一母系遗传非综合征耳聋家系的线粒体DNA突变分析

在问卷调查及家系随访的基础上,在安徽省淮北市收集到一母系遗传非综合征耳聋家系,利用聚合酶链式反应-限制片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)和测序技术,检测了该家系成员线粒体DNA(mtDNA)上可导致非综合征耳聋的两个突变热点处(12S rRNA基因上的1 555位点和tRNASer(UCN)基因上的7 445位点)的碱基变化,发现该家系所有母系成员的mtDNA上都有A1555G同质型突变,但7 445位点无异常;进而对该家系两个表型明显不同母系成员(一例具有先天性耳聋表型,另一例听力正常)的mtDNA进行全长测序,结果未在mtDNA上发现除A1555G以外的其他位点突变,只发现了27处多态性序列变化,且两成员的mtDNA无序列差异.说明mtDNA上的A1555G同质型突变是该家系部分母系成员致聋的分子生物学基础之一;推测该家系A1555G突变携带者临床表型的差异可能与mtDNA多态性无关,而更可能是核修饰基因与A1555G突变协同作用的结果.     

应用线粒体Cytb基因序列探讨果蝇科部分属间的系统发育关系

通过PCR产物直接测序的方法获得了果蝇科(Drosophilidae)果蝇属(Genus Drosophila)[包括条纹果蝇亚属(Subgenus Dorsilopha)、果蝇亚属(Subgenus Drosophila)和水果果蝇亚属(Subgenus Sophophora)]、条果蝇属(Genus Phorticella)、姬果蝇属(Genus Scaptomyza)和花果蝇属(Genus Scaptodrosophila)的5个种6个单雌系的线粒体Cytb基因的部分DNA序列,用最大似然法、邻接法和Bayesian法分别构建系统树．研究结果表明：在选取的所有属和亚属中,花果蝇属的分化是最早的,其次是条纹果蝇亚属;姬果蝇属与果蝇亚属是近源的,条果蝇属同姬果蝇属和果蝇亚属形成的并系群是近源的;水果果蝇亚属早于果蝇亚属分化,水果果蝇亚属形成的支系是果蝇亚属和其它属(花果蝇属和姬果蝇属)形成的支系的姐妹分类单位．结果还表明线粒体Cytb基因可以作为有效的分子标记探讨高阶元的果蝇系统发育关系．     

A mutation in the tRNA(Leu)(UUR) gene associated with the MELAS subgroup of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies are usually divided into three distinct clinical subgroups: (1) mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS); (2) myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibres (MERRF); and (3) chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) including Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Large deletions of human mitochondrial DNA and a transition mutation at the mitochondrial transfer RNALys gene give rise to CPEO including Kearns-Sayre syndrome and MERRF, respectively. Here we report an A-to-G transition mutation at nucleotide pair 3,243 in the dihydrouridine loop of mitochondrial tRNA(Leu)(UUR) that is specific to patients with MELAS. Because this mutation creates an ApaI restriction site, we could perform a simple molecular diagnostic test for the disease. The mutation was present in 26 out of 31 independent MELAS patients and 1 out of 29 CPEO patients, but absent in the 5 MERRF and 50 controls tested. Southern blot analysis confirmed that the mutant DNA always coexists with the wild-type DNA (heteroplasmy).     

Sequences and polymorphisms of exons 3 and 4 in porcine UCP2 gene

Uncoupling proteins are mitochondrial membrane transporters, which regulate metabolic pathways of energy balance, and are associated with biological traits of animal body weight, resting metabolic rates and energy conversion. In this study, a region of the exons 3 and 4 of pig UCP2 gene was cloned and analyzed, and a new single nucleotide polymorphic site was detected by PCR-SSCP in five pig breeds. This newfound polymorphism results from a T to G substitution at the position of nucleotide 272, which is located in intron3.     

ANLL中转录因子GATA—2基因点突变

了解转录因子ＧＡＴＡ－２基因在ＡＮＬＬ中的表达和突变情况,方法：采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测８５例ＡＮＬＬ病人外周血单个核细胞中ＧＡＴＡ－２基因的表达情况,ＰＣＲ产物进一步经单链构象多态性（ＳＳＣＰ）分析以了解基因突变情况。结果：绝大多数ＡＮＬＬ都表达了ＧＡＴＡ－２基因（８９．４％）,ＳＳＣＰ分析发现一例Ｍ２型的ＰＣＲ产物出现异常迁移带,核苷序列分析显示在ＧＡＴＡ－２基因第８９２位的核苷酸出现点突变,即第     

Analysis of RAPD and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences from Trichiurus lepturus and Eupleurogrammus muticus in the Yellow Sea

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique is applied to 12 individuals from each species of the hairtail fishes Trichiurus lepturus and Eupleurogrammus muticus in the Yellow Sea. The percentage of polymorphic sites, degree of genetic polymorphism and genetic distance are compared and the phylogenetic tree is constructed by Neighbor-joining method. The partial mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene is amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR products are directly sequenced after being purified. These sequences, together with the homologous sequences of another Trichiuridae species Lepidopus caudatus obtained from GenBank, are used to analyze nucleotide difference and to construct a UPGMA phylogenetic tree by means of biological informatics. Analysis shows: (1) the RAPD technique is a highly sensitive method for investigating genetic diversity in T. lepturus, and E. muticus. T. lepturus exhibits a lower polymorphism and genetic diversity than E. muticus; (2) according to the analysis of the partial mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences, a very low intraspecific variation and considerably high divergence among species were found, which reveals a dual nature of conservatism and variability in mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene; (3) five primers generate the species-specific RAPD sites and these sites can be served as the molecular markers for species identification and (4) it can be proved at DNA variation level that T. lepturus and E. muticus are of two species respectively pertaining to different genera, which supports the Nelson taxonomic conclusion.     

Molecular tagging of a genic male-sterile gene in rice

The sterility of Pingxiang male-sterile rice (Pms), possibly derided from a spontaneous mutation in Pingxiang fertile rice (Pmf), was previously reported to be controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene. It can be restored to fertility either by a dominant epistatic gene or by higher temperature treatment at the early stage of inflorescence development. In order to tag the genic male-sterile gene, Pms, Pmf and Ce 64, a cytoplasmic male-sterile restoring line without the epistatic gene for Pms, were used to construct mapping populations. Two segregation populations, “(Pms/Ce 64) F1s (sterile plant)//Pmf ” F1 and “Pms//(Pmf/Ce 64) F1” F1, were simultaneously developed. Subsequently, the genic male- sterile gene was mapped between a simple sequence length polymorphism marker, RM228, and a restriction fragment length polymorphism marker, G2155, with distances of 14.9 and 2.6 cM, respectively. The tagged dominant genic male-sterile gene is temporarily designated Ms-p.     

母系遗传耳聋家系核心成员MTO1基因的突变筛查

根据MTO1基因序列及有关文献,采用Oligo6软件设计并合成了8对引物,扩增了淮阴母系遗传非综合征耳聋大家系10例母系成员(5例听力正常,5例具有严重耳聋症状)的MTO1基因12个外显子及其与内含子交界区的DNA片段.测序结果发现5例具有严重耳聋症状患者的MTO1基因与5例听力正常个体的MTO1基因相应序列完全一致,且与MTO1标准序列相比,无任何序列变化.推测MTO1基因可能不对该家系线粒体DNA A1555G突变具有核修饰效应.     

短串联重复序列的研究

基因组中由寡核苷酸串联、重复排列的DNA序列,构成数量可变的串联重复序列,其中,微卫星DNA又称为短串联重复序列.是一种可遗传的不稳定的且具有高度多态性的短核苷酸重复序列,具有种类多,分布广,高度多态性等特点,这种多态性标志已广泛用于遗传病及亲子鉴定等.     

单核苷酸多态性及其在作物遗传育种中的应用

单核苷酸多态性（simple nucleotide polym orphism,SNP）是等位基因间序列差异最为普遍的类型,可以作为一种高通量的分子标记.本文主要介绍SNP的定义、几种植物学中常用的检测SNP方法及SNP标记在作物遗传育种中的应用.     

中国猛禽类线粒体DNA遗传多态性研究进展

鸟类线粒体ＤＮＡ的研究在种群生物学和进化生物学研究方面越来越显示出重要的作用,特别是在遗传多态性和基因流研究方面更具特殊意义。简要回顾了鸟类线粒体ＤＮＡ的研究历史,并分析了中国猛离线粒体ＤＮＡ遗传多态性的研究现状及进展,要点：１．猛禽类线粒体基因组大小存在遗传多态性,２：猛禽类线粒体ＤＮＡ的进化速率与哺乳类相同,３;种间或种内存在丰富的遗传变异;４．不同地理种群存在ｍｔＤＮＡ克隆群的连续性。     

应用DHPLC检测多巴胺D2受体基因在中国人群中的多态性

通过变性高效液相色谱 (DHPLC)和DNA测序在 4 1个中国汉族人DNA样本中检测DRD2基因编码区和拼接区的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) ,结果发现 3个SNP :Intron5的 2 77G/A、Exon7的 4 2C/T和Exon7的 1 2 9T/C .Intron5 2 77G/A是在中国汉族人群中发现的新SNP ,Exon7 4 2C/T和 1 2 9T/C在NCBIdbSNP中已有相应记录 (分别为rs4 986 92 1和rs6 2 75) ,它们均导致DRD2基因的同义突变 ,其中Exon7 1 2 9C等位基因频率在研究样本中高达 4 3.9% .这些结果为在中国汉族人群中开展DRD2基因相关的群体遗传学研究提供了遗传标记 .另外 ,还探讨了DHPLC检测突变的干扰因素及控制措施 ,为国内同行开展类似工作提供参考     

分子标记技术在作物育种中的应用与展望

回顾分子标记的发展,介绍了一些有代表性的分子标记在生态学,聚类分析,品种差异性分析以及分子育种中等多方面的应用,并总结了它们的优缺点.随着深度测序技术的发展和多种序列信息库的完善,预测了未来分子标记的发展方向——功能性分子标记(Functional molecular marker),这种新型的分子标记技术利用了基因中的一些功能元件或者重要的单碱基多态性(SNP)位点,提高了在应用中的分辨率和灵敏度.     

Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language

Language is a uniquely human trait likely to have been a prerequisite for the development of human culture. The ability to develop articulate speech relies on capabilities, such as fine control of the larynx and mouth, that are absent in chimpanzees and other great apes. FOXP2 is the first gene relevant to the human ability to develop language. A point mutation in FOXP2 co-segregates with a disorder in a family in which half of the members have severe articulation difficulties accompanied by linguistic and grammatical impairment. This gene is disrupted by translocation in an unrelated individual who has a similar disorder. Thus, two functional copies of FOXP2 seem to be required for acquisition of normal spoken language. We sequenced the complementary DNAs that encode the FOXP2 protein in the chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan, rhesus macaque and mouse, and compared them with the human cDNA. We also investigated intraspecific variation of the human FOXP2 gene. Here we show that human FOXP2 contains changes in amino-acid coding and a pattern of nucleotide polymorphism, which strongly suggest that this gene has been the target of selection during recent human evolution.     

基于MHCⅡ类B基因的凹耳臭蛙(Odorrana tormota)种群遗传分化模式

利用II类MHC基因单基因座位Odto-A作为分子标记,对皖南山区凹耳臭蛙6个种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行研究.结果显示,皖南凹耳臭蛙总的基因多样性为0.812,核苷酸多样性为0.018.局域种群单倍型多样性变化范围为0.531-0.864,香溪种群单倍型多样性最高,最低的是漳河种群.与线粒体cyt b基因所揭示的单倍型多样性差别不大,但B基因的核苷酸多样性较之线粒体cyt b基因的高达一个数量级.暗示MHC基因丰富的核苷酸多态性可能与其病原体抗性多样性密切相关.分子变异分析结果显示,皖南山区凹耳臭蛙种群MHC II类B基因遗传变异主要来源于种群内,种群间发生了显著的遗传分化(Fst=0.05644,P=0.00391).成对种群间的遗传分化分析结果显示,直线距离最近的浮溪和香溪种群间也发生了显著的遗传分化,暗示这两个种群经历了不同的选择压力.受平衡选择的作用,MHC基因与基于中性分子标记所揭示的遗传格局不同,基于MHC基因的种群遗传分化与水系和直线地理距离均没有明显的相关性,而与种群所经历的选择压力密切相关.结果表明皖南凹耳臭蛙不同局域种群所经历的环境病原体的选择压力存在时空变异.     

Si-1基因在肿瘤中的缺失和突变状况初步研究

 通过对Si-1基因6,14和15号外显子区段的PCR扩增,分析了Si-1基因在116例恶性肿瘤组织、1例良性肿瘤和21例非肿瘤组织的缺失和突变.发现恶性肿瘤中有7例缺失,8例有内含子突变;良性肿瘤中没有缺失和突变;非肿瘤组织中没有缺失,1例有内含子突变.脑肿瘤的缺失率最高,达到57.1%,内含子突变率42.9%;肝癌的缺失率达15%,内含子突变率26.7%.上述结果表明,Si-1基因在脑肿瘤和肝癌组织中有较高的缺失和内含子突变,显示该基因有可能是这2种肿瘤的易感基因.     

黑线仓鼠MHCⅡ类DQA基因外显子2的克隆与序列分析

为了探明黑线仓鼠MHC的结构与功能并寻找分子标记,对MHCⅡ类DQA基因的外显子2进行克隆和序列分析．提取黑线仓鼠3个群体（吴村、沂南和临朐）的基因组DNA构建基因池,利用PCR技术扩增得到249bp的片段,将该目的片段连接到pMD18-T载体中,重组质粒转入大肠杆菌DH5α后利用蓝白斑法筛选阳性克隆,测序后得到该目的片段的核苷酸序列（Genbank登录号：FJ209306）并推导出氨基酸序列．结果表明：黑线仓鼠、人类、大鼠、小鼠、猪、马、牛、兔之间DQA基因外显子2的核苷酸序列同源性为68．7％-85％,氨基酸序列同源性为56．8％-83．5％,黑线仓鼠与大鼠、小鼠亲缘关系更近．测序得到的OQA基因外显子2的序列在物种间具有丰富的多态性,可以作为物种遗传分析的分子标记．     

Screening microsatellite markers from EST sequences of bay scallop Argopecten irradians

Seventy-five simple sequence repeats （SSRs） were identified by the bioinformatic analysis from 5008 expressed sequence tags （ESTs） of Argopecten irradians. Among the SSRs, the number of repeat nucleotide varied from 2 to 6. Dinucleotide and trinueleotide repeat motifs were dominant in EST-SSRs of bay scallop, with a proportion of 80% over the total screened SSRs. Twenty-nine pairs of primer were designed based on the flank sequences of the selected ESTs using the software of Primet 5, and verified under the given PCR reaction condition. Eighteen of the 29 primer pairs resulted in the expected products, while the remaining either failed to produce any fragments or yielded products over expected size. Thirteen of the 18 SSRs, accounting for 72%, were detected to show polymorphism in the examined scallop samples. A preliminary test in this study indicated that the majority of the identified SSRs were informative in the cultured bay scallops, making them suitable for the population and other genetic analysis. EST-SSR markers have more advantages than the traditional genomic-derived SSRs and there is a wide range of application in comparative mapping, functional gene cloning and marker assisted selection. This research provides a reference to the identification of EST-SSRs with relative bioinformatic analysis from aquaculture species, as well as to those with a large number of ESTs.     

Chicken QTL mapping by multiplex PCR

To facilitate rapid determination of the chromosomal location of quantitative trait loci' the current approaches to gene mapping are improved using a multiplex PCR technique. The high-throughput linkage analysis method described here allows selection of 178 from 328 microsatellite markers through the multiplex PCR method combined with the semi-automatic fluorescence-labeled DNA analysis technology. Those polymorphism markers are distributed on 23 autosomes and one sex chromosome (chromosome Z). covering 3080cM genetic distance. The average marker density is 18cM. dispersed into 30 different sets. These selected polymorphism microsatellite markers segregate with the family members, following the Mendel's heritage laws, and are very useful for chicken linkage map analysis as well as for the research on some important economic quantitative characters of chicken.