水产品中多环芳烃的检测方法及污染特征研究进展

多环芳烃作为持久性有机污染物,其来源广泛,易在生物体内富集且难以降解。水产品因能够为人体提供大量的蛋白质、脂肪和矿物质等营养物质而备受青睐,但由于受到水域环境污染的影响,其体内含有不同程度的多环芳烃污染物(PAHs)。而水生生物体内的PAHs通过食物链传递,在人体内蓄积,进而威胁人体健康。本文就PAHs的来源、分布迁移、在水产品中的检测方法及污染特征等方面进行综述。     

辽东湾表层海水中多环芳烃时空分布与源分析

以辽东湾表层海水中多环芳烃为研究对象,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对2014年5月和8月16个站位表层海水中优先控制16种多环芳烃进行分析,并对多环芳烃的分布特征、组成、污染水平和主要来源等方面进行了探讨。结果表明,5月和8月辽东湾表层海水16种多环芳烃平均含量分别为367.4ng/L和138.2ng/L,季节变化明显;海水中多环芳烃主要以低环为主,高值区主要分布在辽东湾西南部海域,以及金州湾和普兰店湾附近海域,高值区的分布可能受到了石油平台和石化园区等因素影响;5月海水中多环芳烃主要来源于石油源和燃烧源的混合来源,8月主要来源于石油源。     

水产品中多环芳烃的检测技术研究进展

对水产品中多环芳烃的检测技术进行了综述,主要介绍了气相色谱-质谱联用法和液相色谱法,并对两种检测技术进行了比较。     

多环芳烃类污染物在部分水体中的分布及其降解途径

本文综述了水体中多环芳烃(PAHs)对水生动物及其他水生生物的危害,分析了我国城市污水、地表水、地下水和海水等部分水体中PAHs污染现状,简要阐述了水体中PAHs的存在形式及降解途径,并展望了PAHs今后的研究方向。     

珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中多环芳烃及其生态风险评价

为了研究珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征、来源及评价PAHs对海洋生物的生态风险,于2010年6月采集珠江口伶仃洋水域20个站位的表层沉积物,采用GC-MS分析方法对沉积物中的16种PAHs含量进行分析测定。研究结果表明:珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中16种多环芳烃总含量范围是143.90~522.67 ng/g,平均含量287.05 ng/g,与国内外发达地区相比,该水域沉积物中PAHs污染处于中等水平。本实验采用目前较为常用的比值法(如荧蒽/芘、芘/苯并(a)芘)对调查区域沉积物中的PAHs来源进行分析研究,结果表明,大部分站位沉积物中的PAHs可能主要来源于石油污染,仅一小部分站位PAHs来源于煤等化石燃料的燃烧。利用效应区间低中值法评价珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中PAHs的生态风险,结果表明,在所设的20个站位中,有3个站位处的沉积物中的苊和芴对生物可能具有一定的生态风险,而其他站位沉积物中所有PAHs的含量均未达到生态风险评价标准,可以确定该水域沉积物中PAHs对生物具有潜在生态风险的可能性很小;有9个站位处的沉积物中的茚并(1,2,3-c,d)芘对生物可能存在生态风险;利用平均效应中值商法评价PAHs对珠江口伶仃洋水域的生态风险,认为所有站位处PAHs对生物体的潜在的综合生态风险的可能性较小。     

深沪湾海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属的含量与评价

利用1998年5月和9月深沪湾海域环境调查资料，着重分析了深炉湾海水、表层沉积物及褶牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔体内重金属的含量及分布，结果表明：深沪湾海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg等含量均低于渔业水质标准，而表层沉积物的Pb、Zn含量大部分已超标，近岸水域海水和表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的含量明显高于湾中心水域，湾顶水域高于湾口水域。Hg的含量是湾南部水域高于北部水域。文中还根据全国海岸带污染综合调查专业组制定的海洋生物污染评价标准，对2种贝类的重金属污染程度进行评价，结果深沪湾的养殖贝类体内的重金属含量均未超标。     

海湾扇贝对柴油的富集与消除规律

采用半静态动力学富集实验方法,分别以石油烃、多环芳烃及含硫芳烃、烷烃为指标,通过分析海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)对轻柴油(–10#柴油)、重柴油的富集与消除规律,探讨柴油污染对海湾扇贝食用安全性的影响。实验结果表明:海湾扇贝体内石油烃、多环芳烃及含硫芳烃、烷烃含量与富集时间及水中石油烃浓度呈正相关。海湾扇贝不同组织对柴油的富集能力不同,累积量由高到低依次是内脏外套膜及鳃等其他组织闭壳肌。海湾扇贝对柴油的富集量与柴油的种类有关,相同条件下海湾扇贝对重柴油的富集量更高且消除速率比轻柴油慢,说明重柴油溢油污染对贝类质量安全的危害更大,更值得关注。受污染的扇贝移入清洁的海水中,体内的石油烃可以逐渐消除,消除速度要慢于富集速度。海湾扇贝对烷烃的富集倍数比多环芳烃低,消除速率比多环芳烃要快。海湾扇贝体内石油烃的消除主要是烷烃的贡献。受污染的海湾扇贝体内多环芳烃以2~3环为主,其消除速率比高环数多环芳烃快。受污染的海湾扇贝移入清洁的海水中,短时间内虽然石油烃残留量能下降至正常水平,但多环芳烃(尤其是高环数多环芳烃)残留仍会存在。因此建议在发生石油污染后,跟踪监测不仅要关注海水中石油烃,更要关注贝类体内石油烃,要将多环芳烃与石油烃的检测结果综合考虑。此外,出于食品安全考虑,食用扇贝时尽量去除内脏。     

海洋生物体多环芳烃污染残留及其健康风险评价研究

多环芳烃（PAHs）主要来源于煤、石油等矿物燃料及其他有机物的不完全燃烧和裂解过程,是一类广泛存在于环境中具有潜在致畸、致癌和致突变效应的持久性有机污染物。PAHs引起的污染问题越来越受到人们的关注,已经被世界许多国家列为有机污染物的研究重点。海洋环境中的PAHs可以通过生物积累和食物链传递作用进入鱼类、贝类等海洋生物体中,不仅影响海洋生物的生存繁衍,破坏海洋生态环境,还会通过水产品影响人类健康。文章重点对近年来国内外鱼类、贝类等海洋生物体PAHs残留分析方法、残留水平的影响因素、来源解析以及人体暴露健康风险评价等方面进行了综述,同时指出了目前研究还存在的一些问题,为今后的研究提供了疗向。     

环渤海地区养殖水产品中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染残留及健康风险评估

调查研究了环渤海地区养殖水产品中16种多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的污染水平和残留特征,并评估样品中PAHs的健康风险,2014年夏、秋两季于环渤海采集104尾对虾、77只螃蟹以及53个贝类样品,采用高效液相色谱法分析样品可食组织中PAHs含量。本次调查发现,该区域养殖水产品中PAHs污染状况较为普遍,尤其是菲的平均含量及检出率最高,分别为6.53μg/kg和88.5%。比较而言,低环(2-3环)PAHs检出率要显著高于高环(4-6环)PAHs。本次调查还发现,PAHs污染表现出一定的生物相关性,游泳性的虾类和蟹类中优势PAHs组分均为3环结构,其主要来源是石油类污染;而底栖性贝类中优势组分则为4环PAHs,其来源较为复杂,这种差异可能与生物自身及其生活环境有关。虽然采用美国环境保护局(USEPA)的评估方法进行分析,结果表明环渤海地区通过摄食水产品途径暴露于PAHs的接触风险是可接受的,但由于PAHs的持久性和食物链放大作用,因此必须加以重点关注。     

北仑河口红树林地埋管道生态养殖系统多环芳烃的分布、影响因素及风险评价

研究了在中华乌塘鳢(Bostrychus sinensis)幼苗期(2013年5月,春季)、中鱼期(2013年7月,夏季)和成鱼期(2013年10月,秋季)北仑河口红树林地埋管道生态养殖系统多环芳烃(PAHs)的时空分布、组成、风险及来源,分析了养殖环境对PAHs分布的影响因素及中华乌塘鳢的富集响应,并评估了养殖环境的理论阈值及剩余环境容量。结果表明,系统内4个管理窗口(G1、G7、G3、G5)养殖水体的多环芳烃浓度的空间变化为G5G7G1G3,主要受管理窗口理化性质差异、海水和陆源输入的影响;时间变化为中鱼期成鱼期幼苗期,主要与珍珠湾水质季节变化以及地表径流输入有关。受管道颗粒物含量影响,沉积物多环芳烃含量的空间变化为G1G3G7G5;时间变化为幼苗期中鱼期成鱼期,主要与珍珠湾水质季节变化有关。幼苗期管理窗口水体多环芳烃主要源于石油燃烧排放,中鱼期主要是石油、石油燃烧和木、煤燃烧排放的混合源,成鱼期主要源于木、煤燃烧排放。而沉积物的多环芳烃主要是石油燃烧和木、煤燃烧排放来源。养殖水体多环芳烃的危害商值(HQ)小于1,沉积物多环芳烃含量均低于效应区间低值(ERL),说明该系统多环芳烃的生态风险较小。中华乌塘鳢的致癌风险指数(CRI)均低于1×10~(-6),没有致癌风险,CRI的时间变化主要与珍珠湾水质的季节变化有关,空间变化可能受陆源输入影响。中华乌塘鳢的CRI为可接受或较高时,红树林地埋管道生态养殖系统PAHs的剩余环境容量较高,养殖环境较好。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.