经理报酬激励方案的设计

经理报酬激励方案可以使股东和经理具有相同的利益,使经理努力提高企业的价值,实现企业财富最大化目标。经理报酬激励方案设计的好坏,是整个企业运行的关键。在简要论述了经理报酬激励的理论基础、激励方式之后,探讨了报酬激励方案设计时应考虑的因素、设计的原则和设计的具体内容。     

经理声誉考虑、任务关联性和长期报酬激励的效果研究

为研究如何激励经理努力提高企业未来业绩,假设经理承担着两项任务:声誉激励其提高企业当前业绩,报酬激励其提高未来业绩;在多任务委托代理模型框架下,本文研究了声誉和长期报酬对经理提高未来业绩的激励效果.本文把企业业绩分为当期业绩和长期(即未来)业绩,并假设委托人目标是长期企业业绩最大化,而不是当期业绩最大化.同时本文对经理努力成本函数的假设有重大改进:给出了经理长期和短期努力的具体的成本函数形式,考虑了两种任务即努力间的关联性情况,假设长期努力和当期努力有不同的成本系数.目前相关模型的成本函数最多只能满足以上三个条件中的前两个.因此,运用本文多任务委托代理模型分析得出的结论更明确、直观,并且更符合实际.本文发现,经理不同努力的成本、两项任务之间的关联性对经理的努力行为选择有重要的影响,要激励经理提高企业长期业绩,应该减少经理长期努力的成本或者弱化当期激励.     

经理股票期权与受限制股票报酬的效果分析

股票期权激励和受限制性股票报酬是目前世界上常用的长期激励报酬形式,而企业经理却认为传统上使用的B-S公式对股票期权的估价"太高",相对于"价值相同"的受限制性股票,经理更愿意接受受限制性股票.我们通过经理获得这两种报酬的效用模型的比较,分析了风险厌恶型经理对股权报酬以及受限制性股票的估价,并进一步估计了企业向经理提供股权报酬的绝对损失.从而解释为什么经理股票期权的激励效果不佳的问题.     

基于公平心理的报酬契约设计及代理成本分析

针对标准契约理论在设计报酬契约时忽略了公平心理因素这一问题,本研究以行为契约理论为工具.设计了引入公平心理之后的最优报酬契约,并进一步分析了公平心理对激励效率的影响.理论分析表明:公平心理较弱时,最优报酬契约是团队相对主义契约,其中公平心理会导致公平租金和公平风险补偿两种激励效率损失;公平心理较弱时,最优报酬契约是团队平均主义契约,其中公平心理只会导致公平风险补偿一种激励效率损失.这些研究结论对企业设计报酬契约具有重要参考意义,比如企业应该对公平心理强弱不同的员工设计和提供不同结构形式的报酬契约.     

国企经营者报酬激励机制的原则和形式

国企经营者激励机制,是指国家以企业效益最大化为动力目标,利用激励手段促使国有企业经营者积极经营,从而促进企业效益增长、国有资产保值增值,企业经营者个人利益也得到满足的机制.激励机制主要包括报酬激励机制、控制权激励机制和精神激励机制.其中,报酬激励机制是最重要的激励内容.     

国企经营者报酬契约设计

<正> 为了减少代理成本,形成对国企经营者既有激励又有约束的激励机制,尽量避免其短期行为,对于追求财富最大化的委托人来说,就要和企业经营者签定管理报酬契约,从而激励经营者     

经理人长短期激励报酬模型及其优化研究

文章对经理人长期和短期报酬的优化组合问题进行了研究,通过引入长期激励约束、短期报酬约束、代理人才能约束及其他约束条件,建立了经理人长短期组合激励模型,求解出了经理人最优报酬组合,并对其影响参数作了分析,得出了相应的结论.     

企业所有者与经理人委托代理关系中最优激励报酬机制研究——兼论企业产业类型与业绩报酬的关系

为解决企业委托代理关系中经理人的道德风险和逆向选择问题,企业所有者必须设立一套最优激励报酬机制来激励和约束经理人的行为,使其从自身的利益出发采取对企业最有利的行动。最优激励报酬机制由固定收益、信息租金、风险收益、激励收益和经理人市场价格五部分组成。经理人的业绩激励收益与企业的产业类型相关。     

经理报酬棘轮效应与相对业绩评价模型的选择

通过对上市公司总经理报酬与公司业绩关系的实证检验,发现净资产收益率和股票回报率对报酬有显著的正向影响,但报酬与业绩间不敏感.导致报酬与业绩间缺乏敏感性的原因之一是报酬棘轮效应的存在.检验了报酬棘轮效应的存在与方式,发现基于同行业同规模企业加总股票回报业绩的报酬棘轮效应存在,运用基于同行业同规模企业加总股票回报业绩作为参照业绩的相对业绩评价模型,可以避免棘轮效应的影响,提高报酬契约激励效率.     

独立董事报酬形成机制研究——以中国上市公司为例

独立董事报酬是作为激励独立董事努力工作、发挥其在公司治理结构中重要作用的主要手段,其合理与否直接影响到独立董事积极性的发挥.独立董事制度的发展程度不同,影响独立董事报酬的因素也有所不同,而研究决定独立董事报酬的因素很少从独立董事报酬的形成进行分析.根据独立董事制度发展的不同阶段提出声誉假设、按劳分配假设、支付能力假设、风险补偿假设,实证结果表明,独立董事的声誉、工作强度、公司支付能力对其报酬有明显的影响,公司的经营风险在一定程度上也对独立董事的报酬有显著影响,这为制定独立董事的报酬以及对独立董事的激励提供了一定的参考.     

我国上市公司CFO薪酬与盈余质量的相关性研究

本文研究了我国上市公司CFO薪酬与盈余质量的相关性.研究发现,随着我国上市公司治理机制的不断完善,上市公司逐步建立起了以盈余为业绩指标的CFO薪酬激励机制.通过文章逐层递进的研究,我们发现我国上市公司CFO薪酬激励契约显著地区别反映了盈余中的非经常性损益和经常性损益,但是却未能有效地区别反映经常性损益中的应计项目和经营性现金流,存在类似"功能锁定"的现象.进一步细分研究样本后,我们发现由于盈余管理上市公司CFO薪酬激励契约对非经常性损益和经常性损益的不合理权重赋值,扭亏上市公司的CFO薪酬激励契约反而刺激了CFO进行盈余管理.根据研究我们认为,解决CFO薪酬激励契约对应计项目和经营性现金流的"功能锁定"现象,改进盈余管理上市公司CFO薪酬激励契约成为目前我国上市公司完善CFO薪酬激励机制的两个重要任务.     

Carbon Emissions Abatement (CEA) allocation and compensation schemes based on DEA

As environment constraints on economic growth are strengthening, Carbon Emissions Abatement (CEA) allocation becomes a significant issue that draws academia׳s attention. In the literature, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique has been applied to obtain CEA allocation with centralized models. Nevertheless, a centralized allocation plan suffers from an implementation difficulty in persuading decision-making units (DMUs) into an agreement. In this paper, we propose a new two-step method to mitigate this side effect. In the first step, we provide improved DEA-based centralized allocation models under the assumptions of constant returns-to-scale (CRS) and variable returns-to-scale (VRS) respectively and in the second step, two compensation schemes are developed for centralized allocation plans. An empirical application to the countries in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is presented to elaborate the main idea.     

A hierarchical production plan for a make-to-order steel fabrication plant

A three-tiered hierarchical production plan (HPP) for a strictly make-to-order steel fabrication plant with the objective of developing a production plan and master schedule for a set of product archetypes is implemented. Data are collected from an actual steel fabrication plant located in the Midwestern section of the US. An aggregate linear programming model, a non-linear disaggregate model and a master production schedule comprise the respective tiers. Appropriate models provide the forecasts needed in the first two tiers. A production plan and master schedule based on data collected at the plant, benefits expected for its implementation and practical limitations are reported.     

董事会非正式层级与高管薪酬契约有效性

董事会治理是影响高管薪酬契约有效性的关键,已有研究主要从董事会结构层面展开,缺乏对董事会内部运作机制与高管薪酬契约有效性关系的具体分析。基于董事权威不平衡性的治理效应视角,系统考察了董事会非正式层级与高管薪酬契约有效性的逻辑关系及其作用机理,得出了一些具有重要价值的结论,主要包括:1.董事会非正式层级对高管薪酬业绩敏感性具有显著的负向调节作用,且主要体现在业绩下滑的样本公司中,表明董事会非正式层级对高管薪酬契约的影响主要体现在公平性和风险匹配性方面。2.只有当最高层级董事身份为独立董事时,董事会非正式层级对高管薪酬业绩敏感性具有显著的负向调节效应。3.董事会非正式层级增强了高管薪酬的行业和地区薪酬敏感性,进一步验证了董事会非正式层级的社会公平效应。论文的研究为从微观运作层面理解董事会治理和高管薪酬契约有效性提供一种新的视角和结论,对于优化董事会治理和提高高管薪酬契约有效性等均具有重要借鉴意义。     

Does location influence executive compensation? Evidence from Canadian SMEs

We examine the impact of geographic location on the level and structure of executive compensation of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Canada, using a panel data sample between 2008 and 2011. Our results show that SMEs pay a higher price for talent by paying a large proportion (71%) of compensation as guaranteed cash pay to their executives. We also report a strong influence of location on compensation structure. Specifically, rural firms pay 13% more incentive based equity pay to their executives compared to their size matched urban counterparts. However, there is no difference between the total compensation for managers of rural and urban firms after controlling for the cost of living index. In cross-sectional tests, we observe that total compensation is positively related to CEO/Chair duality and family ownership but is not related to management quality. In addition, we find that rural firms display a higher pay-performance sensitivity.     

Idiosyncratic volatility,executive compensation and corporate governance: examination of the direct and moderate effects

Entrenchment of private benefits by the CEO or dominant owners can lead corporations to avoid riskier but more private benefits resulting in greater idiosyncratic volatility and information flow trading. Using a unique database of 806 listed firms, we investigate the impact of CEO compensation and corporate governance on idiosyncratic volatility and information flow trading. We find strong and robust evidence that equity-based (fixed income) CEO compensation is negatively (positively) related to volatility and information trading. Incorporating an agent principal–principal perspective into our models of managerial discretion provides us with an accurate prediction of how the proportion of CEO compensation and the degree of entrenchment will influence risk-taking decisions as well as how equity-based compensation interacts with related-party transaction and ownership dispersion to influence stock volatility. Finally, we find that idiosyncratic volatility and information flow trading are also affected by CEO compensation and corporate governance, which act as instrumental variables, while subject to environmental variants and the jointly determined.     

Board compensation and ownership structure: empirical evidence for Italian listed companies

This paper investigates the relationships among corporate ownership, the level of board compensation, and firms’ future performance within Italian listed companies. Board compensation could be related to corporate ownership characteristics, like the type of controlling shareholder, ownership concentration, the separation between cash flow and voting rights, and the presence of shareholders’ agreements. The evidence of high levels of board compensation associated with certain governance characteristics could signal, in a principal-agent framework, rent extraction by entrenched managers or by controlling shareholders versus minority shareholders; high board compensation, however, could be related to the need to hire directors with higher professional standing and also to the desire to create a network with other companies through the enlargement of the board, according to a social network view. In this paper we disentangle this issue showing the relationship between excess board compensation and future performance: examining firms listed on the Milan Stock Exchange over the period 1995–2002, we show that board compensation is linked to many governance characteristics, but excess compensation is never positively related to future performance. For founder family firms, in particular, high board compensation is associated with (a) smaller board size; (b) higher proportion of family members on the board; (c) lower future performance. The whole evidence therefore doesn’t support the hypothesis suggested by the social network view, but is consistent with a rent extraction hypothesis. These results could add new empirical evidence to the recent debate on the need for global remuneration reform. According to our results, some control mechanism and an increase in transparency of executive compensation schemes could be appropriate.     

Political connections,gender diversity and compensation policy

In this paper we analyze the influence of corporate governance, specifically political connections and gender diversity, on board and managers’ remuneration in savings banks in Spain. We also analyze whether financial experience moderates the relation between political experience and board compensation. To the best of our knowledge, the effects of having politicians on remuneration levels of financial firm have not been studied. Connections are important in hiring decisions and in generating business so it is interesting to explore whether they are important when it comes to compensation policies. We use a panel data and financial and corporate governance information from 44 savings banks for the period 2004–2009. Our results show that the previous political activity of the chairperson positively influences board remuneration. Our study provides the first evidence for a link between political connection and compensation policy, showing that, in addition to the standard firm-level factors, political and financial experience are material determinants of economic significance in compensation policies. Specifically, we show that financial expertise may substitute for governance mechanisms that are lacking in firms with weak governance environments (e.g. saving banks with high politicization).     

The cost of CEO duality: Evidence from French leadership compensation

This paper aims to provide a detailed analysis of the relationship between board leadership structures and executive compensation. According to agency theory, the combined position of CEO and Chairperson of the Board (COB) entails greater compensation for the CEO in order to reduce conflicts of interest. In the literature, combined board structure is generally considered to generate additional costs for companies. However, the choice of two separate structures implies the payment of incentive compensation for the COB in addition to that defined for the CEO. This paper investigates the financial cost of duality when compensation packages are set for both leaders. Our results suggest that although combined board structure is associated with higher incentive compensation for the CEO, the overall compensation cost to the company is no higher when the chairperson's compensation is considered.     

New perspectives on the governance of executive compensation: an examination of the role and effect of compensation consultants

We develop a multi-theoretic approach, drawing on economic, institutional, managerial power and social comparison literatures to explain the role of the external compensation consultant in the top management pay setting institutional field. Taking advantage of recent disclosure requirements in the UK, we collect data on compensation consultant use in 232 large companies. We show that consultants are a prevalent part of the CEO pay setting scene, and document evidence of all advisor use. Our econometric results show that consultant use is associated with firm size and the equity pay mix. We also show that CEO pay is positively associated with peer firms that share consultants, with higher board and consultant interlocks, and some evidence that where firms supply other business services to the firm, CEO pay is greater.