典型增氧设备在养殖池塘中组合应用的研究

叶轮式、水车式、射流式和曝气式增氧机是目前我国池塘养殖使用的主要增氧设备;由于结构形式和工作原理的不同,4种形式的增氧机有不同的特点和功能。为提高养殖池塘增氧设备的增氧效果,通过增氧设备对养殖池塘水体不同深度增氧效果的试验和养殖池塘自然增氧的试验,分析了4种典型的增氧设备的增氧性能和特点,提出了叶轮式增氧机与耕水机、水车式增氧机与耕水机、水车式增氧机与射流式增氧机以及曝气增氧机与耕水机组合配置使用的混合增氧模式,可以优势互补,充分发挥各种形式增氧设备功能。通过组合使用,达到对养殖池塘水体最大限度的增氧效果的目的。     

微孔增氧与叶轮式增氧在草鱼池塘养殖中应用比较

为探究微孔增氧机和叶轮式增氧机在草鱼养殖中的应用效果,对装有两种增氧机的养殖池塘内的溶氧量和草鱼生长指标进行比较,结果表明装有微孔增氧机的池塘内的溶氧量和草鱼生产速率要明显高于装有叶轮式增氧机的池塘.微孔增氧具有比叶轮式增氧更好的养殖效果.     

池塘应用三种增氧设备增氧效果对比试验

正增氧机是池塘养殖稳产高产的关键,增氧效果的好坏直接关系到池塘养殖的产量和效益。2014年,大宗淡水鱼产业技术体系呼和浩特综合试验站在土默特左旗2814项目区进行了微孔增氧、叶轮式增氧、涌浪式增氧3种增氧设备增氧效果的对比试验。现将试验情况介绍如下。一、材料与方法1.选择4口面积均为10亩、条件基本一致的池塘作为试验池塘。2.1号池塘配备3千瓦叶轮式增氧机一台,2号、3号池塘配备2.2千瓦微孔增氧设备一套(每个池塘14个盘),4号池塘配备2.2千瓦涌浪式增氧机     

技术推广微孔曝气增氧技术

水产养殖常用的增氧设备主要有叶轮式增氧机、水车式增氧机、流射式增氧机、喷水式增氧机和曝气增式氧机等。叶轮式或水车式增氧机主要是设置在水体上层,单独使用很难满足养殖池塘的立体增氧要求,而且能耗相对较高。曝气增氧又可细分为气石曝气增氧和微孔管曝气增氧两种,其区别在于气体的扩散器,     

微孔曝气增氧与叶轮增氧机增氧在南美白对虾池塘养殖的应用比较

试验比较了无油滑片式微孔曝气增氧机与传统的叶轮式增氧机对南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)养殖池塘的溶解氧、对虾生长及经济效益的影响.经过4个月养殖试验,结果发现,上午10:00时测得的池塘溶解氧都高于5.9 mg/L,但使用微孔曝气增氧的试验塘溶解氧在养殖过程中高于叶轮式增氧机增氧的对照塘;微孔曝气增氧的池塘,7月份和8月份养殖的南美白对虾的全长分别为6.68 cm和8.98cm,体质量分别为3.19g和9.21 g,显著高于叶轮式增氧的池塘(P＜0.05),但9月份收获时终末体长、体质量与对照塘相比无显著差异;试验塘的饲料系数(1.05)低于对照塘的饲料系数(1.16);微孔曝气增氧提高了亩产量,销售利润(3454.1元/亩)是叶轮式增氧机增氧(2308.1元/亩)的1.5倍.微孔曝气增氧是南美白对虾池塘养殖较好的增氧方式.     

草鱼养殖池塘微孔增氧与叶轮式增氧机增氧效果比较

通过监测池塘养殖草鱼的生长指标、池塘水质指标和底泥中的异养细菌数量,比较微孔增氧和叶轮式增氧机增氧的效果.结果表明底部微孔增氧的增氧能力显著强于叶轮式增氧机,可显著提高鱼类的生长,降低饲料系数,增加效益.     

微孔增氧技术在水产养殖中的应用

如何增加池塘中的溶氧量,是水产养殖中遇到的难题。目前,池塘常用的增氧设备是叶轮式、水车式增氧机,这些传统增氧机存在着增氧能力有限、底层增氧量低、增氧不均匀、能耗大、噪声大等缺点,特别是水质改善效果不明显。     

应用池塘底部增氧技术养殖南美白对虾效果好

随着南美白对虾养殖密度的不断提高，单独使用传统的叶轮式或水车式增氧机已经不能满足对虾养殖池塘的立体增氧要求。2005年，我们结合白对虾病害防治试验，在一部分养殖池塘推广应用一种新的增氧模式，即在池塘底部铺设增氧管道，配上水车式增氧机养殖南美白对虾，取得成功。     

多功能池塘养殖增氧设备的试验研究

本文介绍的叶喷式多功能增氧机，其结构综合了叶轮式与喷水式增氧机的特点。试验表明，该机的增氧效果与动力效率均明显高于叶轮式、喷水式增氧机。该机既能用于增氧，又能组合成电动浮泵用于鱼池抽水作业，是一种结构新颖的多功能池塘养殖增氧设备。     

微孔曝气式增氧机的性能及应用效果

为研究微孔曝气增氧机的增氧性能和池塘应用效果,按照标准规定的方法进行了增氧性能的试验和不同水深对增氧性能影响的试验,并在池塘中进行应用效果的试验。结果显示:微孔曝气式增氧机具有比叶轮式增氧机等增氧机更强的增氧能力,但不同配置的机型,增氧能力随配套功率和曝气管长度的增加而增强,动力效率则呈明显下降趋势;增加曝气管布置深度可以提高增氧性能,安装深度从2 m增加到4 m,增氧能力增加285%,动力效率增加207%,与其它养殖池塘机械增氧设备相比,池塘水体越深,微孔曝气式增气机的增氧优势越明显。目前,池塘采用微孔曝气式增氧机的配置方式不具优势,需要改进提升。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.