用分段回归方法计算孔隙结构的分形维数

储层岩石的孔隙空间具有良好的分形特征,孔隙结构的分形维数可以用来定量描述孔隙结构的复杂程度。应用分形几何的原理,推导了储层岩石不同孔隙分布和毛细管压力曲线的分形几何模型。根据毛管压力曲线资料,用分段回归的方法计算了不同孔隙结构的分形维数。计算结果表明,用分段回归方法计算孔隙结构的分形维数能更好地反映孔隙结构的实际情况。若孔隙大小相差不大,孔隙结构的分形维数相等或比较接近;若孔隙大小相差较大、非均质性较强,得到的孔隙结构分形维数不同。     

用分段回归方法计算孔隙结构的分形维数

储层岩石的孔隙空间具有良好的分形特征,孔隙结构的分形维数可以用来定量描述孔隙结构的复杂程度。应用分形几何的原理,推导了储层岩石不同孔隙分布和毛细管压力曲线的分形几何模型。根据毛管压力曲线资料,用分段回归的方法计算了不同孔隙结构的分形维数。计算结果表明,用分段回归方法计算孔隙结构的分形维数能更好地反映孔隙结构的实际情况。若孔隙大小相差不大,孔隙结构的分形维数相等或比较接近;若孔隙大小相差较大、非均质性较强,得到的孔隙结构分形维数不同。     

基于高压压汞法的泥页岩储层分形研究——以松辽盆地青山口组湖相泥岩为例

基于高压压汞数据,以松辽盆地青山口组湖相泥岩为例,首次利用分形理论研究泥页岩孔隙结构分形特征.根据毛管压力曲线和J函数曲线的分形几何公式获得泥页岩过渡孔(10~100 nm)分形维数.过渡孔分形维数与泥页岩组成、结构(有机地球化学参数TOC、S1、S2,孔隙结构)之间关系分析表明:过渡孔分形维数随TOC含量增加而呈现先降低后趋于平缓的趋势;中值孔径相比较平均孔径、最可几孔径,与过渡孔分形维数相关性最强;黏土矿物中不同组分对孔隙的影响不同,从而泥页岩过渡孔分形维数与黏土矿物含量相关关系均较差;石英受自身脆性、溶蚀作用及次生加大等作用的影响,与过渡孔分形维数相关性较差;过渡孔孔隙结构越复杂,非均质性越差,汞越容易滞留其中,退汞效率越低.     

砂岩储层孔隙结构分形特征描述

在前人对孔隙结构分形特征研究的基础上,利用分形几何理论,建立了描述储层孔径分布的分形几何公式和储层毛管压力曲线的分形几何公式;利用岩心压汞测试资料,建立了描述孔隙结构的分形几何模型,探讨了砂岩孔隙结构的分形特征.研究表明孔隙的分形特征是分区域的,分形维数可以定量描述孔隙的非均质性,分形维数大,砂岩孔隙分布的非均质性强.依据建立的孔隙分形模型,在考虑孔隙结构、润湿性变化的基础上,根据函数公式和毛管束模型,推导出了油水相对渗透率的理论预测公式.根据所得到的理论预测公式,进行了相对渗透率曲线预测.预测结果表明,预测曲线与理论曲线是一致的.同时,可用于长期水驱后油水相对渗透率的预测和不同储层相渗曲线的归类,指导油田开发.     

页岩气藏岩石孔隙分形特征

针对页岩非均质性强,难以用普通方法描述页岩孔隙结构的问题.以美国Fort Worth盆地石炭系Barnett组页岩和四川盆地志留系龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,基于分形理论和方法,以压汞实验测试结果为基础,对页岩孔隙结构展开定量化研究,计算了不同孔隙的分形维值,通过压汞曲线特征和分形曲线特征探讨了页岩孔隙结构特征.研究结果表明:页岩孔隙在特定范围内具有特定的分形特征,分形维数能够反映页岩内部孔隙结构;两类页岩压汞曲线区别在于大孔和微裂缝的发育情况;由不同形态的压汞曲线算得的分形维数双对数曲线也具有不同形态,计算分形维数时需按照不同形态分段拟合.龙马溪组页岩和Barneett页岩相比,孔隙结构更加复杂.     

海陆过渡相页岩孔隙结构特征及分形维数研究

页岩孔隙结构的研究是页岩储集性及含气性评价的重要方面。运用低温氮气等温吸附实验对龙潭组页岩储层的孔隙特征进行了测定,通过孔隙分形维数的计算结合岩石矿物组分、有机质含量及热成熟度测试探讨了龙潭组页岩孔隙结构特征及影响因素。分析结果表明:龙潭组页岩孔隙结构复杂,孔隙类型包括一端封闭型的不透气孔、开放型平行板状狭缝及墨水瓶状孔,平均孔径分布在5.38~13.3 nm,平均为7.78 nm,孔径分布呈双峰型分布的特征;孔隙分形特征明显,分形维数在2.49~2.62,平均为2.54;分形维数受有机质特征、矿物成分及孔隙结构特征共同影响,具体表现为分形维数随TOC(有机碳含量)、R_O、黏土矿物含量及比表面积的增加而增大,随长石含量及样品的平均孔径的增加而减小,与石英及其他矿物成分无明显的相关性。     

基于扫描电镜的页岩微观孔隙结构定量表征

根据二维高分辨率扫描电镜(2D-SEM)图像孔隙灰度阈值提取页岩孔隙分布,采用分形理论计算孔隙形态和孔径分布分形维数,在此基础上分析孔径分布模型、步长及分辨率对页岩2D-SEM孔径分布影响,并与高压压汞(MICP)和低温氮气吸附-解吸(LNA/D)孔径分布对比。结果表明:2D-SEM孔隙提取结果能够定量表征页岩孔隙结构复杂性,孔隙形态分形维数越高,孔隙越复杂,孔径分布分形维数越高,孔径分布越复杂,微孔所占比例越高;连续型孔径分布模型能够准确表征页岩孔径分布,以1/2平均孔喉半径为步长提取的2D-SEM与MICP和LNA/D孔径分布吻合最好;2D-SEM孔径分布受分辨率和页岩非均质性双重影响,应选择代表页岩孔隙结构的高分辨率区域,或采用多张高分辨率SEM拼接图像提取孔径分布;2D-SEM图像能够精确定量表征页岩孔隙结构特征,为取心及制样困难的页岩孔隙结构研究提供了新方法。     

东坪基岩气藏气水相对渗透率的确定方法

东坪基岩气藏储层岩性差异大,非均质性强。孔缝发育区岩石松散,无法钻取完整的岩芯,而致密带几乎不渗透,无法通过驱替实验获取相对渗透率曲线,这成为困扰气藏动态分析和开发指标计算的难题。基于水驱气藏物质平衡原理,建立了不依赖水侵量的储层含水饱和度计算方法,避免了水侵量计算方法中的不确定因素,提高了含水饱和度计算的准确性。建立了基于储层孔隙结构分形维数和生产水气比历史拟合相结合的气水相对渗透率计算方法。根据该气藏毛管压力曲线的分类确定孔隙结构分形维数的界限,通过生产水气比拟合确定具有代表性的储层孔隙结构分形维数,进而计算气水相对渗透率曲线。该方法克服了因毛管压力曲线多样化而导致分形维数难以确定的难题,所获得的相渗曲线更能代表气藏的整体渗流特征。该方法为无法通过岩芯驱替获取相渗曲线的气藏提供了有效途径,对于其他基岩气藏及严重非均质气藏具有借鉴意义。     

基于压汞实验及密闭取芯的致密油储层分形特征

微观孔隙结构特征是致密砂岩储层研究中的一个重点,对进一步认识储层和后期开发有着重要的意义。对鄂尔多斯盆地中部长4+5储层22块密闭取芯样品进行了薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、X射线衍射和压汞测试,对储层微观孔隙结构的分形特征进行了系统研究。利用毛管压力和湿相饱和度的双对数回归曲线可以计算出分形维数。结果显示,本区长4+5储层存在统一的分形特征。平均孔喉半径与分形维数存在正相关关系,说明随着平均孔喉半径的增大,孔喉半径之间差异变大,储层的非均质性增强。分析认为由于受到成岩作用的影响,孔隙较大的储层受到的溶蚀作用更强,导致孔隙尺寸差别较大,孔隙结构复杂;而孔隙较小的储层的喉道半径变化不大,分布较为均匀。储层的物性和分形维数呈正相关,其主要原因为储层物性主要受到孔喉大小的影响。根据矿物含量与分形维数的关系可得出,石英和绿泥石会使孔隙结构的复杂性降低,而长石和伊利石则会增加储层孔隙结构的复杂性和非均质性。     

残余油微观分布定量化解释及孔隙微观结构变化研究

为进一步研究不同孔隙下残余油饱和度的分布状况,以及残余油对于孔隙微观结构的影响,利用压汞法进汞毛管力曲线计算岩心原始孔隙半径;结合退汞毛管力曲线建立了不同孔隙半径所对应的残余油饱和度计算方法。在此基础上,利用分形理论研究空白岩心及退汞饱和度下的分形维数变化。结果表明:孔隙半径处于1.1~5μm范围相对大孔隙的分形维数高于半径处于0.03~1.1μm范围内小孔隙的分形维数,大孔隙不规则性强于小孔隙;同时在残余油饱和度下,岩心微观孔隙分形维数基本保持恒定,为2.065左右;且进汞时小孔隙维数D-in2、退汞时维数D分别与最大进汞饱和度和退汞饱和度具有明显线性关系。可见,通过开展对孔隙当中微观残余油分布的研究,对今后从降低残余油饱和度角度进行提高采收率研究具有非常重要的学术价值。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.