经理人长短期激励报酬模型及其优化研究

文章对经理人长期和短期报酬的优化组合问题进行了研究,通过引入长期激励约束、短期报酬约束、代理人才能约束及其他约束条件,建立了经理人长短期组合激励模型,求解出了经理人最优报酬组合,并对其影响参数作了分析,得出了相应的结论.     

企业报酬机制与人力资本投资

由于企业与员工双方都以自己的收益最大化为目标函数,所以当企业采取对产出按比例分成的报酬机制时,会导致双边道德风险,从而使员工实际的人力资本投资力度和工作努力程度以及企业的实际相关投入力度都低于整个社会福利最大化时的力度.如果企业能够采取另外一种报酬机制,使员工拥有完全剩余索取权,就能够使企业与员工都选择社会福利最大化时人力资本投资力度和工作努力程度以及相关投入力度.     

经理长期与短期报酬优化组合激励的探讨

论文对经理长期报酬和短期报酬的优化组合激励问题进行了探讨。通过分析建立了组合激励的两阶段模型,求解模型得到了最优报酬组合。结合构成最优报酬组合各参数的含义,探讨了它们对最优报酬组合的影响。最后给出了主要的结论。     

基于双重声誉的国企经理长期激励最优组合研究

本文在委托-代理理论框架下,以委托人的目标（企业长期业绩的最大化）为立足点,研究国企经理人的各种行为特征和长期激励的最优组合,建立了国企经理人双重声誉激励和股票期权激励的组合模型。本文充分结合了我国国企经理人的特点,把政治声誉模型化,在股票期权报酬形式下,研究了双重声誉（政治声誉和市场声誉）对经理人的长期激励效果,即经理人声誉影响系数最优水平和分享利润比例最优水平。并在此基础上系统分析了经理人的行为选择特征、最优激励程度以及声誉影响系数的影响因素,为经理人的长期激励提出了参考建议。     

基于公平心理的报酬契约设计及代理成本分析

针对标准契约理论在设计报酬契约时忽略了公平心理因素这一问题,本研究以行为契约理论为工具.设计了引入公平心理之后的最优报酬契约,并进一步分析了公平心理对激励效率的影响.理论分析表明:公平心理较弱时,最优报酬契约是团队相对主义契约,其中公平心理会导致公平租金和公平风险补偿两种激励效率损失;公平心理较弱时,最优报酬契约是团队平均主义契约,其中公平心理只会导致公平风险补偿一种激励效率损失.这些研究结论对企业设计报酬契约具有重要参考意义,比如企业应该对公平心理强弱不同的员工设计和提供不同结构形式的报酬契约.     

经理报酬激励方案的设计

经理报酬激励方案可以使股东和经理具有相同的利益,使经理努力提高企业的价值,实现企业财富最大化目标。经理报酬激励方案设计的好坏,是整个企业运行的关键。在简要论述了经理报酬激励的理论基础、激励方式之后,探讨了报酬激励方案设计时应考虑的因素、设计的原则和设计的具体内容。     

业绩的隐性激励与经理报酬契约的改进

本文认为经营业绩对经理有隐性激励作用是完全有可能的,将业绩的隐性激励作用引入经理的效用函数后建立了对经理的最优报酬激励模型,并通过对模型进行求解得到改进的最优报酬契约。通过分析给出了主要结论。     

真正行之有效的报酬体系

报酬体系的微小变动,会造成激励效果的重大差异当企业在调整战略,设定新目标或实施变革举措的时候,往往会引发“骨牌效应”。企业新的工作重点会导致事业部、部门与个人改变其工作重点;经理人担任新的职位或承担更多的职责;团队会重新组合,员工会加盟或离职。     

经理人激励的细分: 隐藏行动、努力成本和风险厌恶

本文研究经理人隐藏行动、努力成本和风险厌恶态度对经理人激励的影响.本文的研究基于标准委托人-代理人模型,但放松其关于经理人行动不能影响企业风险的假定,而采用更接近现实的假定--企业风险至少部分内生于经理人的行动.通过研究,本文将经理人激励明确细分类为努力增进激励(βeffort激励)和追求风险激励(βrisk激励)两类.为实现βeffort激励,经理人报酬只需是企业业绩的线性函数即可;但为实现βrisk激励,经理人报酬应是企业业绩的凸函数.     

预算报酬方案和线性报酬方案的一个比较分析

在代理理论的框架下 ,分析比较企业实务中最为常见的两种报酬方案 :预算报酬方案和线性报酬方案 .通过建立一个具体模型进行定量模拟分析 ,探讨影响企业报酬方案的激励成本的主要因素 .根据模拟的数值结果 ,具体描述了企业应该如何根据其业绩评价信息系统的质量来选择和设计报酬激励方案 ,以较低的成本达到预定的控制和激励目标     

现代企业制度的缺陷与经营者激励报酬计划安排

现代企业制度所具有的经营权与所有权“两权分离”的特征促进了经济与社会的发展。但是,正是由于“两权分离”,导致现代企业制度的组织缺陷——代理问题以及由此而产生的内部人控制现象。激励机制是现代企业制度的重要组成部分,经营者激励报酬计划安排(包括业绩基础和激励报酬类型)有助于将企业经营者从单纯的支薪阶层转向分享(风险)阶层。     

The effect of outside directors’ and auditors’ incentives on managers’ ability to manage cash bonuses

This paper investigates the impact of outside directors’ and auditors’ monetary incentives on the association between discretionary accounting and managers’ cash bonuses in a two-tier system. For a sample of German stock corporations from 2005 to 2007 we expect and find that outside directors who receive compensation based on accounting income and auditors who receive high non-audit fees have the incentive to tolerate managers’ bonus-increasing accounting choices. More specifically, we show that positive discretionary accruals are more strongly associated with managers’ cash bonuses than negative discretionary accruals if outside directors receive accounting-based compensation and/or if auditors receive high non-audit fees. Our results suggest that executives’ ability to manage their cash bonuses depends on the monitoring institutions’ monetary incentives.     

Relative Performancebewertung und Produktmarktwettbewerb

Relative Performance Evaluation aims at reducing incentive risk imposed on a manager, and at influencing product market choices. Thereby, firm owners can choose stronger effort incentives, and they may reduce the degree of competition with the firm’s competitors. Within a principal/agent-model, we explore the interrelation between characteristics of product market competition, performance evaluation, and incentives. Our results show that a firm’s optimal performance evaluation significantly depends on the characteristics of product market competition. This implies that a firm’s optimal choice of performance evaluation is firm- and industry-specific. Hence, our results support the industry-selection-approach recently applied in empirical compensation studies.     

MANAGERIAL HEDGING AND PORTFOLIO MONITORING

Incentive compensation induces correlation between the portfolio of managers and the cash flow of the firms they manage. This correlation exposes managers to risk and hence gives them an incentive to hedge against the poor performance of their firms. We study the agency problem between shareholders and a manager when the manager can hedge his compensation using financial markets and shareholders can monitor the manager's portfolio in order to keep him from hedging, but monitoring is costly. We find that the optimal incentive compensation and governance provisions have the following properties: (i) the manager's portfolio is monitored only when the firm performs poorly, (ii) the manager's compensation is more sensitive to firm performance when the cost of monitoring is higher or when hedging markets are more developed, and (iii) conditional on the firm's performance, the manager's compensation is lower when his portfolio is monitored, even if no hedging is revealed by monitoring. Moreover, the model suggests that the optimal level of portfolio monitoring is higher for managers of firms whose performance canbehedged more easily, such as larger firms and firms in more developed financial markets. (JEL: G30, D82)     

基于M型组织结构的企业内部激励机制与兼并效应

在寡头竞争环境下,引入企业内部激励机制激励参数变量,建立了一个替代性产品M型制下企业兼并二阶段Cournot竞争博弈模型:第一阶段,兼并企业采用M型制并选择基于利润和销售收入内部激励机制的激励参数;在第二阶段,兼并后各企业的决策者根据企业提供的内部激励机制进行产量竞争。在此基础上,分析了兼并对各企业利润、产量与价格带来的影响。证明对于替代性产品行业,存在一个兼并临界规模(1)只有当兼并规模小于临界规模时,兼并企业才适合采用M型组织结构;且企业普遍存在兼并动机,产品替代化程度越高,兼并动力越大;(2)当兼并企业采用M型组织结构且兼并规模小于临界规模时,兼并对外部企业产生负外部性,但对消费者带来有利影响。本文还进一步讨论了兼并企业采用M型组织结构时内部激励机制激励参数的选择问题,证明激励参数受行业利润率、兼并规模与产品替代性程度的影响。     

风险控制能力差异下的薪酬契约研究

道德风险和逆向选择问题是委托代理理论的研究重点，也是企业薪酬机制设计的核心。本文在道德风险和逆向选择同时存在的框架下，创新性地将利润风控能力作为能力差异的体现引入异质经理人，求解出单一契约和两种契约情况下薪酬契约的显式最优解，并对结果进行了数值模拟验证。本文与单一契约相比，两种契约情况下股东的期望收益较高，对低能力经理的激励降低，对高能力经理的激励上升，但高能力经理的效用由于受到契约的扭曲反而会下降。股东还可针对高能力经理设计单一契约，但当低能力经理所占的比例足够高时，设计两种契约将成为股东的最优选择。本文的研究结果可为私募基金等重视经理风控能力的行业提供薪酬契约设计方面的参考。     

国有企业管理者激励效应研究——基于管理者权力的解释

本文突出管理者权力在企业激励契约中的作用,对不同管理者权力下国有企业高层管理者货币性补偿与企业绩效的关系进行研究。通过理论与实证分析,我们发现,权力强大的管理者可以自己设计激励组合,在获取权力收益的同时实现高货币性补偿,并不需要盈余管理迎合董事会的激励要求;而权力较弱的管理者则更关注货币性补偿,只能通过盈余管理虚构利润,以达到薪酬考核的目的。     

On the folly of principal's power: Managerial psychology as a cause of bad incentives

Faulty and dysfunctional incentive systems have long interested, and frustrated, managers and organizational scholars alike. In this analysis, we pick up where Kerr (1975) left off and advance an explanation for why bad incentive systems are so prevalent in organizations. We propose that one contributing factor lies in the psychology of people who occupy managerial roles. Although designing effective incentive systems is a challenge wrought with perils for anyone, we believe the psychological consequences and correlates of higher rank within organizations make the challenge more severe for managers. Patterns of promotion and hiring typically yield managers that are more competent than their employees, and ascending to management positions increases individuals’ workload and power. In turn, these factors make managers more egocentrically anchored and cognitively abstract, while also reducing their available cognitive capacity for any given task, all of which we argue limits their ability to design effective incentives for employees. Thus, ironically, those with the power to design incentives may be those least able to effectively do so. We discuss four specific types of bad incentive systems that can arise from these psychological tendencies in managers: those that over-emphasize compensation, generate weak motivation, offer perverse motivation, or are misaligned with organizational culture.

“There is no doubt that in our society the superior/subordinate relationship—the hierarchy itself—is crucial in terms of motivation.” (Lawler, 1973, p. 7)

     

基于讨价还价的私募基金机制比较研究

作为私募基金的主要形式，有限合伙制具有比公司制更高的激励作用，原因可能是两者在契约设计上的不同。本文引入讨价还价模型对公司制与有限合伙制进行分析，求解了两种机制下的均衡契约。研究发现，股东(或有限合伙人)和经理(或普通合伙人)之间的博弈等价于包含外部选择的讨价还价博弈，当经理保留收益不断提高，有限合伙制将逐步取代公司制。进一步地，有限合伙制将给出更高的分成比例，进而实现更高的激励，更有效地利用人力资本。