东乡野生稻研究进展及育种利用策略

东乡野生稻是目前世界上已发现的分布最北（N 28°14′、E 116°36′）的野生稻特异种质资源,其基因组中蕴含着抗病、抗虫、耐逆及其他诸多优良基因/QTL,前人已对其开展了大量的研究。本文从抗病、抗虫、抗逆、育性、产量及其他优良特性等方面总结了东乡野生稻的研究进展,并提出了其育种利用策略。     

东乡野生稻有利性状鉴定与育种利用研究进展

东乡野生稻具有丰富的遗传多样性,是水稻育种的宝贵资源。综述了东乡野生稻高产性状、抗病性、抗虫性、耐寒性、抗旱性、细胞质雄性不育及其育性恢复和其它优良性状的鉴定、基因定位、遗传及其育种利用等方面的研究进展,并就进一步研究提出了展望。     

福建稻种资源收集、保存、鉴定评价与利用研究

主要介绍了福建水稻种质资源收集、保存和利用情况,并对稻种资源中的福建地方稻种、台湾稻种、国际稻品种和漳浦野生稻进行鉴定评价,提出了稻种资源今后的研究方向。     

低温诱导东乡野生稻幼苗期叶片cDNA文库的构建和鉴定

从8℃低温诱导的东乡野生稻幼叶中提取总RNA,以总RNA为模板,利用SMART技术合成第1链,再经LD-PCR扩增合成第2链后,将获得的双链cDNA与双元表达载体YPL3连接,重组质粒电转入大肠杆菌,成功构建了东乡野生稻cDNA文库。经测定,原始文库滴度平均为4.4×107cfu/mL,平均插入片段约1kb,重组率为100%,符合cDNA文库构建要求,为后续利用酵母功能互补技术筛选东乡野生稻有利基因奠定了基础。     

东乡野生稻重要耐逆性状及其分子机制研究进展

东乡野生稻是全球分布最北的普通野生稻,具有丰富的抗逆性状,其育种利用价值高。本文综述了近年来东乡野生稻在耐冷、耐旱及抗虫等重要耐逆性状及其分子机制研究方面取得的进展,以期为水稻耐逆性的进一步研究提供依据。     

野生稻优良基因资源的研究与应用进展

野生稻是栽培稻的野生近缘种,作为重要的基因资源,具有诸多的优良性状,如野生稻对病虫害的抗性、对各种逆境的耐受性以及胞质雄性不育等,已被广泛应用于现代栽培稻的育种改良,成为栽培稻遗传改良的丰富基因源和不可替代的物质基础。本文综述了野生稻优良基因的发掘和种质资源的利用现状,总结了野生稻保护和利用目前存在的问题,并对其在水稻育种中的应用潜力做出了展望。     

中国野生稻资源及其在水稻抗性育种上的应用

野生稻作为栽培稻的野生亲缘种,具有许多优良的性状和有利基因,是栽培稻品种进一步改良的天然遗传种质资源库。其中,野生稻的抗病抗虫性、耐旱耐寒性等,已广泛应用于现代栽培稻的育种改良。本文综述了中国野生稻种质资源的利用现状,探讨了其在水稻抗性育种上的应用潜力。     

海南山栏稻种质资源的保护与利用

山栏稻是黎族人民二千多年原始的刀耕火种农耕文化延续下来的稻种，是宝贵的遗传资源，但这一资源面临濒危，亟需保护。本文综述山栏稻种质资源保护和利用研究进展，分析了目前存在的问题，并提出保护和利用的建议。     

福建野生茶树种质资源保护与利用

为了解福建野生茶树种质资源保护与利用情况,本文从福建野生茶树种质资源的类型与分布、特征特性、叶片解剖学与细胞学特点、茶叶主要生化组分、茶类适制性及品质特征、资源保护利用等方面进行分析总结,初步推断分布在福建茶区的野生茶树多为栽培类型;通过茶叶生化组分测试和感官品质鉴定,从中筛选出具有咖啡碱含量较低或味苦且品质表现优异的野生茶树种质(单株),可为福建提供良好的茶树遗传育种材料.     

应用东乡野生稻回交重组自交系分析水稻耐低氮产量相关性状QTL

目的 东乡野生稻低氮耐性强,是水稻耐低氮育种的重要资源。鉴定东乡野生稻耐低氮基因对研究耐低氮遗传机制、培育耐低氮水稻品种具有重要意义。方法 利用协青早B//东乡野生稻/协BBC₁F₁₂回交重组自交系及其遗传图谱,应用Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5分析施氮肥和不施氮肥下的株高和产量相关性状QTL。结果 共检测到57个控制株高和产量性状的QTL,分布于10条染色体上的33个区域,单个QTL表型贡献率为3.17%~63.40%,其中32个QTL的增效等位基因来自东乡野生稻。19个QTL在施氮和未施氮条件下均检测到,38个QTL仅在单一环境下检测到显著效应,表明不同施氮水平下水稻性状的遗传机制不同。结论 43个QTL分别聚集于7条染色体上的14个QTL簇,表明不同性状涉及到共同遗传机制,并可通过分子标记辅助选择方法进行耐低氮有利等位基因的聚合育种。     

中国野生稻种质资源利用与保护

野生稻是栽培稻的近缘野生种，可为栽培水稻育种提供重要的抗病、抗虫、耐旱、耐寒等抗逆基因，是水稻品种改良的宝贵基因库。随着工业化、城镇化进程加快及气候环境变化，野生稻居群数量和分布面积正急剧减少，野生稻种质资源的损失难以估量。虽然近年来我国野生稻种质资源利用与保护工作取得积极成效，但仍存在一系列问题。本文系统总结了野生稻种质的优异基因发掘、育种应用以及资源保护方面取得的重要进展，并综合分析目前保护管理中存在的问题，针对性的提出未来野生稻保护与利用的相关建议。     

QTL Analysis for Yield Traits Related to Low Nitrogen Tolerance Using Backcrossing Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from Dongxiang Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.)

【Objective】Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) has strong low nitrogen tolerance and is an important germplasm for low nitrogen tolerance improvement. Identification of genes responsible for low nitrogen tolerance in Dongxiang wild rice is of great importance to understand molecular mechanisms of low nitrogen tolerance and develop rice varieties with low nitrogen tolerance. 【Method】Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for plant height and yield traits under low and normal nitrogen conditions was identified using backcrossing recombinant inbred lines (BC1F12) derived from an interspecific cross Xieqingzao B // Dongxiang wild rice/Xieqingzao B and its genetic linkage. 【Result】A total of 57 QTLs were detected in 33 regions on all chromosome, except chromosome 4 and 8. They explained individually 3.17%~63.40% phenotypic variation, and 32 QTLs of them had favorable alleles derived from Dongxiang wild rice. Nineteen QTLs were simultaneously detected under both nitrogen treatments, and 38 QTLs were only identified under single nitrogen treatment, suggesting various genetic mechanisms in rice growth and yield formation under low and normal nitrogen conditions. 【Conclusion】Fourteen QTL clusters, 43 QTLs included, scattered on seven chromosomes, indicating the common genetic-physiological mechanisms behind different traits, and the QTL pyramiding for low nitrogen tolerance can be achieved by molecular marker-assisted selection.     

浙江省以“上山”为源头的稻作文化资源开发与利用的思考

水稻是我国重要的口粮作物,稻作文化是我国农耕文化的重要组成部分。浙江省拥有上万年稻作文化历史,稻作遗址数量众多,具备遗址年代最早、遗址数量最多、遗址脉络最全的显著特征。当前,保护和利用浙江省稻作文化遗址面临水稻面积大幅减少、价值挖掘不够充分、资源整合利用不足、保护利用程度不够等突出问题,需要通过建设浙江省水稻博物馆、加快稻作科技和文化研究基地建设、加强水稻种质资源的发掘与保护利用、加快打造稻文化产业品牌,深入挖掘与利用浙江省以“上山”为源头的稻作文化资源,推进新时代文化浙江建设和乡村振兴战略实施。     

Genetic Diversity of Wild Rice Species in Yunnan Province of China

Yunnan Province of China is one of the important centers for origin and evolution of cultivated rice worldwide.Wild rice is the ancestor of the cultivated rice.Many elite traits of wild rice have widened the genetic basis in cultivated rice.However,many populations of wild rice species have disappeared in the past few years.Therefore,the current status of wild rice resources should be updated and the genetic diversity of wild rice species should be examined for further germplasm preservation and utilization.Our investigations showed that the number of natural wild rice populations declined sharply in Yunnan Province during the past few years due to various reasons.Fortunately,one population of Oryza rufipogon,three of O.officinalis and ten of O.granulata have been newly found in different ecological sites,which were confirmed by inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) marker analysis in this study.ISSR analysis and investigation of some important traits of nutritional values indicated that the genetic diversity of the currently existing wild rice resources in Yunnan is still rich.The demonstration of genetic diversity of wild rice by a combined use of geographical distribution,morphological traits,nutrition contents and ISSR markers would be helpful for the conservation and exploration of these important wild rice resources.     

Dissecting Genetic Basis of Deep Rooting in Dongxiang Wild Rice

Deep rooting is an important trait in rice drought resistance. Genetic resources of deep-rooting varieties are valuable in breeding of water-saving and drought-resistant rice. In the present study, 234 BC₂F₇ backcross introgression lines were derived from a cross of Dongye 80 (an accession of Dongxiang wild rice as the donor parent) and R974 (an indica restorer line as the recurrent parent). A genetic linkage map containing 1 977 bin markers was constructed by ddRADSeq for QTL analysis. Thirty-one QTLs for four root traits (the number of deep roots, the number of shallow roots, the total number of deep roots and the ratio of deep roots) were assessed on six rice chromosomes in two environments (2020 Shanghai and 2021 Hainan). Two of the QTLs, qDR5.1 and qTR5.2, were located on chromosome 5 in a 70-kb interval. They were detected in both environments. qDR5.1 explained 13.35% of the phenotypic variance in 2020 Shanghai and 12.01% of the phenotypic variance in 2021 Hainan. qTR5.2 accounted for 10.88% and 10.93% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. One QTL (qRDR2.2) for the ratio of deep roots was detected on chromosome 2 in a 210-kb interval and accounted for 6.72% of the phenotypic variance in 2020. The positive effects of these three QTLs were all from Dongxiang wild rice. Furthermore, nine and four putative candidate genes were identified in qRDR2.2 and qDR5.1/qTR5.2, respectively. These findings added to our knowledge of the genetic control of root traits in rice. In addition, this study will facilitate the future isolation of candidate genes of the deep-rooting trait and the utilization of Dongxiang wild rice in the improvement of rice drought resistance.     

中国糯稻遗传育种研究进展

对中国糯稻种质资源和品种现状进行了分析,显示加强糯稻资源保护和利用、新品种选育迫在眉睫;基于当前水稻育种技术基础,提出了糯稻育种方法和技术的新思路;通过分析糯稻产量、米质相关的研究现状,指明了研究成果的高效利用策略;展望了中国糯稻产业发展方向,提出中国糯稻遗传育种应适应当前耕作制度、市场和社会发展要求。     

优质稻核心种质绿珍占8号的创建与利用

通过连续改良将华南晚籼优质稻血缘与早籼优良种质融合,创造出早晚兼用型优质稻核心种质绿珍占8号;进一步利用地理远缘优质稻澳洲袋鼠丝苗和野生稻、粳稻、籼稻新育成种三源92与之优化配组,经定向选择育成优质稻新品种绿黄占、绿源占1号和绿源占7号。讨论了优质稻改良中生态型间、地理远缘、亚种间、种间育种材料血缘渗透和核心种质创建与利用有关问题。