Antagonismusin vitro vonBacillus spp. gegenüberRhizoctonia solani undPythium spp.

Zusammenfassung Es konnten 132Bacillus-Stämme isoliert und gegenüber7 Rhizoctonia-solani- und 6Pythium-Stämmen auf Antagonismusin vitro untersucht werden. Die gefundenen Antagonisten hemmten die Pilzisolate unterschiedlich stark, so daß Gemische von Antagonisten für die Praxis zu empfehlen sind.

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Antagonismin vitro ofBacillus spp. againstRhizoctonia solani andPythium spp.

There were 132Bacillus-strains isolated and tested for antagonism against 7 strains ofRhizoctonia solani and 6 strains ofPythium spp. The isolated antagonists didn't show a uniform effect against the tested strains ofRhizoctonia solani andPythium spp. For an application in practice it will be better to use a mixture of antagonists.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen und einer Tabelle     

Isolation und Pathogenität vonRhizoctonia solani Kühn an Gurken und Buschbohnen

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 79Rhizoctonia solani-Isolate von verschiedenen Orten in Baden-Württemberg isoliert. Es konnten Isolate gefunden werden, die gegenüber Gurken und Bohnen pathogen waren. Bei Bohnen kann das Sproßgewicht als leicht zu erfassender Parameter für die Quantifizierung der Schadwirkung benutzt werden. Eine trockene Lagerung von mitRhizoctonia solani durchwachsenen Haferkörnern erwies sich als besonders geeignet für eine Stammkulturhaltung.

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Isolation and pathogenicity ofRhizoctonia solani to cucumber and bean

79Rhizoctonia solani strains were isolated from different locations in Baden-Württemberg. Some of these strains were pathogenic against cucumber and bean. The sprout-weight of bean can be used as an easy-to-measure parameter for quantification of the damage caused by teh fungus. The dry storage of oat seeds, previously inoculated withRhizoctonia solani, has been shown to be the best method for long-term storage.

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Mit einer Abbildung und 6 Tabellen     

Überleben einerXanthomonas campestris pv.pelargonii-Mutante in einjähriger Komposterde

Zusammenfassung Das Überleben vonXanthomonas campestris pv.pelargonii wurde anhand einer Mutante in einjährigem Kompost untersucht. In der Versuchsvariante 1, bei der die Bakterien mit Komposterde vermischt wurden, konnte die Mutante Xc3b nach 15 Monaten nicht mehr nachgewiesen werden. Unter diesen Bedingungen war es den Bakterien möglich, 14 Monate im Kompost zu überleben. In der Versuchsvariante 2, bei der Komposterde mit Bakterien und zusätzlich noch mit infizierten Pelargonienstielen eingebracht wurden, konnten dieXanthomonas-Mutanten noch nach 26 Monaten nachgewiesen werden.

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Survival of a mutant ofXanthomonas campestris pv.pelargonii in one year old compost

Survival of phytopathogenicXanthomonas campestris pv.perlargonii in a one year old compost was investigated by use of a mutant. In the variant 1, in which the compost soil was mixed with the bacteria, the mutant Xc-3b could not be detected after 15 months. Under these conditions the bacteria were able to survive for 14 months in the compost. In the variant 2, in which the compost soil was mixed with bacteria andXanthomonas-infected geranium stems, it could be found even after 26 months.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen     

Changes in enzyme activities,soluble sugars and phenols during in vitro adventitious shoot regeneration from leaflet explants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Albizia procera</Emphasis> (Roxb.) Benth

Changes in nitrate reductase, i.e. NR (E.C. 1.7.1.1) activity, peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.14) activity, soluble sugars and phenols were monitored at various time intervals from day 0 to 60 during in vitro adventitious shoot regeneration from leaflet explants of Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. The explants were incubated on semi-solid Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2.6 g l^?1 Phytagel^®, 2.5% sucrose, 10 μM BAP, 1 μM NAA and 15 μM AgNO₃. NR activity, soluble sugars and phenols exhibited initial sharp rise on around day 20 followed by steep decline on day 25, whereas peroxidase activity peaked on day 50, highlighting significance of early input of nitrogen and energy and late emergence of lignification process for cellular differentiation and organization into adventitious shoot primordia. Morpho-anatomical changes in leaflets at various stages of in vitro adventitious shoot formation also followed the endogenous biochemical pattern.     

MytiLec,a Mussel R-Type Lectin,Interacts with Surface Glycan Gb3 on Burkitt’s Lymphoma Cells to Trigger Apoptosis through Multiple Pathways

MytiLec; a novel lectin isolated from the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis); shows strong binding affinity to globotriose (Gb3: Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc). MytiLec revealed β-trefoil folding as also found in the ricin B-subunit type (R-type) lectin family, although the amino acid sequences were quite different. Classification of R-type lectin family members therefore needs to be based on conformation as well as on primary structure. MytiLec specifically killed Burkitt''s lymphoma Ramos cells, which express Gb3. Fluorescein-labeling assay revealed that MytiLec was incorporated inside the cells. MytiLec treatment of Ramos cells resulted in activation of both classical MAPK/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK-ERK) and stress-activated (p38 kinase and JNK) Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways. In the cells, MytiLec treatment triggered expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (a ligand of death receptor-dependent apoptosis) and activation of mitochondria-controlling caspase-9 (initiator caspase) and caspase-3 (activator caspase). Experiments using the specific MEK inhibitor U0126 showed that MytiLec-induced phosphorylation of the MEK-ERK pathway up-regulated expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, leading to cell cycle arrest and TNF-α production. Activation of caspase-3 by MytiLec appeared to be regulated by multiple different pathways. Our findings, taken together, indicate that the novel R-type lectin MytiLec initiates programmed cell death of Burkitt’s lymphoma cells through multiple pathways (MAPK cascade, death receptor signaling; caspase activation) based on interaction of the lectin with Gb3-containing glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains on the cell surface.     

Efficacy of N2O2 donor schiff bases and their Zn2+ complexes on various morphological and biochemical parameters of Cicer arietinum L.

Schiff-base polydentate ligands types of salen and salophen can form stable complexes with Zn²⁺ and these metal complexes can act as a source of zinc (Zn) to plant's body if they are used as micronutrient supplements. Inspired by these facts, four different Schiff-base ligands and their Zn²⁺ complexes were first synthesized and then characterized by different analytical and spectroscopic techniques. To investigate their effects local chickpea seeds were treated with each ligands and complexes and different morphological and biochemical parameters were monitored. Among all the complexes and ligands it was found that the C4 complex, that is, [N,N'-(o-phenylene)bis-(3-methoxysalicylidenediamine)] monohydrate showed the maximum efficacy when treated as a micronutrient supplement for Cicer arietinum L. So that these complexes especially the C4 can act as an potential source of Zn.     

Effect of FMD vaccination on semen quality parameters in Karan Fries and Murrah buffalo bulls

Effect of Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) vaccination was studied on semen quality parameters of 19 Karan Fries (KF) and eight Murrah (MU) breeding bulls during the period 2002 to 2004 at Artificial Breeding Complex, NDRI, Karnal. A total of non-vaccinated 155 KF and 72 MU bulls' ejaculates were taken as control, while 169 KF and 51 MU bulls' ejaculates, collected after vaccination, were used to study the effect of vaccination stress. The results showed that FMD vaccination had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on ejaculate volume and total volume per day of semen in both KF and MU bulls. Volume of semen increased slightly during post-vaccination period in both the breeds. After FMD vaccination, there was significant (P < 0.01) decrease in mass activity (2.27 ± 0.06 vs. 1.67 ± 0.07 and 2.49 ± 0.09. vs. 1.75 ± 0.10, for KF and MU, respectively), initial motility (56.89 ± 0.03% vs. 44.62 ± 0.02% and 62.26 ± 0.04% vs. 47.08 ± 0.05%, for KF and MU, respectively), sperm concentration (754.19 ± 23.96 vs. 554.14 ± 22.95 × 10⁶/ml and 848.61 ± 33.65 vs. 571.57 ± 39.99 × 10⁶/ml, for KF and MU, respectively), and total sperm output per ejaculate (3,685.94 ± 158.40 vs. 2,781.54 ± 151.70 × 10⁶ and 2,218.75 ± 133.14 vs. 1,582.84 ± 158.20 × 10⁶, for KF and MU, respectively). Application of FMD vaccine had significantly (P < 0.05) adverse effect on most of the seminal attributes during post-vaccination in KF and MU buffalo bulls. So, the spermiograms affected following vaccination suggest that in bovines, the semen collection and preservation should be suspended till normal fertility of sperm is restored to avoid the failure of conception from artificial insemination using such semen.     

Temporal changes in endogenous estrogens and expression of behaviors associated with estrus during the periovulaory period in Murrah buffaloes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bubalus bubalis</Emphasis>)

The objective of this study were (1) to establish the duration of behavioral estrus signs and timing of ovulation in Murrah buffaloes (n = 10) and (2) to determine relationship between behavioral estrus signs with change in plasma estrogen concentrations. Estrus and its behavioral signs were detected at hourly intervals by visual observations, per recta examination of genitalia and bull parading four times in a day for 30 minutes each. Among the behavioral signs of estrus, swollen vulva (80%) was the best indicator of estrus followed by excitement (70%). Among the duration of behavioral estrus signs the first and longest duration of estrus signs was swollen vulva which was seen upto 19.8 ± 0.8 h after onset of estrus. The mean total duration of estrus symptoms from appearance to disappearance of all the behavioral estrus symptoms was 23.5 ± 1.7 h. All the behavioral estrus symptoms were observed during the period of estrogen surge. Endocrine profile during the periestrus period showed that the mean peak concentrations of total estrogen 23.9 ± 3.9 pg/ml occurred at 8.8 ± 1.7 h after onset of estrus. The average number of estrus symptoms observed per animal during onset of spontaneous estrus was 5.7. Ovulation occurred after 37.4 ± 1.7 h after onset of estrus and 13.4 ± 1.0 h after end of total estrogen surge respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest that all signs of behavioral estrus occurred during the preovulatory rise in estrogens. The first sign of estrus to be observed was a swollen vulva and this symptom persisted the longest.