安塞低渗透油藏回注水中悬浮颗粒堵塞规律

 回注水中的悬浮颗粒能严重堵塞储层,造成渗透率下降,导致安塞油田注水难、采油难。为了提高注水效果,急需确定安塞油田合理的回注水悬浮颗粒指标。以5 种不同的粒径的悬浮颗粒在3 种不同浓度条件下,分别对安塞天然岩心进行室内流动实验。结果表明：岩心渗透率开始随着悬浮颗粒溶液的注入缓慢下降,达到一定注入量后,能够较长时间处于某一平稳值;悬浮颗粒溶液浓度ρ>2.0 mg/L,渗透率损失大于30%;ρ≤1.0 mg/L且粒径d<0.730 μm,渗透率损失小于30%;1.0 mg/L<ρ<2.0 mg/L,且d<0.730 μm,渗透率损失有大于30%,也有小于30%,由浓度与粒径二者共同作用;0.730 μm≤d≤ 2.100 μm,渗透率损失大于30%。各油田回注水时,颗粒粒径范围区间应尽量小,其平均值应与储层的平均孔喉相差较大;安塞低渗透油藏注入悬浮颗粒溶液ρ<1.0 mg/L,d<0.730 μm。     

注水中悬浮颗粒堵塞储层的影响因素分析

 注入水中悬浮颗粒能够严重堵塞油藏储层, 造成渗透率下降, 导致注水难、采油难。开展悬浮颗粒对储层伤害规律的研究, 对提高油田注水效果有着重要的指导作用。以5 种不同粒径的悬浮颗粒分别在3 种不同浓度溶液条件下, 对天然岩心进行室内流动实验。将粒径与喉道直径之比定义为匹配度, 流出液浓度与注入液浓度之比定义为相对浓度。结果表明:在岩心平均喉道直径0.94 μm、水测渗透率0.137×10^-3～0.235×10^-3 μm²条件下, 注入悬浮颗粒溶液后, 渗透率变小, 产生了堵塞。其中当匹配度小于0.777 时, 相对浓度大于0, 即部分颗粒能够贯穿岩心, 发生贯穿性堵塞;当匹配度大于0.777 时, 相对浓度为0, 即颗粒无法贯穿岩心, 发生浅部堵塞;在匹配度接近0.777 时, 为由贯穿性堵塞向浅部堵塞过渡阶段, 堵塞最严重。注入量与堵塞程度有较好的线性关系。建议油田在达到配注量的同时, 尽量减小注入水悬浮颗粒浓度, 保证悬浮颗粒粒径范围集中且匹配度远离临界值。     

注入水对敖南低渗透油田储层渗透率的影响

确定了敖南油田储层的水敏系数在0.20—0.50之间,具有中-强水敏性;岩心实验表明:注入水对敖南油田低渗透岩心产生持续的伤害,伤害率小于20%。注入水中悬浮颗粒粒径对地层渗透率产生影响。当粒径小于2.0μm时,渗透率下降小于10%。     

孔喉尺度弹性微球调整油层分流能力实验研究

实验用弹性微球体系粒径在10～60μm范围内,采用反相(微)悬浮聚合技术,以油类为分散介质,单体溶液作为分散相,以小液滴状悬浮分散在油中,单体在小液滴内引发聚合,从而合成弹性微球。采用填砂管岩心流动实验,通过并列的两根岩心管模拟相对高渗透层与低渗透层,注入弹性微球溶液进行调剖,记录两根不同渗透率填砂管的分流量及并联两管的注入压力,探讨弹性微球体系调整油层分流能力;并调节微球浓度,探索不同浓度对调整分流量效果的影响。结果表明:弹性微球体系可以选择性封堵高渗透层,并能改善非均质地层的注水剖面;将高、低渗透率填砂管的分流量从高于80%:20%的比例调整到两者都趋于50%,并且调剖后两管的渗透率级差最大幅度从8降到1.35,调整油层分流能力效果显著,后续注水时仍能维持较高的注入压力。随着微球浓度的增大,调剖平衡时间大幅度下降,提高了作业效率。     

低渗透油藏超前注水渗透率界限研究

超前注水技术可有效提高低渗透油藏的开发效果,但随着储层渗透率的增加,超前注水提高采收率幅度变缓,因此有必要研究超前注水适用的渗透率界限。利用低渗透X油田天然岩心开展室内实验,研究超前注水对岩心渗透率、孔隙结构、驱油效率等的影响。结合数值模拟分析超前注水对波及系数及采收率的影响,并对超前注水现场试验效果进行评价。结果表明,适合超前注水的储层渗透率界限为小于10 m D,对于低于该渗透率的储层,采取超前注水开发方式可获得较好的开发效果,采收率增幅明显。     

利用CT技术研究交联聚合物与储层渗透率匹配关系

应用CT扫描技术研究聚合物驱过程中水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)和酚醛交联聚合物溶液与储层渗透率之间的匹配关系,分别将不同质量浓度的交联聚合物溶液注入3类不同渗透率的天然岩心进行驱替实验。结果表明:对于储层渗透率高于1μm~2的作业层,可以选用HPAM质量浓度为1 500 mg/L、酚醛质量浓度为800 mg/L的交联聚合物体系,其注入过程顺利,不会发生堵塞现象,与储层适应性良好;对于渗透率在0.3~1.0μm~2范围的作业层,可以在考虑矿场实际的基础上酌情选用HPAM质量浓度为1 500 mg/L、酚醛质量浓度200~400 mg/L的交联聚合物体系;渗透率在0.3μm2以下的作业层与交联聚合物匹配性很差,注入过程中岩心的大部分区域发生严重堵塞,建议直接采用聚合物进行作业。     

超声波解除岩心钻井液堵塞实验研究

利用自主研制的超声波采油动态模拟实验装置和钻井液堵塞的人工岩心样品,开展了超声波解除岩心钻井液堵塞实验研究,分析了超声波功率、频率、处理时间及岩心渗透率等参数对解堵效果的影响,并将超声波、化学剂单独解堵与超声波-化学复合解堵效果作了对比。研究结果表明:超声波功率越大,解堵效果越好;随超声波频率降低,解堵效果有变好的趋势;超声波累计处理80~120 min,解堵效果最佳;岩心渗透率越低,超声波解除钻井液堵塞效果越好;超声波-化学剂复合解堵效果明显优于二者单独解堵效果。     

盘40区块注水井堵塞伤害分析研究

在油田开发过程中,储层堵塞是一个普遍面临的问题,不利于油田的生产.针对盘40区块注水井储层伤害问题,从实验方面对盘40区块储层堵塞问题进行了研究分析.研究结果表明,造成储层伤害的主要因素有注入水颗粒粒径及固相含量的影响、黏土矿物含量的影响等方面.研究结果对盘40区块解堵方法的选择和提高注水开发效果具有重要的指导意义.     

注聚井解堵剂的研究与应用

确定的注聚井解堵剂主要由5%的裂解剂、3.50mol亚硝酸钠和3.30mol氯化铵水溶液作自生气体增能扩散剂,对于不同渗透率的岩心经过聚合物堵塞,解堵剂对渗透率恢复程度大于80%。解堵后注聚井注入压力下降1.7MPa,注入量增加52m3。     

陕北旦八油区注水井堵塞原因分析及治理措施

为了解决旦八油区长6储层部分注水井注水压力高、注水不够的问题,通过对该储层注入水和地层水水质分析,研究注入水与地层水配伍性及固相颗粒和乳化油对储层渗透率的伤害,分析注水井堵塞原因,提出负压返吐的解堵方法并进行室内研究与现场试验。结果表明:该储层注入水和地层水都属于CaCl_2水型,注入水矿化度(27 226. 73 mg/L)高于储层临界矿化度(3 556. 54 mg/L),不会引起储层水敏伤害。注入水与地层水混合后存在较强的CaCO_3结垢趋势。固相颗粒存在侵入伤害和外滤饼堵塞伤害。乳化油伤害主要以注入端面堵塞为主。负压返吐解堵方法能够使岩心渗透率恢复至原始的73. 81%,并且现场试验效果良好。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the