高温产生物乳化剂菌的筛选及其功能分析

 从甘肃玉门油田鸭儿峡油藏样品中分离到3株可降解原油并具有很好乳化活性的嗜热菌株,经16S rRNA基因序列分析和生理生化鉴定,3株分离菌分别为短小芽孢杆菌（Brevibacillus sp. XS1）和白色土芽孢杆菌（Geobacillus pallidus XS2,XS3）。3株分离菌均可在50℃高温下生长,其中菌株XS2的最适生长温度为60℃,在pH值为5.5—9.5范围内均可生长,有良好适应性,盐浓度对菌株生长影响不大。菌株XS2同时还具有很好的乳化活性和乳化稳定性,在100℃高温,20%盐浓度下,乳化活性均无明显变化。通过对原油降解过程中色谱特征分析,菌株XS2不仅可降解原油组分中的轻质组分,而且还能很好地降解原油中重质组分,提高原油流动性,原油品质也得到大大改善,可见菌株XS2是一株潜在驱油微生物,在微生物采油中具有较好的应用前景。     

微生物对原油的乳化及促进白腐真菌原油降解研究

从胜利油田东辛采油厂含油废水中分离到3株能以原油为唯一碳源和能源并能乳化原油的菌株，采用油膜扩散法测其乳化能力，筛选原油乳化较好的菌株并预处理原油，再接种白腐真菌降解原油.结果表明筛选的3株细菌（分别命名为zsh7、zsh10、zsh11）发酵液使油膜空斑直径均大于19 cm.分别接种3株菌株和白腐真菌，在7天内可显著提高白腐真菌对原油的降解率，从71％分别提高到90％、93％、954％.经鉴定3株菌株分别为短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus sp) 、芽孢杆菌属（Bacullus sp     

一株耐高温高矿化度的芽孢杆菌CQ11 及其对原油的乳化和降解性能

以高温高盐油藏环境中筛选出的一株芽孢杆菌Bacillus kokeshiiformis CQ11 为对象,研究该菌株的耐盐、耐温以及对酸碱的耐受性;研究该菌株产生的乳化剂的特性,以及它对原油的作用特点. 结果表明:该菌株能够在盐度4%-8%、pH 7-9、温度45-65 ℃环境中良好生长,它产生的糖蛋白类生物乳化剂具有乳化活性高,能耐受一定的高温,不受高盐、酸碱影响的特性. 菌株CQ11 的生长特性和产生的生物乳化剂与Geobacillus 属的更为相似. 该菌株具有高效乳化原油的应用潜力,可以应用于高温高盐油藏微生物提高石油采收率.     

高温产生物乳化剂菌株SL-1的性能评价及物模驱油研究

从胜利油田油井产出液中获得一株高温产乳化剂菌SL-1,经形态观察和16SrDNA基因序列分析,初步判定为嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus stearothermophilus).耐温性和耐盐性实验显示,菌株SL-1最适生长温度为65~70℃,最高耐受盐度为8%.高温下,该菌能以原油为唯一碳源生长且能有效合成、分泌生物乳化剂,原油乳化现象显著.发酵实验显示该菌发酵液的乳化指数高达99%,乳化效果稳定,发酵62 h后生物乳化剂产量达到最大.高温物模驱油实验结果发现,注入SL-1发酵液后可提高原油采收率8.3%,菌株SL-1有望应用于高温油藏进行微生物驱油试验.     

一株耐高矿化菌株产生的表面活性剂性质的研究

为了得到耐高矿化的生物表面活性剂产生菌,采用富集培养,排油圈复筛,从高矿化油田的油水混合物中得到了一株产表面活性剂的菌株K1。通过对K1菌株形态、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定该菌为肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)。薄层色谱和红外光谱分析,初步确定该菌株产生的表面活性剂为糖脂类物质。对菌株K1所产表面活性剂在高矿化水中的乳化活性以及温度、酸碱度(pH)对表面活性剂稳定性的影响进行研究,结果显示:在高矿化条件下该生物表面活性剂可以保持较好的乳化活性,对柴油的乳化率为59.5%;具备良好的温度稳定性并可耐受90℃的高温;pH值在6.011.0之间时其活性较强。菌株K1产生的糖脂类生物表面活性剂在提高高矿化油田的原油采收率和原油污染生物修复方面具有应用的潜力。     

假单胞菌S-7产生的表面活性剂特性研究

假单胞菌S-7菌株在代谢过程中能够产生糖脂和脂肽表面活性物质，其临界胶束浓度(CMC)为236mg／L，可以将水的表面张力由72mN／m降到29．7mN／m，油水界面张力由30mN／m降到1．3mN／m。发酵液在不同的温度、pH和矿化度条件下，具有稳定的表面活性。发酵液可以乳化原油，使原油的粘度降低86．95％。研究表明，表面活性物质是S-7菌株在微生物采油过程中发挥作用的主要因素。     

芽孢杆菌HBS-4产生的表面活性剂及其与原油相互作用研究

菌株HBS-4是从油藏分离的1株芽孢杆菌,该菌株在其代谢过程中产生脂肽和糖脂类生物表面活性物质.可将发酵液的表面张力降低到25.6 mN/m.在细菌与原油相互作用的过程中,生物表面活性剂不仅具有分散、乳化原油的作用,而且有协助细菌代谢原油的作用.实验结果表明,生物表面活性剂在pH值5～12之间保持稳定,当pH值小于5时,会逐渐失活,所以控制发酵液的pH值,有利于细菌对原油的降解.原油与细菌作用12 d后,原油的沥青质和芳烃组分被转化和降解, 相对含量分别降低了2.89%和17.39%,原油的饱和烃∑C21/∑C22 比值由开始的0.39升为1.36, 长链的饱和烃被降解为短链的饱和烃.     

大庆原油活性组分及相关界面性质

用沉淀法和色谱分离法将大庆原油分离成沥青质、极性物和抽余油 3部分。傅立叶红外光谱分析表明 ,沥青质组分和极性物中存在羧酸类或酚类以及含氮化合物 ,抽余油主要为烃类物质 ,可能还存在很少量的非极性基团较大的酯类物质。测定结果表明 ,在大庆原油中 ,沥青质的相对分子质量最大 ,其次为极性物 ,抽余油的相对分子质量最小。沥青质、极性物和抽余油都具有一定的界面活性。原油乳化实验表明 ,沥青质具有较弱的W /O乳化能力 ,抽余油具有较强的W /O乳化能力 ,是造成大庆原油W /O乳化的主要组分 ,极性物是造成大庆原油O/W乳化的主要组分。     

大庆原油活性组分及相关界面性质

用沉淀法和色谱分离法将大庆原油分离成沥青质、极性物和抽余油3部分。傅立叶红外光谱分析表明，沥青质组分和极性物中存在羧酸类或酚类以及含氮化合物，抽余油主要为烃类物质，可能还存在很少量的非极性基团较大的酯类物质。测定结果表明，在大庆原油中，沥青质的相对分子质量最大，其次为极性物，抽余油的相对分子质量最小。沥青质、极性物和抽余油都具有一定的界面活性。原油乳化实验表明，沥青质具有较弱的W／O乳化能力，抽余油具有较强的W／O乳化能力，是造成大庆原油W／O乳化的主要组分，极性物是造成大庆原油O／W乳化的主要组分。     

流动剪切对原油乳化含水率的影响及基于焓的定量表征

油水两相的乳化特性对两相流的流型和压降规律有显著影响。流动条件下的原油乳化含水率是影响油水两相流动特性的关键。针对4种原油,通过油水两相的乳化实验,研究了搅拌转速、水相比例、温度及搅拌时间对原油乳化含水率的影响。研究发现,当水相比例低于某一临界值时,在一定搅拌转速范围内会发生完全乳化现象,当水相比例高于该临界值时,只发生部分乳化。不同原油发生完全乳化的临界水相比例不同,与原油物性相关;对于非完全乳化的情况,原油乳化含水率随搅拌转速的增大而增大,随水相比例、温度的升高而减小,随搅拌时间的增加而增大;油水两相乳化过程中消耗的能量可采用比焓进行表征,不同剪切条件下的原油乳化含水率可以与比焓进行归一化关联,并且二者符合幂律关系。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.