豆、豇豆、黄槐和木豆等7种豆科植物上分离到的18个菌株作比较研究,它们分刷属于5个不同的种和变种,即Xanthomonas Pha-seoli、X.Phaseoli Var Sojense、X.Vignicola、X.Cassiae和X.Cahani。上述5种细菌的各个菌株,无论是形态和培养性状及生理反应都是相似的,只是对青霉素的敏感性和石蕊牛乳胨化的快慢稍有不同。凝集反应证明它们在血清学上也有密切的关系。Elrod和Braun认为X.Phaseoli Var Sojense和X.Vign-icola的血清反应与X.Phaseoli不同,应该归入不同的血清型。但是根据本项研究,发现这两种细菌的血清反应与X.Phaseoli没有差异,都可以归入Elrod和Braun所划分的X.Phaseoli血清型。不同种的细菌对相应噬菌体的反应是很专化的,因此噬菌体非但可以用来鉴别种,还能区别同一个种的不同菌系。但是噬菌体反应并不能作为划分种的性状。