罗非鱼肠蛋白酶的分离纯化及其性质

以罗非鱼肠为原料,采用超声波辅助提取技术、电泳技术和层析技术等对罗非鱼肠道蛋白酶进行研究,结果表明:将鱼肠匀浆经超声波提取的粗酶液,用30%～70%的硫酸铵盐进行盐析、HitrapTM Q FF阴离子交换柱纯化及Sephadex G-100凝胶柱分离纯化,得到罗非鱼肠蛋白酶纯品,其比活为335U/mg,得率为32.8%;SDS-PAGE电泳为单一蛋白酶带,分子量为28ku。该酶最适pH为8.0～8.5,在pH7.0～9.0的条件下稳定;最适温度为37～42℃,热稳定性好;该酶的Km值和Vmax值分别为0.605g/L和9.407μg/min。金属离子Ag+、Pb2+对蛋白酶有完全抑制作用,Na+、K+对该酶无抑制作用。丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂能完全抑制该酶活性,胃蛋白酶抑制剂和脲素对该酶有一定抑制作用,EDTA没有明显抑制作用,DTT能激活该酶活性,该酶为丝氨酸蛋白酶。     

大菱鲆肠道蛋白酶的分离纯化及性质的初步研究

以大菱鲆肠道为材料,对大菱鲆消化生理中起重要作用的肠蛋白酶的分离纯化条件和理化性质进行了研究。经Tris-HCl缓冲液抽提,硫酸铵分级分离,DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析、Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤层析分离纯化,获得大菱鲆肠蛋白酶Ⅰ的电泳纯制品,并对该酶的性质进行了研究。结果显示:纯酶的分子量约为58kD。纯酶最适反应pH为9.0,最适反应温度50℃;pH稳定范围6.0~11.0,30℃以下酶活性稳定;Mn2 可激活大菱鲆肠蛋白酶Ⅰ,Cu2 、Zn2 、Ag 、Fe3 则对酶活性有抑制作用;巯基蛋白酶抑制剂显著抑制大菱鲆肠蛋白酶Ⅰ的活性,金属蛋白酶抑制剂对大菱鲆肠蛋白酶Ⅰ无影响。50℃、pH9.0条件下以双倒数作图法得大菱鲆肠蛋白酶Ⅰ催化酪蛋白水解的Km值为2.92g.L-1。     

南极磷虾粗酶液中蛋白酶的基础酶学性质研究及抑制剂的开发

本研究探讨了反应温度、pH、金属离子(Zn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Al~(3+)和Ca~(2+))对南极磷虾粗酶液中蛋白酶活性的影响,研究了苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)、EDTA·2Na、碘乙酰胺(IAM)和甲苯磺酰–苯丙氨酸氯甲基酮(TPCK)对蛋白酶活性的抑制效果。结果显示,南极磷虾粗酶液中蛋白酶的最适反应温度为40℃;最适反应pH值为8.0;当金属离子浓度为0.5 mmol/L时,Zn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)和Al~(3+)金属离子对蛋白酶酶活的抑制率分别为55.02%、55.02%、35.39%、20.67%和41.12%,而Ca~(2+)离子对蛋白酶活有明显的促进作用;PMSF和EDTA·2Na对蛋白酶酶活具有较为显著的抑制作用,PMSF的浓度为8.0 mmol/L时,抑制率为60%;EDTA·2Na浓度为0.6 mmol/L时,抑制率为86.67%;IAM在低浓度时有一定的抑制作用;TPCK低浓度时抑制效果不明显,浓度升高时有一定的抑制作用。在5~30℃的温度范围内,随着温度升高,EDTA·2Na对蛋白酶酶活的抑制效果逐渐增加。本研究阐明了影响南极磷虾粗酶液蛋白酶酶活的因素,开发了针对南极磷虾粗酶液中蛋白酶活性的抑制剂,为南极磷虾在食品领域的开发利用提供了基础理论数据。     

黄鳝肠道蛋白酶的分离纯化及其性质

黄鳝(MonopterusalbusZuiew)肠道经组织捣碎,正丁醇脱脂,硫酸铵分级沉淀,DEAE Sepharose离子交换层析和SephacrylS 200凝胶过滤,得到蛋白酶纯品。经等电聚焦电泳和SDS PAGE均显示为单一条带。酶的等电点为6 2,最适温度为55℃,最适pH值为10 5,Km(酪蛋白)值为5 5×103mg/L。用SDS PAGE和SephacrylS 200测得其分子量分别为26kD和25 5kD。酶的pH稳定性较好,在pH12时室温保持5h,活力还剩55%。NBS、BrAc、TNBS、PMSF对酶有很强的抑制作用,而PCMB、ME对酶活性影响不大。Ca2+对酶活性无激活作用,Mg2+和K+对酶活性有轻微抑制作用,EDTA对酶活性有很强的抑制作用,Na+对酶活性无影响。     

凡纳滨对虾蛋白酶的分离纯化及生化特性

采用Tris-HCl缓冲液抽提、Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤层析、DEAE-Sepharose F.F.阴离子交换层析和SDS-PAGE等方法,分离和纯化了凡纳滨对虾蛋白酶,研究了其生化特性.试验结果表明,该蛋白酶粗提物经层析后,得到聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳纯的一酶组分.该蛋白酶的比活力从128.35 U/mg增至1835.65 U/mg,提高了14.3倍,产率达31.9%.SDS-PAGE显示该蛋白酶只含一条谱带,相对分子量为25 kD.以酪蛋白为底物,该酶的最适pH为7.0,最适温度为60 ℃, 在50 ℃以下,比较稳定,放置1 h后活性仍超过60%,而超过50 ℃时蛋白酶活性急剧下降,60 ℃放置1 h后,酶活性只残留4.7%.10 mmol/L EDTA、Fe~(2+)、Ba~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对该蛋白酶有较强的抑制作用,抑制率分别为84%、53%、43%和38%,10 mmol/L Mg~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对蛋白酶活性有轻微抑制作用,而10 mmol/L Ca2+能显著促进蛋白酶活性,据此推测凡纳滨对虾蛋白酶可能为一种金属蛋白酶.     

罗非鱼过氧化氢酶活性的初步研究

罗非鱼过氧化氢酶最适pH为6.7;CAT活性为365.12 U/g;金属离子对过氧化氢酶活性抑制顺序为L i >K >Mg2 >Ca2 ;有机溶剂乙醇、甲醇对过氧化氢酶活性影响均表现为低浓度时对酶有激活作用,随着浓度的升高激活作用减弱并速转为抑制作用,乙醇的作用大于甲醇。     

南蓝鳕鱼糜中L型组织蛋白酶的研究

从南蓝鳕鱼糜中提取肌动球蛋白,对肌动球蛋白进行凝胶层析,测定各收集组分中L型组织蛋白酶的活性。结果表明,组织蛋白酶L依然存留于肌动球蛋白样品中,多次漂洗以及稀释-沉淀处理亦不能有效将其除去。凝胶层析图谱分析表明,该酶可能是肌动球蛋白非结合型酶。对凝胶层析所得粗酶液进行酶学性质分析,结果得知该酶最适温度为45℃,正好落在鱼糜凝胶劣化发生范围之内。专一性底物及酶激活剂、抑制剂影响研究表明,该酶为内含巯基的半胱氨酸型组织蛋白酶。该酶最适pH为5.5,在近中性pH范围内依然有较高的残留活性,表明该酶具有潜在凝胶劣化能力。     

WSSV具蛋白酶活性肽段的检测

在已有对虾白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)蛋白酶活性研究的基础上,从分子水平上确定WSSV呈蛋白酶活性的肽段。采用凝胶电泳技术的蛋白酶酶谱分析法确定WSSV蛋白酶活性,研究非变性条件下WSSV多肽裂解的条件,确定低温(20℃)裂解WSSV多肽可满足实验的要求。同时使用SDS-PAGE分离胶切割法结合蛋白洗脱分离出Vp19、Vp22、Vp24、Vp26和Vp28共计5个肽段,并对分离的5个组分进行蛋白酶活性的检测,初步结果表明,Vp19具有蛋白酶催化活性。     

慢性氨氮胁迫对刺参摄食与消化酶活性的影响

以刺参(Apostichopus japonicas Selenka)为研究对象,探讨氨氮胁迫浓度为0 mg/L、2 mg/L、4 mg/L、6 mg/L、8 mg/L、10 mg/L时14 d内刺参摄食情况与消化道内3种不同消化酶活性变化。刺参规格分别为小[S,体重(15.13±0.02)g]、中[M,体重(28.42±0.32)g]、大[L,体重(60.14±0.88)g]。结果显示:(1)随着氨氮浓度的升高,实验刺参存活与生长逐渐与对照组出现显著差异。当氨氮浓度高于2 mg/L时,刺参末体重与特定生长率随氨氮浓度升高有显著下降趋势;当氨氮浓度为8~10 mg/L时,3种不同规格刺参均出现了吐肠、化皮,直至死亡,氨氮浓度为10 mg/L时中规格刺参存活率最低,为81.3%。(2)当氨氮浓度低于10 mg/L时,氨氮胁迫对3种规格刺参摄食率(FR)影响差异不显著,而全部实验组的食物转化率(FCE)均显著低于对照(P0.05)。(3)氨氮胁迫对3种不同规格刺参消化酶活性的影响存在差异。随氨氮浓度升高,蛋白酶活性呈降低趋势,氨氮浓度8 mg/L和10 mg/L时全部实验组刺参蛋白酶活性显著低于对照(P0.05);脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性随氨氮浓度升高呈先升后降趋势,在2 mg/L时出现峰值;当氨氮浓度为6 mg/L时,小规格刺参的消化道淀粉酶活性降低到0.30 U/mg(prot),与对照出现显著差异(P0.05);当氨氮浓度从6 mg/L到8 mg/L时,3种规格刺参脂肪酶活性发生急剧变化,显著低于对照(P0.05),中规格刺参在同一氨氮浓度胁迫下的消化酶活性变化显著高于其他规格。研究表明,氨氮胁迫会对刺参摄食、消化与生长产生不利影响,在氨氮浓度4 mg/L以下刺参消化酶活性短期可被显著诱导上调,高氨氮浓度对消化酶活性起抑制效应并可导致生理紊乱,此响应存在体重规格上的差异。     

尼罗罗非鱼淀粉酶性质的初步研究

研究了尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)肝脏淀粉酶的基本性质及金属离子对该鱼淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明:罗非鱼淀粉酶活力的最适pH是6.5,最适底物浓度是2%。研究金属离子对该鱼淀粉酶活力影响,一价金属离子K+、Li+、Na+对酶活力影响较小;二价金属离子Cu2+对酶活力具有抑制作用,Zn2+对酶活力无明显影响;三价金属离子Al3+对酶活力具有抑制作用,但效果不是很强烈,Fe3+对酶活力具有明显的激活作用;碱土金属Mg2+、Ca2+对淀粉酶活性有激活作用,而Ba2+对酶具有抑制作用;重金属离子Cd2+、Pb2+有明显的抑制作用。     

中国明对虾serpin型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因的重组表达及活性分析

Serpin家族成员作为主要的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,通过调节一系列丝氨酸蛋白酶和半胱氨酸蛋白酶的活性来调节蛋白酶级联反应,进而参与了包括血液凝结、补体激活、纤维蛋白溶解、炎症反应、肿瘤抑制和激素转运等大量的基本生物过程,在调节机体免疫及其它重要生理功能方面发挥着重要作用。我们在前期研究中,从中国明对虾血细胞中克隆得到一个serpin型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因（Fc-serpin, GenBank注册号：DQ318857）,初步研究显示它在转录水平参与了病原菌和白斑杆状病毒（WSSV）引发的对虾先天免疫应答反应;本研究利用原核重组表达系统,成功获得了重组的对虾serpin型蛋白酶抑制剂（rFc-serpin）,纯化复性后得率为0.3g/L;活性分析显示,重组目的蛋白（rFc-serpin）对多种病原菌的生长均有一定抑制作用,研究结果进一步证实它参与病原微生物引发的对虾防御应答过程,为探讨甲壳动物先天免疫防御应答机制提供了有价值的参考。     

氨氮胁迫下白斑综合征病毒对凡纳滨对虾的致病性

为了评价养殖水环境中氨氮(NH_4-N)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的危害性,开展了NH_4-N胁迫对凡纳滨对虾感染白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)后的死亡率、WSSV增殖速率和对虾主要免疫相关酶活性影响的实验。在NH_4-N胁迫质量浓度为15.6 mg·L-1,分别注射2×105和2×106个WSSV粒子,结果显示,NH_4-N胁迫下注射2×105个WSSV粒子的凡纳滨对虾第144小时死亡率达到53.3%,显著高于无胁迫组(40.0%)。对虾鳃组织WSSV荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,NH_4-N胁迫下凡纳滨对虾鳃组织内WSSV的增殖加快。此外,免疫相关酶活性结果显示,NH_4-N浓度突变会促使对虾血清中酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性短暂升高后持续降低。由此可见,NH_4-N胁迫会加快WSSV在患病凡纳滨对虾体内的增殖,导致更高死亡率,这可能是因为胁迫造成了对虾免疫相关酶活性降低和抗病原感染能力下降。     

Passive immunity in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) fed with monoclonal antibody to white spot syndrome virus

A study was conducted on the stability of monoclonal antibody (MAb) in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph of Penaeus monodon and its effect on protection against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) upon challenge. MAb C-5 raised against WSSV was purified and coated onto a commercial shrimp feed at dosages of 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg feed. The feed was fed to P. monodon and stability of the MAb in hepatopancreas and hemolymph was determined by immunodot and Western blot. Immunodot results indicated the presence of MAb for 2 h post-feeding in hepatopancreas and hemolymph which was dose-dependent. MAb was also detected in hemolymph by Western blot up to 1 h post-feeding. Shrimp fed with MAb were challenged with WSSV by oral and injection methods. In shrimp fed with 15 mg antibody/kg feed (0.45 μg MAb/g shrimp/day) WSSV infection significantly delayed both in oral and injection challenges with a survival of 65 and 70 % (p < 0.05), respectively, during 15 days post-challenge. MAb was stable in shrimp for passive immunization against WSSV and could be a potential tool for prophylaxis against the virus.     

Dietary microorganism and plant effects on the survival and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with the white spot syndrome virus

The effect of plants and probiotics on the survival and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was evaluated. A probiotic mixture (PM), plant extract (PE) or powdered plants (PP) were added to feed with the attractant Dry Oil^®. An experiment was conducted with five treatments in triplicate. Shrimp (weighing 11.70±2.5 g) were cultured in 120 L plastic tanks and fed twice a day with commercial feed plus additives or with commercial feed plus WSSV. Animals were monitored for the occurrence of WSSV using single‐step and nested PCR. The PM and PP added to the commercial feed showed high survival, a decrease in WSSV prevalence in shrimp and an increase in the activity of lysosomal enzymes, N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase. The total haemocyte count in shrimp treated with PM was significantly higher than that in the control group (treatment I) and in shrimp fed with PE. The results of the present work indicate that PP and PM are good candidates for use as feed additives against WSSV in shrimp cultures.     

White spot syndrome virus epizootic in cultured Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in Taiwan

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has caused significant losses in shrimp farms worldwide. Between 2004 and 2006, Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) were collected from 220 farms in Taiwan to determine the prevalence and impact of WSSV infection on the shrimp farm industry. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis detected WSSV in shrimp from 26% of farms. Juvenile shrimp farms had the highest infection levels (38%; 19/50 farms) and brooder shrimp farms had the lowest (5%; one of 20 farms). The average extent of infection at each farm was as follows for WSSV‐positive farms: post‐larvae farms, 71%; juvenile farms, 61%; subadult farms, 62%; adult farms, 49%; and brooder farms, 40%. Characteristic white spots, hypertrophied nuclei and basophilic viral inclusion bodies were found in the epithelia of gills and tail fans, appendages, cephalothorax and hepatopancreas, and virions of WSSV were observed. Of shrimp that had WSSV lesions, 100% had lesions on the cephalothorax, 96% in gills and tail fans, 91% on appendages and 17% in the hepatopancreas. WSSV was also detected in copepoda and crustaceans from the shrimp farms. Sequence comparison using the pms146 gene fragment of WSSV showed that isolates from the farms had 99.7–100% nucleotide sequence identity with four strains in the GenBank database – China ( AF332093 ), Taiwan ( AF440570 and U50923 ) and Thailand ( AF369029 ). This is the first broad study of WSSV infection in L. vannamei in Taiwan.     

转vp28蓝藻口服剂对凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒能力及免疫反应的影响

为探讨转vp28蓝藻(Anabaena sp.PCC7120)口服剂对凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒能力及其相应的免疫反应,本研究将此口服剂免疫幼虾7 d,再分别通过投喂攻毒和浸泡攻毒,测定其存活率及相应的免疫指标。投喂攻毒和浸泡攻毒的实验组存活率分别为78.8%和83.19%,表明该口服剂能显著增强对虾抗白斑综合征病毒的能力。蓝藻口服剂免疫对虾的酶活性检测结果显示,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酚氧化酶(PO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性在免疫后2 h均有上升趋势,且在48或96 h达到最高值,这表明该口服剂能引起对虾体内酶活性变化。投喂攻毒的对虾酶活性检测结果显示,实验组攻毒后的对虾肝胰腺SOD活性分别比阳性对照组、野生型组、空载体组显著提高42.10%、32.26%和16.04%,且攻毒后的肌肉SOD活性分别比阴性对照组、阳性对照组、野生型组和空载体组略微提高17.70%、11.50%、15.00%以及10.00%。实验组攻毒后的对虾肝胰腺PO、CAT和AKP活性比阳性对照组分别提高12.17%、88.80%和240.07%,比野生型组分别提高21.49%、30.90%和100%;酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性比阴性对照组略微提高,而在肌肉中各组ACP活性无显著性差异。同时浸泡攻毒组结果与投喂攻毒组具有类似的趋势。浸泡攻毒的实验组CAT和AKP活性显著高于其余处理组,且CAT活性比投喂攻毒更为显著。浸泡攻毒的实验组肝胰腺PO活性显著高于阳性对照组、野生型组和空载体组,而各组肌肉ACP活性无显著性差异。研究表明,转vp28蓝藻口服剂能够增强凡纳滨对虾抗病能力并延缓对虾死亡。转vp28蓝藻PCC7120本身可作为幼虾饵料直接投喂,无需提取纯化,有望大规模应用于对虾养殖产业。     

Protection of Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) against the white spot syndrome virus using specific chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins by oral delivery

Two kinds of specific chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgYs), IgY‐WSSV and IgY‐VP28, were, respectively, raised against the 2 mM binary ethylenimine (BEI)‐inactivated white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and a principal envelope protein VP28. The activity of purified specific IgYs was stable under the conditions of 20–70 °C, pH 3.0–10.0 and 0–700 g L^?1 sucrose solution. In the neutralization assay, these high‐affinity IgY antibodies can specifically bind with the virus particles to protect shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) against WSSV infection. After oral delivery for 20 days, the IgY‐WSSV exerted a higher protection effect (RPS: 71.5%) than IgY‐VP28 (RPS: 63.7%). Moreover, an increase in RPS (79.2%) was found on addition of IgY‐WSSV:VP28 (0.1% IgY‐VP28 plus 0.2% IgY‐WSSV). This may indicate that neutralization of WSSV refers to the multiple‐hit model. By time‐course study of the levels of the specific IgYs in vivo, the data showed that the titre was enhanced to a relatively high level (P/N=8.35±0.45) at 3 days post administration, declined slightly (P/N=7.13±1.01) at 7 days post administration and then remained stable for further investigation. The stable antibody level potentially contributes towards blocking a large number of WSSV particles from entering and infecting on the major tissues at the early and late stages after challenge in shrimp.     

Apoptosis does not play an important role in the resistance of 'immune' Penaeus japonicus against white spot syndrome virus

We previously demonstrated that kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, exposed to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) became resistant ('immune' shrimp) to subsequent challenge with the virus. The present study investigated the role of apoptosis in the 'immune' shrimp during a secondary challenge with WSSV. When naive kuruma shrimp were intramuscularly injected with WSSV at a high or low dose, apoptosis was often detected by TUNEL assay in the lymphoid organ (LO), mainly in the early stage of the infection. A significantly higher incidence of apoptosis was observed in the LO of the shrimp injected with the high dose of WSSV (cumulative mortality: 100%) than in the shrimp injected with the low dose (cumulative mortality: 0%). When 'immune' and naive shrimp were injected with an equal dose of WSSV, the incidence of apoptosis was significantly lower in the 'immune' shrimp than in the naive shrimp. This difference is assumed to result from a substantial reduction of the virus by humoral neutralizing factor in the 'immune' shrimp. These results suggest that apoptosis is not a principal protective factor in 'immune' shrimp.     

凡纳滨对虾氨氮急性胁迫应激敏感群体和耐受群体对WSSV敏感性的差异分析

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)是世界范围内举足轻重的水产养殖品种,在普遍的高密度养殖活动及环境恶化的情况下,逆境胁迫是影响其养成率的主要因素之一,其中,高浓度氨氮胁迫是最普遍的毒理因子。由于对虾抗病性状的遗传力较低,且在受限于测试场地的低选择强度情况下,抗病选育的进展比较缓慢。而对虾的抗逆性具有较高的遗传力,且不具备传染性的特点使得其不受测试场地的限制。因此,本研究以氨氮急性胁迫应激敏感群体(SP)和耐受群体(TP)为实验材料,对其进行白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)敏感性差异分析,首次探索了通过提高对虾对逆境急性胁迫应激的耐受性,从而间接提高其抗病力的可能性。本研究每个群体设3个处理:高浓度氨氮胁迫下(10 mg/L)WSSV感染组,两群体分别命名为SPAV和TPAV;正常海水条件下(氨氮水平小于0.01 mg/L)WSSV感染组,分别命名为SPV和TPV;正常海水条件无WSSV感染组(空白对照组),分别命名为SPC和TPC。结果显示,SP群体(5 h)在WSSV感染后开始死亡的时间显著早于TP群体(16 h);从感染60 h后,SPAV组的死亡率呈直线上升趋势,到137 h时该组全部死亡,其累积死亡率显著高于SPV(70.42%)和TP群体的2个组TPAV(42.67%)和TPV(18.99%)(P0.05)。在144 h实验结束时,SPV的累积死亡率为73.67%,显著高于TP群体的2个组TPAV(46.15%)和TPV(18.99%)以及SP群体的对照组SPC(34.79%);此时,TPAV组的累积死亡率显著高于TPV和TPC组(P0.05),而TPV与TPC组间无显著差异。研究表明,逆境毒理因子(氨氮胁迫)会增加对虾对病原的敏感性,而且对氨氮急性胁迫应激耐受力高的群体对病毒的抵抗力也高。本研究为探索提高对虾抗病力而降低养殖过程中的死亡率提供了新的思路和途径。