创业团队的心理授权、成员交换与创新绩效的关系研究——任务互依性的调节作用

创业团队的创新绩效，是保证企业生存和发展的关键。基于自我决定理论，探析团队心理授权、团队成员交换、任务互依性与团队创新绩效之间的关系。以浙江省参加大学生“挑战杯”大赛的72个团队为例，采用配套成组方式，进行问卷调查和数据分析。结果发现：团队心理授权正向影响成员交换和团队创新绩效，成员交换中介了两者之间的正向关系，任务互依性正向调节了团队心理授权与团队成员交换之间的关系。研究结果丰富并拓展了理论界关于团队心理授权和团队创新绩效的研究，为企业提升团队创新绩效，提供了新的视角和思路。     

动态环境下共享式领导如何激发团队创造力——基于纵向动态追踪数据的研究

以高新技术企业的研发团队为调研对象,基于纵向动态追踪数据分析,在动态环境下共享式领导如何激发团队创造力,结果表明:在动态环境下,共享式领导对团队创造力具有显著的正向影响,团队活力、团队自省、知识整合在共享式领导和团队创造力之间具有中介作用,环境动态性在共享式领导和团队创造力之间具有跨层次的正向调节作用,任务互依性、任务复杂性在共享式领导和团队创造力之间具有正向调节作用,权力距离在共享式领导和团队创造力之间具有负向调节作用。     

团队社会资本与知识转移关系的实证研究:交互记忆系统的中介作用

团队社会资本被认为是促进团队知识转移的关键因素,但已有研究对社会资本如何影响团队知识转移的作用机理还缺乏系统的理论分析和实证研究。本文引入交互记忆系统作为中介变量,对社会资本是否通过交互记忆系统对团队知识转移产生影响进行实证研究。基于对23家软件外包承接企业的93个项目团队的问卷调查数据,通过结构方程模型方法发现,交互记忆系统在社会资本与团队知识转移的关系中发挥显著的完全中介作用,团队通过社会资本促进交互记忆系统的形成,是提高知识转移绩效的有效途径。     

软件外包项目复杂性下的交互记忆系统与知识转移

针对软件外包项目团队中如何有效知识转移问题,构建交互记忆系统、项目复杂性和知识转移绩效之间关系的概念模型,基于25家软件外包承接企业中107个软件外包团队的问卷调查数据,运用偏最小二乘法对数据进行分析。研究结果表明,专长度和可信度对团队知识转移绩效和协调度有显著的正向影响,软件外包项目结构复杂性对专长度与知识转移绩效的关系有显著的正向调节作用,软件外包项目动态复杂性对专长度与知识转移绩效的关系有显著的负向调节作用。研究结果揭示了项目复杂性条件下交互记忆系统与知识转移绩效之间的作用机理,推进了软件外包知识转移理论发展,并为软件外包团队有效地进行知识转移提供管理启示。     

基于交互记忆系统的团队发展状况分析方法

通过对团队发展状况进行分析,可以了解团队的发展状态,评价团队的发展过程,为团队建设提供必要的决策依据.本文从知识视角,依照交互记忆系统理论,指出交互记忆系统可以作为团队知识的表示模型之一,并提出了基于交互记忆系统对团队发展状况进行分析的方法.首先,对成员的知识构成进行分析,针对成员的交互记忆中差异知识,提出了成员的交互记忆-差异知识模型(TM_DKM);其次,通过整合所有成员的差异知识得到交互记忆系统,提出了用交互记忆系统表征团队知识的交互记忆系统模型(TMSM);再次,在TM_DKM和TMSM基础上提出了团队发展状况分析方法;最后,结合一个实例对上述模型和方法进行了验证,并对实例中该团队的发展状况进行了评述.本文提出的方法可用于创新团队的状态评价和发展过程评价以及问题诊断等,比如教育部创新团队、国家创新群体以及更广泛的团队分析之中.     

学习型组织中的虚拟团队知识共享模型研究

传统的知识共享理论不能直接应用到虚拟团队知识共享研究之中,为克服虚拟团队知识共享存在的障碍,对交互记忆系统运作的核心--元记忆目录进行了扩展,加入元知识和社会网络2个维度,以帮助虚拟团队解决统一知识表述、规范专长认知、知识资源描述和展现内部实际沟通网络等问题.以扩展性元记忆目录为核心,建立了基于交互记忆理论的虚拟团队知识共享模型,并对知识共享模型各因素的相互关系进行了分析,提出了未来研究的结构方程模型.     

团队内知识分享行为影响因素的结构性研究

文章以我国高新技术企业为例,对团队内成员问的知识分享行为及其影响因素进行实证研究.研究发现,团队成员问的共享心智模式能够引导成员在所需的情境中与其它成员进行互动,因此对知识分享行为具有显著的正向影响效果,而这种影响效果,会受到成员性格特征的调节影响.对于敬业性的参与者而言,当知识传递者与知识接收者同时具有高敬业性格时,研究共享心智模式对于知识分享的影响效果;对于外向性的参与者而言,当知识传递者具有高外向性格,而知识接收者具有低外向性格时,共享心智模式对于知识分享反而具有显著的影响效果.所以,在团队运作过程中,团队领导者若能通过详细的任务说明以及增进成员的互动等方式,让不同性格的团队成员具有相匹配的心智模式,将有助于团队知识分享行为的产生.     

知识异质性对团队创新的作用机制分析

基于信息过程视角和人际关系视角研究知识异质性对团队创新的作用机制,通过整合团队认同的调节效应与知识共享的中介效应,构建了有中介的调节效应模型。以85个知识密集型团队为样本的实证分析结果表明:团队认同调节知识异质性与团队创新的关系,团队认同调节知识异质性与知识共享的关系,团队认同对知识异质性与团队创新关系的调节效应被知识共享完全中介。     

基于团队认同对学习空间调节作用的成员异质性对团队创新绩效的影响研究

以知识面和紧密度为中介变量,以团队认同为调节变量,实证考察了成员异质性对团队创新绩效的影响。研究发现,成员异质性对团队创新绩效影响的直接效应不显著,主要通过知识面和紧密度2个中介变量起作用;成员异质性增加了团队的知识面,降低了团队的紧密度,而知识面与团队创新绩效正相关,紧密度正向调节了知识面与团队绩效的正相关关系;团队认同正向调节了成员异质性与团队知识面的正相关关系,负向调节了成员异质性与团队紧密度的负相关关系。     

地位冲突不对称与团队创造力的曲线关系研究

基于互动过程视角,构建地位冲突不对称对团队创造力的倒U形影响模型,并通过103个团队484份有效调查问卷进行实证检验。研究结果表明:地位冲突不对称对团队创造力呈现“过犹不及”的倒U形曲线效应,并且任务复杂性和任务互依性显著调节了上述关系,其中,当任务复杂性越高时,主效应倒U形曲线的拐点处于团队中拥有更多高地位冲突感知成员的结构下,且拐点位置更高;当任务互依性越高时,主效应倒U形曲线的拐点处于团队中拥有更少高地位冲突感知成员的结构下,且拐点位置更高。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

A new lease for life? The return of vitalism in management and organization studies

This paper starts from a growing interest in the concept of concern, lived experience or “inhabiting” as part of the so-called “affective turn”. My main argument is that the notion of concern cannot be thought or understood without the concept of life. The concept of life, however, is somewhat of a taboo topic in the social sciences. I hold, nevertheless, that in order to reflect on their assumptions and to define concern for their own studies, scholars need to think about life and make a choice regarding the various approaches that can be taken. I therefore present and compare four vitalist approaches: romanticism and Lebensphilosophie, vitalism as ethos and pathos, neuroecosociality as well as vitalism as becoming.     

Effects of the implementation of information technology on employees' strain and job satisfaction: a context-dependent approach

The effects on staff of the implementation of new office information technology were investigated in ten companies in Vienna using a longitudinal design. Strain and satisfaction of 331 employees (implementation sample: n = 212; control sample: n = 119) were measured at five points in time over a period of 22 months. The study is based on a context-dependent approach. Personal factors (individual differences, external load) were assessed by questionnaires, and situational factors (job design, implementation content and implementation context) by objective measures. The impact of these factors on employees' strain responses was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptational demands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not replaced, and (3) employees have few or no opportunities to participate in the implementation process.     

Consequences of work-family conflict on employee well-being over time

The effects of work-family conflict on the well-being of a diverse sample of 342 non-professional employees from the greater Los Angeles area were examined. Data were collected at two points in time, and a rigorous research design was employed. The effects of self-report bias were considered by controlling for social desirability bias, and by collecting two sources of data (i.e. self-reports and co-workers reports). The results revealed that work-family conflict predicted employee well-being over and above social desirability bias. In addition, analyses were consistent when both self-reports and co-workers reports were utilized. Finally, work-family conflict was a longitudinal predictor of employee's positive well-being. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were consistent across self-reports and co-worker reports.     

Policy Goals for Health and Safety

Health management and safety regulation are separate disciplines but share the aim to extend expectancy of life in good health. The need to improve cost-effectiveness calls for their co-ordinated management according to a unified rationale. Three guiding principles of accountability, demonstrable net benefit and a uniform measure of performance, have been laid out in Canada by the Joint Committee on Health and Safety. They call for open accounting in terms of (health-related quality-adjusted) life expectancy. The principles are utilitarian in format but, it is argued, inequity is naturally diminished in the process of optimizing cost-effectiveness through maximum marginal returns. Comments are made on practical implementation. The need for public consent in practice calls for two additional principles reflecting fair procedure and sovereignty of the citizens. It is concluded that public health and safety measures should be surveyed, documented for cost-effectiveness and prioritized for improvement.     

Ethical Mindsets of Christianity and Confucianism: A Comparative Study

This study investigates the application of an organizational mindset instrument to compare the ethical mindsets between Italy and Taiwan. Results suggest that there are not significant differences, but Italian business is perceived to practice some Machiavellianism that puts results ahead of ethical concerns.     

The myth of change management: A reflection on personal change and its lessons for leadership development

Abstract

In this article I reflect upon my own personal learning when faced with significant individual change, leaving a corporate role to start my own business and returning to serious study after twenty-five years of neglect. I look at the relationship between individual and organizational change, trying to reconcile the mechanistic models of change ingrained by years of practice with new insights gleaned from my own personal transition. Implications for change agents include taking a more adaptive and multi-dimensional approach to change, rather than vainly trying to manage it. For people developers it may question the way we develop leaders and managers to cope with change. And all of us may decide we can be better at learning how to embrace perpetual change and perpetual learning as part of the same unpredictable process.     

The Japanese version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire: a study in dental technicians

To test the psychometric properties and criterion validity of the Japanese version of the EffortReward Imbalance (ERI) Questionnaire (Siegrist, 1996), a survey was conducted among 105 male dental technicians. The Japanese version of the questionnaire was developed through a backtranslation process. Internal consistency and factorial structure were tested and the criterion validity with respect to musculoskeletal symptoms was estimated with the help of a correlation matrix and logistic regression analysis. In psychometric terms, the factorial structure of the scales measuring the components of the theoretical concept was replicated satisfactorily, and internal consistencies of the scales measuring the extrinsic and intrinsic components of the model were appropriate. Significant associations between components of the ERI and musculoskeletal symptoms were found. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significantly elevated risk of musculoskeletal symptoms in participants scoring high on the scale measuring the model's intrinsic component, 'overcommitment'. This study indicates that, at least for the occupational group under study, the Japanese version of the ERI Questionnaire is a feasible and psychometrically well justified new measure for assessing psychosocial stress at work with relevance to health.     

Axiomatic Equilibrium Selection for Generic Two‐Player Games

For a finite game with perfect recall, a refinement of its set of Nash equilibria selects closed connected subsets, called solutions. Assume that each solution's equilibria use undominated strategies and some of its equilibria are quasi‐perfect, and that all solutions are immune to presentation effects; namely, if the game is embedded in a larger game with more pure strategies and more players such that the original players' feasible mixed strategies and expected payoffs are preserved regardless of what other players do, then the larger game's solutions project to the original game's solutions. Then, for a game with two players and generic payoffs, each solution is an essential component of the set of equilibria that use undominated strategies, and thus a stable set of equilibria as defined by Mertens (1989).