加压时间对储层岩心渗透率的影响

目前储层应力敏感性研究仅限于有效覆压对渗透率的影响,忽略了加压时间对岩石变形的作用.在高压孔渗仪上用拟三轴岩心夹持器和天然岩心,考察了加压时间对岩石渗透率的影响,提出并计算了单位覆压下渗透率绝对变化速率和相对变化速率.结果表明,岩石变形或渗透率变化与时间有关,渗透率随加压时间的延长而降低.在加压初期渗透率变化幅度较大,随着时间的延长,渗透率变化逐渐变缓;幂函数在总体趋势上能拟合渗透率随时间的变化,其拟合误差在工程应用的合理范围内;基础渗透率大于4.6×10-3 μm2的岩心,渗透率下降主要发生在4 h内;渗透率绝对变化速率随时间的延长而降低;渗透率绝对变化速率和相对变化速率与岩石物性有关,岩心基础渗透率越高,渗透率绝对变化速率越大,相对变化速率越小.渗透率相对变化速率的建立,为储层应力敏感性评价提供了一个新的定量参数.     

葡南油田低渗透储层应力敏感性研究

通过实验模拟地层在不同上覆压力下,孔隙度、渗透率的变化,研究低渗透储层的应力敏感性。其在增压过程中孔隙度和渗透率随着压力的增加而明显降低;在压力降低或撤除后,由于造成了岩石应力敏感性损害,孔隙度和渗透率不能恢复到原始的状态。低渗透储层应力敏感性的影响因素包括上覆压力的大小、加压次数、岩石覆压时间长短和流体饱和度的影响,在开发低渗透油田时应注意保持合理的生产压差、开采速度和降压方式。该研究为低渗透油藏的开发提供了理论依据。     

异常高压气藏储层应力敏感性研究

异常高压气藏开采过程中,由于流体的产出,使储层岩石受力发生改变并使储层岩石发生弹塑性变形;而弹塑性变形反过来又影响到储层的孔隙度和渗透率,因此,研究储层孔隙度和渗透率应力敏感性具有极其重要的意义.本文基于岩石力学的基本理论,推导出异常高压气藏岩石变形规律及变形方程,以此理论推导指导试验,将理论研究与实验规律相结合,在模拟地层条件下,对实际岩心样品进行了储层应力敏感性实验研究.实验研究表明,该方法能精确的描述储层孔隙度和渗透率应力敏感性,实验结果与理论推导结果完全吻合,进一步证明了理论推导的正确.进而探讨了异常高压气藏储层应力敏感性对气藏开发的影响.     

微裂缝超低渗储层的应力敏感实验研究

为了评价应力敏感对微裂缝超低渗透储层渗流的影响,采用微波炉加热方法,制备热应力微裂缝超低渗岩心(钻井取心很难取到微裂缝岩心),近似模拟实际成岩、沉积过程中形成的微裂缝;通过微裂缝岩心的应力敏感性室内实验,进行应力敏感性评价。结果表明:制造的微裂缝能够近似地模拟地层在成岩、沉积过程中形成的微裂缝;微裂缝岩心的渗透率应力敏感滞后程度不明显,应力卸载后渗透率恢复程度高,不存在强应力敏感;对岩石进行应力敏感性评价时,应以地层压力条件下的渗透率为初值,否则会夸大岩石的应力敏感性;在微裂缝低渗透岩心中,随着微裂缝所占导流能力的增加,微裂缝岩心的渗透率滞后恢复程度越高;应力敏感性对微裂缝超低渗储层的产能影响很小。     

特低渗储层应力敏感性及对油井产量的影响

对长6某特低渗储层进行了系统的应力敏感性实验研究.研究表明:该特低渗储层岩石的应力敏感程度在26%~80%的范围,岩石的渗透率越低,应力敏感性越强;原始条件下地下渗透率明显小于地面渗透率,它们之间有较好的线性关系;储层岩石应力敏感伤害后,储层岩石的渗透率不能立即恢复,最终渗透率恢复率在68.6%~100.0%,岩石渗透率越高,渗透率恢复值越大;当岩石的渗透率小于0.5×10-3μm2时,储层岩石的应力敏感性明显增强.模型预测表明,当地层压力降低5MPa时,该储层岩石的应力敏感性对油井产量的影响在8.6%~35.7%,渗透率越低下降幅度越大.     

原油沥青质吸附与沉积对储层岩石润湿性和渗透率的影响

原油沥青质吸附引起的油藏岩石润湿性改变和沥青质沉积对储层孔喉的堵塞是造成储层损害、导致油井产能下降的重要机理之一。首先，采用改进的自吸速率法和分光光度法，研究了原油沥青质吸附所引起的砂岩岩样润湿指数的变化；然后，利用岩心流动实验方法，定量评价了稠油沥青质沉积对储层岩石渗透率的影响。实验结果表明，岩心润湿指数随沥青质吸附量的增加而减小，从而导致油相的相对渗透率降低。地层水的离子组成是影响水湿性的主要因素之一。地层水所含无机阳离子的化合价价数越高，它与沥青质的协同作用所引起的润湿指数下降的程度越大。储层岩心油相渗透率下降的程度与沥青质沉积量和储层岩心的原始渗透率有关，沉积量越大或原始渗透率越低，则油相渗透率下降幅度越大。因此，对于原油中富含沥青质的油藏，特别是稠油油藏，尽可能抑制沥青质的吸附和沉积是保护储层的一项重要措施。     

低渗透岩石压敏特征研究

低渗透岩石具有较为明显的压力敏感性。在分析传统的CMS300全自动覆压压力敏感实验研究特点的基础上,充分考虑岩石受压缩的时间效应,对胜利渤南油田不同类型的低渗透岩石进行了系统的CMS300随机覆压和控时覆压的敏感性测试,获得了多种低渗透岩石压敏特征曲线,并探讨了岩石压敏特征与岩石本身属性的关系。结果表明,随机覆压下,储层物性随围压的增加呈单调圆滑下降的趋势;控时覆压下,岩石气测渗透率随覆压的变化呈台阶式变化;粘土总量和有无方解石胶结对低渗透岩石压敏效应的影响更为显著。     

基于温度与压力双重作用的致密储层渗透率定量评价模型

为了建立油气开采过程中,储层渗透率随温度、孔隙压力变化而改变的定量评价模型,假定岩石仅产生弹性变形,根据多孔介质弹性力学理论,推导出岩石孔隙体积和尺寸的应力-应变关系;再应用管流模拟渗流,根据Kozeny-Carman方程得到渗透率随温度、孔隙压力变化的定量计算模型.针对常规渗透率测试存在的问题,改进实验方法,模拟真实储层温度压力条件,开展了岩心力学和渗透率同步实验.研究结果表明,模型计算的渗透率损失与实验测试结果吻和良好.模型适用于裂缝不发育的致密岩石在弹性变形范围内的渗透率定量计算.随着油气采出,孔隙压力下降,导致渗透率减小,而地层温度降低,导致渗透率增大,这两方面对渗透率的影响具有相互抵消的作用.因此,由于温度、孔隙压力变化引起的储层岩石渗透率总体变化很小,一般不超过±2％.     

低渗透砂岩储层应力敏感性研究

低渗透砂岩储层在开采过程中,随着有效应力的升高将会发生渗透率应力敏感,导致渗透率的下降.在考虑储层原地应力的情况下,对吉林油田新326块油层岩芯进行了实验研究.结果表明:该区块的应力敏感性不强,变化规律符合指数关系式,高渗岩芯的应力敏感性高于低渗岩芯.此外,通过实验及理论分析表明;渗透率相对较小的岩芯在加载卸载过程中的渗透率损失相对较大,加载卸载过程将引起岩石的弹塑性变形,这是导致渗透率下降并不能完全恢复的主要原因.     

陇东地区X233区长7致密岩心覆压孔渗变化规律

为了明确致密岩心在地层条件下孔隙度和渗透率与上覆压力的关系,利用CMS-300覆压测试系统、铸体薄片、扫描电镜等手段,分析了X233区致密油储层与A区超低渗储层岩心覆压孔渗特征。结果表明:(1)随着上覆压力增大,致密油储层岩心孔隙度呈减小趋势,减小的幅度较小,反映出加压作用造成的孔隙度损失率较小(R_Φ=0.9);经过加压变化过程,岩心样品发生了线弹性变化;(2)随着上覆压力增大,致密油储层岩心渗透率呈减小趋势,减小的幅度较大,反映渗透率对压力有敏感性及压实作用造成的渗透率损失率较大(R_K=0.19);(3)随着上覆压力增加,致密油储层覆压孔隙度和覆压渗透率与上覆压力均呈指函数递减关系;(4)经过加压变化,致密油储层渗透率与超低渗储层渗透率都与上覆压力呈指数关系;与超低渗储层相比,致密油储层经过长期的压实、胶结与溶蚀等作用,且软塑性变形物质含量相对较少,因此,压实作用对致密油储层造成的孔隙度损失率小、渗透率损失率大。该研究成果对于分析陇东地区致密油储量和油气田开发提供了一定基础数据。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.