皮氏蛾螺肌肉营养成分分析与评价

采用生化手段对皮氏蛾螺肌肉中营养成分进行检测与分析。结果表明:皮氏蛾螺肌肉中水分含量为75.78%,蛋白质含量为15.70%,脂肪含量为0.50%,灰分含量为1.50%。皮氏嫂螺肌肉氨基酸总含量为58.21 g/100 g,共检测出17种氨基酸:半胱氨酸(Cys)含量最高,含量为11.35 g/100 g,其次是精氨酸(Arg)、天冬氨酸(Asp)和甘氨酸(Gly),组氨酸(His)含量最低,含量为0.39 g/100 g。共检测到6种呈味氨基酸,分别为天冬氨酸(Asp)、丝氨酸(Ser)、谷氮酸(Glu)、甘氨酸(Gly)、丙氨酸(Ala)及脯氨酸(Pro)。呈味氨基酸(DAA)总量为23.07 g/100 g。共检测出25种脂肪酸,其中包括9种饱和脂肪酸(SFA),16种不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)。在所有脂肪酸中,二十碳五烯酸EPA(C20:5i3)含量最高,达19.75%;而十五碳一烯酸(C15:1)含量最低,仅0.26%。     

大黄鱼鱼子酱的制作工艺研究

正大黄鱼鱼子,即雌鱼卵巢成熟所产生的卵子,是一种富含蛋白质、必需氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、铁(Fe)、卵磷脂等多种营养素的海鲜产品,具有鸡蛋和大豆等陆生动植物磷脂中缺乏的二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)等n-3多烯酸和花生四烯酸,其中的许多营养物质是人体不能自行合成的,需要从外界摄入。鱼子的脂肪含量比鱼肉     

4种狗母鱼科鱼类肌肉脂肪酸分析

在广东湛江海域采集长体蛇鲻、花斑蛇鲻、射狗母鱼和准大头狗母鱼4种狗母鱼科鱼类,用气相色谱法测定肌肉中21种脂肪酸含量。试验结果表明,4种狗母鱼科鱼类的饱和脂肪酸含量在31.14%～42.16%,单不饱和脂肪酸含量在11.73%～21.73%,多不饱和脂肪酸含量达31.64%～55.32%,其中ω-6系和ω-3系脂肪酸分别为4.49%～9.77%和22.61%～45.55%,花斑蛇鲻和射狗母鱼二十碳五烯酸+二十二碳六烯酸含量分别达30.49%和42.32%,这两种鱼具有较高的脂肪酸营养价值。4种狗母鱼科鱼类的主要脂肪酸的相关性分析表明,肉豆蔻酸与棕榈油酸、肉豆蔻酸与油酸、棕榈酸与二十二碳五烯酸(ω-3)、棕榈油酸与油酸、油酸与二十二碳五烯酸(ω-3)呈显著正相关;肉豆蔻酸与花生四烯酸(ω-6)、棕榈油酸与花生四烯酸(ω-6)、肉豆蔻酸与二十二碳六烯酸(ω-3),棕榈油酸与二十二碳六烯酸(ω-3)、油酸与二十二碳六烯酸(ω-3)、二十二碳五烯酸(ω-3)与二十二碳六烯酸(ω-3)呈显著负相关。聚类分析将科内4种狗母鱼科鱼类分为3类(属)。     

EPA、DHA在海产仔稚鱼中的营养作用

近二十年来,有关鱼类营养需求的研究,取得了显著的进展,并且普遍认识到作为必需脂肪酸(EFA)的n—3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n—3 HLTA)的重要性。尤其是在海产仔稚鱼阶段,生物饵料的投喂不可缺少,n—3 HUFA的提供十分重要。作为天然存在的n—3 HUFA,绝大部分是廿碳五烯酸(EPA,20:5n—3)和廿二碳六烯酸(DHA,22:6n—3)。它们是构成海洋生物脂类的主要成份。在水产生物领域中,有关它们的营养价值,很早就已开始研究。业已查明,它们具有高度的生物活性,是生物的生长和生理中的必需营养素,它们的需求量和需求比例(EPA:DHA)因种类而有差异。充分认识海产鱼必需脂肪酸的种类以及必需脂肪酸缺乏的严重性,掌握生物饵料营养强化的方法,了解EPA和DHA二者的营养生理功能的差异。对于进行海产鱼种苗培育和生产,无疑是十分重要的。     

延迟排卵对红鳍东方鲀卵子质量的影响

为探究红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)延迟排卵对卵子生理生化变化及卵质的影响,人为对性成熟亲鱼推迟1~2周挤卵,并将未推迟挤卵组记为A组,推迟1周挤卵组记为B组,推迟2周挤卵组记为C组,研究推迟排卵后卵子内磷酸酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、唾液酸、总氨基酸以及脂肪酸含量等生化参数变化规律及延迟排卵与受精率的相关性。结果显示,推迟1周排卵后,B组受精率显著下降(P0.05),受精率由A组的86.66%降至57.14%;推迟2周后,C组受精率降至31.89%;卵内酸性磷酸酶活力随产卵期推迟而显著下降(P0.05),并与受精率存在显著正相关(P0.05,R~2=0.705);A组苹果酸脱氢酶活力显著高于B、C两组(P0.05,R~2=0.630),总氨基酸含量亦存在相似变化趋势,A、B组显著高于C组(P0.05,R~2=0.706);此外十四烷酸(C_(14:0))、十五烷酸(C_(15:0))、棕榈酸(C_(16:0))、棕榈油酸(C_(16:1n-7))、a-亚麻酸(C_(18:3n-3))、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)在总脂中比例均在正常组中最高,并与受精率存在显著正相关(P0.05),二十二碳五烯酸(C_(22:5n-3))、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA):二十碳五烯酸(EPA)均与受精率呈显著负相关(P0.05)。结果表明,卵子中磷酸酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、总氨基酸、脂肪酸含量与卵子活力存在相关性,在红鳍东方鲀人工授精时,在亲鱼卵子成熟后1周内进行人工挤卵最为适宜。     

渤海银鲳成熟卵巢生化成分分析

采用现代生化分析方法,研究了渤海银鲳卵巢组织的生化成分。结果表明:卵巢水分平均含量为68.83%,蛋白质平均含量15.45%,脂肪平均含量12.37%,灰分平均含量1.21%,糖类(碳水化合物)平均含量1.82%;卵巢组织的17种氨基酸中以谷氨酸含量最高,天冬氨酸次之,赖氨酸居于第三位;卵巢脂质中的主要脂肪酸排列顺序如下:C18∶1(n9&7)>C16∶0>C22∶6n3>C16∶1n7>C20∶5n3,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)占脂肪酸总量的18.95%~25.28%,单烯酸(MUFA)占24.67%~31.87%,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)占19.72%~24.26%,EPA和DHA之和占16.27%~20.08%。     

水产养殖

020269美国卤虫无节幼体经不同必需脂肪酸加富后饥饿的脂肪酸变化== Fatty acidehanges in enriehed and subsequently starVedA,才e,,,ia‘乃视ncisca,:5 nauplii enriehed withd ifferen:essential fatty aeids[刊,英]/HanK,Geurdenl,际geloosp// Aquae.一2001,199(1/2)一93一105 研究了卤虫无节幼体经多不饱和脂肪酸(HU下A)加富和饥饿后HUFA的结合效率和可能出现的相互作用的差异。加富剂为含廿二碳六烯酸(Dl任A,22:6n一2)廿碳五烯酸(EPA,20:sn一3)或廿碳四烯酸(AA,20:4n一6)作为单一HUFA或几种HU下A含不同比例的乳化剂。试…     

鱼油对幼鼠血清总脂、总胆固醇及组织脂肪酸组成的影响

本实验是选用雌雄两性的幼鼠,按随机区组法分成三组,分别在基础饲料中添加豆油、鱼油和鱼油浓缩物。喂养4周后,发现喂鱼油和鱼油浓缩物的两组幼鼠血清总脂和总胆固醇含量低于喂豆油组的(P<0.05)。脂肪酸分析表明:喂鱼油及喂鱼油浓缩物组幼鼠的脑、肝、脾和肾组织的二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)明显比喂豆油组的高。相反,喂豆油组的花生四烯酸和二十二碳四烯酸却比喂鱼油及喂鱼油浓缩物组的高。三组的体重增长率、血清总蛋白、碱性磷酸酶及脏体比都没有显著差异(P>0.05)。     

气质联用技术测定三角帆蚌肉中脂肪酸组成与含量

本研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析测定三角帆蚌Hyriopsis cumingii肉中脂肪酸的化学组成及含量。利用石油醚作为溶剂对河蚌肉中脂肪酸进行提取,结合质谱数据库对脂肪酸甲酯化组成进行分析,用面积归一化法计算各种脂肪酸相对含量。结果表明:河蚌肉中主要含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生一烯酸、二十烷五烯酸(EPA)、二十二烷六烯酸(DHA)等多种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量超过70%。本研究可为河蚌肉产品开发提供科学依据。     

十大铭锂任君评选

鱼类食品是极有利于人体健康的食物,人体所需的蛋白质、脂肪、糖、维生素等营养素,鱼体中都有,尤其是脂肪中含有很多对大脑发育有着密切关系的高度不饱和脂肪酸的DHA(廿二碳六烯酸)和EPA(廿碳五烯酸),是很重要的营养保健物质和维持、加强大脑功能所不可少的益智物质。随着我国广大城乡人民生活水平的不断改     

Nutritional comparison in muscle of wild,pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) adults

Muscle proximate composition, amino acid profiles, fatty acid compositions and selected minerals of wild, pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder adults were compared in this study to elucidate their nutritive values and dietary nutrition requirements. Wild and pond cultured Japanese flounder flesh had higher crude proteins, but crude lipid contents of factory cultured fish were 3.8~4.0 fold greater. Major amino acids in Japanese flounder were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. Wild fish had higher levels of total amino acids, essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids and half‐essential amino acids and the contents in pond cultured samples were similar. Arachidonic acids (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), DHA + EPA and n–3 PUFA in wild Japanese flounder were significantly higher than that in factory cultured fish, whereas fatty acid levels were close between pond cultured and wild fish. Japanese flounder were rich in zinc, iron and selenium, but poor in copper, chromium and nickel. Results indicated wild Japanese flounder had higher nutritional value and better meat quality, but the nutritional compositions of pond cultured fish were close to wild Japanese flounder, which suggested that pond culture of Japanese flounder offers broad application prospects.     

Effects of Dietary DHA/EPA Ratios on Fatty Acid Composition,Lipid Metabolism‐related Enzyme Activity,and Gene Expression of Juvenile Grass Carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus

To determine the effects of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratios on grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, a 38‐d feeding trial was conducted using six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi‐purified diets containing constant n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) (0.5% of dry matter), but varying ratios of DHA to EPA and a control diet (no n‐3 LC‐PUFA was included). The results revealed higher final weight and specific growth rate in the DHA/EPA 0.21 group. The n‐3 LC‐PUFA content increased in the CK (control) groups compared with that in the control diet. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity increased in the treatment groups. Malate dehydrogenase showed lower activity in the DHA/EPA 1.08 group, as well as to the change in the level of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). The gene expressions of LPL increased in the treatment groups and that of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α gene showed higher expressions in DHA/EPA 1.08, 0.49, and 0.21 groups. However, no remarkable differences were found among the six groups in the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ gene expression. Our findings indicated that dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFA affected fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism of grass carp. Further, fish achieved the best effect in decreasing the lipid accumulation when dietary DHA/EPA ratio was not greater than 1.     

Effects of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid on growth, survival, pigmentation and fatty acid composition in Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae during the Artemia feeding period

We examined the effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) on growth, survival, pigmentation and fatty acid composition of Senegal sole larvae. From 3 to 40 days post‐hatch (dph), larvae were fed live food that had been enriched using one of four experimental emulsions containing graduated concentrations of EPA and constant docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6). Final proportions of EPA in the enriched Artemia nauplii were described as ‘nil’ (EPA‐N, 0.5% total fatty acids, TFA), ‘low’ (EPA‐L, 10.7% TFA), ‘medium’ (EPA‐M, 20.3% TFA) or ‘high’ (EPA‐H, 29.5% TFA). Significant differences among dietary treatments in larval length were observed at 25, 30 and 40 dph, and in dry weight at 30 and 40 dph, although no significant correlation could be found between dietary EPA content and growth. Eye migration at 17 and 25 dph was affected by dietary levels of EPA. Significantly lower survival was observed in fish fed EPA‐H diet. Lower percentage of fish fed EPA‐N (82.7%) and EPA‐L (82.9%) diets were normally pigmented compared with the fish fed EPA‐M (98.1%) and EPA‐H (99.4%) enriched nauplii. Tissue fatty acid concentrations reflected the corresponding dietary composition. ARA and DHA levels in all the tissues examined were inversely related to dietary EPA. This work concluded that Senegal sole larvae have a very low EPA requirement during the live feeding period.     

Effects of docosahexaenoic, eicosapentaenoic, and arachidonic acids on the early growth, survival, lipid composition and pigmentation of yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea): a live food enrichment experiment

The role of dietary ratios of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n−3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n−6) on early growth, survival, lipid composition, and pigmentation of yellowtail flounder was studied. Rotifers were enriched with lipid emulsions containing high DHA (43.3% of total fatty acids), DHA+EPA (37.4% and 14.2%, respectively), DHA+AA (36.0% and 8.9%), or a control emulsion containing only olive oil (no DHA, EPA, or AA). Larvae were fed differently enriched rotifers for 4 weeks post-hatch. At week 4, yellowtail larvae fed the high DHA diet were significantly larger (9.7±0.2 mm, P<0.05) and had higher survival (22.1±0.4%), while larvae fed the control diet were significantly smaller (7.3±0.2 mm, P<0.05) and showed lower survival (5.2±1.9%). Larval lipid class and fatty acid profiles differed significantly among treatments with larvae fed high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diets having higher relative amounts of triacylglycerols (18–21% of total lipid) than larvae in the control diet (11%). Larval fatty acids reflected dietary levels of DHA, EPA and AA while larvae fed the control diet had reduced amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and increased levels of PUFA relative to dietary levels. A strong relationship was observed between the DHA/EPA ratio in the diet and larval size (r²=0.75, P=0.005) and survival (r²=0.86, P=0.001). Following metamorphosis, the incidence of malpigmentation was higher in the DHA+AA diet (92%) than in all other treatments (50%). Results suggest that yellowtail larvae require a high level of dietary DHA for maximal growth and survival while diets containing elevated AA exert negative effects on larval pigmentation.     

Effects of reactive radicals and heat on <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis>-isomerization of eicosapentaenoic acid

Trans geometric isomers of eicosapentaenoic acid (TEPA) have been found as minor components in human platelets. However, there is little information on the mechanism of trans-isomerization of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in vitro and in vivo. The effects of reactive radicals and heat on trans-isomerization of EPA were examined. Trans-isomerization occurred when EPA ethyl ester reacted with nitrogen dioxide radical (NO₂) but not with 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile). TEPA was also produced from EPA ethyl ester heated at 200°C for 60 h. No TEPA, however, was detected in sardines Sardinops melanostictus after boiling, roasting, or microwave heating. These results suggest that EPA is trans-isomerized by NO₂ in vivo while trans-isomerization of EPA does not occur during conventional cooking.     

Influence of highly unsaturated fatty acids in live food on larviculture of mud crab Scylla paramamosain (Estampador 1949)

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) levels in rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia on the survival, development and metamorphosis of mud crab Scylla paramamosain larvae. Five different lipid emulsions, varying in the level of total n‐3 and n‐6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), DHA, EPA and ARA were used to manipulate the fatty acid profile of the live food. Fatty acid profiles of the live food and crab larvae at zoea one, three and five stages were analysed to study the HUFA uptake by the larvae. The fatty acid content of the live food affected the fatty acid profiles of the crab larvae. In both experiments, the survival rate in the zoeal stages was not statistically different among treatments. However, larval development rate and metamorphosis success were affected by the dietary treatments. In this respect, the DHA/EPA ratio in the live food seems to be a key factor. Enrichment emulsions with a very high (50%) total HUFA content but a low DHA/EPA ratio (0.6), or zero total HUFA content caused developmental retardation and/or metamorphosis failure. An emulsion with a moderate total HUFA (30%) and a high DHA/EPA ratio (4) was the best in terms of larval development during the zoeal stages and resulted in improved metamorphosis. Dietary ARA seemed to improve first metamorphosis, but its exact role needs further clarification. For the larval rearing of S. paramamosain, an enrichment medium containing about 30% total n‐3 HUFA with a minimum DHA/EPA ratio of 1 is recommended. Further investigation is needed on the total HUFA and optimum DHA/EPA ratio requirements for each crab larval stage.     

Effects of dietary borage oil [enriched in γ-linolenic acid,18:3(n-6)] or marine fish oil [enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid,20:5(n-3)] on growth,mortalities, liver histopathology and lipid composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

A marine fish oil, Marinol K (MO) and borage oil (BO) were used to formulate diets relatively rich in eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA; 20:5(n-3)] and -linolenic acid [GLA; 18:3(n-6)], respectively. The diets were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 1.4 g for a period of 12 weeks. No differences were observed in final weights either between duplicate tanks or between dietary treatments. Mortalities in the MO-fed group were significantly greater than in the BO-fed group. In the MO-fed group, 7 out of 12 fish sampled for histological analysis showed a pronounced liver histopathology whereas only 1 of 12 fish sampled in the BO-fed group showed slight pathology. EPA levels were increased 2.2-fold and its elongation product, 22:5(n-3), was increased 1.8-fold while arachidonic acid [AA; 20:4(n-6)] was decreased by 30% in MO-fed fish compared to the initial carcass composition. GLA was increased 53-fold and its elongation product dihomo--linolenic acid [DHGLA; 20:3(n-6)] was increased 16-fold while AA was reduced by 90% in BO-fed fish compared to the initial carcass composition. The amount of triacylglycerol in liver of BO-fed fish was significantly greater than levels in MO-fed fish. The fatty acid compositions of individual phospholipids from liver showed marked differences between dietary treatments. Fish fed MO had significantly higher levels of the (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 20:5(n-3), 22:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3), and also significantly more 20:4(n-6) compared to BO-fed fish which had significantly higher 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-6), 20:2(n-6) and 20:3(n-6). The composition of liver phosphatidylinositol was particularly unusual in BO-fed fish having DHGLA as the major C₂₀ PUFA which was 2.2-fold greater than AA and 3.9-fold greater than EPA. This study demonstrates that the carcass composition of turbot can be altered, by means of dietary lipids, to contain increased levels of EPA and DHGLA which would be of potential benefit in human as well as in fish nutrition. However, caution should be exercised when using very highly unsaturated oils relatively rich in EPA which may generate histopathological lesions in the fish.Abbreviations AA arachidonic acid - ANOVA analysis of variance - BHT butylated hydroxytoluene - BO borage oil - DHA docosahexaenoic acid - DHGLA dihomo--linolenic acid - EPA eicosapentaenoic acid - GLA -linolenic acid - HPTLC high performance thin-layer chromatography - MO Marinol K - PC phosphatidylcholine - PE phosphatidylethanolamine - PI phosphatidylinositol - PS phosphatidylserine - PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid - TLC thin-layer chromatography     

Effect of Season on Vitamin E,Fatty Acid Profile,and Nutritional Value of Fish By-Products from Cod,Saithe, Ling and Haddock Species Caught in Southern Irish Coastal Waters

ABSTRACT

The value of fish is largely dependent on fillet size and species but greater value could be obtained by finding commercial uses for the remaining fish frame, particularly fish by-products. Vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA), are of economic importance to the food and pharmaceutical industries and are available for extraction from fish waste. The objective of this study was to compare α-tocopherol levels and the fatty acid profile from several demersal species (cod, ling, saithe and haddock, n = 15) caught in Irish coastal waters over a one-year period (2001). α-Tocopherol levels in samples of liver, viscera and cut-off (any residual flesh from belly flap) were extracted and subsequently measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total fatty acids were extracted and determined by gas chromatography (GC). Results indicated that a-tocopherol levels in liver were higher (P < 0.05) than those in viscera or cut-off. Regardless of species, α-tocopherol levels were found in the following order: liver > viscera > cut-off. In general, α-tocopherol levels were highest in autumn and lowest in spring. Overall, percent free fatty acid levels recorded in liver and viscera samples were higher (P < 0.05) than those in cut-off samples. Percent free fatty acid varied significantly (P < 0.05) with each season, and was generally greater in autumn samples. An inverse relationship was observed between percent fat and moisture levels recorded in this study. The major fatty acids identified in each fish species and each by-product were 16:0 (palmitic), 18:0 (stearic), 18:1 (oleic) 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic, DHA). The highest percent of total identified fatty acids were reported in the autumn catch, including the highest EPA and DHA levels. Overall, liver samples had the highest levels of EPA and DHA.