底水稠油热采温度场影响因素物理模拟研究

利用高温底水物理模拟实验系统,以渤海LD底水油田为例,依据目标层位的储层特征,填物理模型,开展高温底水物理模拟试验研究。模拟研究了热水驱和蒸汽驱、直井和水平井、注蒸汽温度、水平井井筒距底水距离条件下温度场的变化特征。实验研究结果表明,热采驱替方式、井型、水平井筒的位置、注蒸汽温度对底水稠油油藏热采时温度场的形成发育都有明显的影响。温度场的变化决定稠油油藏中油层被加热的范围,影响着底水稠油热采开发效果。利用高温底水物理模拟研究热采温度场的实验技术可为渤海底水稠油热采开发方案的制定提供技术支持,可推广应用在渤海底水稠油热采开发的研究中。     

稠油热采吞吐模拟实验装置的研制

热采吞吐技术是目前常用的石油开采技术,但目前没有能够实现高质量高精度热采吞吐模拟的装置,海上稠油热采开发迫切研制一种稠油热采吞吐模拟的装置。为此,进行了优化设计了吞吐模拟存储模型,具备储液、储能和加热功能,与热采二维物理模拟实验装置、热采三维物理模拟实验装置联合工作实现热采吞吐模拟实验的功能。该装置最高实验温度180℃,最高实验压力32MPa,用精密驱替泵作为模拟"吞"、"吐"过程中的动力源。该装置能够提高稠油热采吞吐模拟工艺的精度,保证吞吐模拟的质量,从而更好地指导海上稠油油田的热采开发。     

海上稠油火烧油层物理模拟实验研究

为探索海上稠油火烧油层开发的可行性,针对渤海稠油油藏开展了火烧油层物理模拟实验。根据石油沥青组分测定法,分析渤海稠油原油组分;通过热失重与扫描量热同步热分析仪测试活化能等高温氧化反应动力学参数;采用一维燃烧管实验模拟评价燃烧稳定性及驱油效果。研究结果表明,渤海稠油组分特征与国内陆上油田相似;稠油高温氧化活化能为157 kJ/mol,与陆上油田相近;油藏火驱前缘推进稳定,燃烧前缘最高温度773 K左右,出口CO₂浓度长期稳定在12%以上,高温氧化燃烧状态良好;火烧驱油效率95.1%,空气油比548 m³/t,驱油效果较好。研究成果为海上稠油油藏火烧油层开发提供技术支持。     

底水疏松稠油油藏水平井蒸汽吞吐研究试验

孔102区块是大港油田典型的难采稠油油藏,地面原油粘度8559mpa．s,油层出砂且紧邻底水,供液能力很低,现有稠油冷采技术难以维持正常生产。针对该区块油藏特点,研究优选了弹性筛管水平井热采先期防砂完井工艺技术,水平井均匀注汽及氮气隔热技术,解决了困扰多年的细粉砂岩油层防砂、提高油层流动性及控底水工艺技术瓶径．形成了适用于底水、细粉砂、稠油油藏的水平井蒸汽吞吐配套工艺技术．取得了高效注汽和显著回采效果,为该区块有效动用提供了技术保障,也为类似稠油油藏开发开辟了新的技术途径。     

边水稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐后转冷采物理模拟研究

针对热采后期开发效果受限的边水稠油油藏，提出热采吞吐后转化学冷采的开发方式，利用高温高压三维物理模拟系统进行了边水稠油油藏物理模拟实验，研究了边水影响下蒸汽吞吐过程的温度场、转化学冷采前后的生产动态特征。结果表明，蒸汽吞吐开发边水稠油油藏的过程中，受边水侵入的影响，油层加热范围呈非对称状，随着吞吐周期的增加，边水附近的油层加热范围明显不断缩小，逐渐形成水窜通道，使得水侵区域附近的油层动用变差；油层加热范围与边水的侵入相互影响，相互制约。降黏剂起到乳化降黏、减缓水侵的作用，结合水侵规律，合理利用边水能量，转为冷采开发可提高34%的采出程度。同时，利用数值模拟确定了该技术所适用的油藏范围。该研究成果对边水稠油油藏的开发具有一定的借鉴意义。     

海上油田蒸汽吞吐化学增效技术研究

在海上油田蒸汽吞吐技术的探索与实践过程中,由于部分稠油油田的地质油藏特性、钻完井方式、平台空间及操作成本等因素的制约,导致海上油田蒸汽吞吐的应用难度高于陆上油田。蒸汽吞吐化学增效技术通过在传统蒸汽吞吐注入流体的基础上添加化学增效复合药剂的方式,能够在热采效果的基础上,扩大波及体积、提高热采洗油效率以及降低原油黏度,从而改善稠油油田的蒸汽吞吐开发效果。从化学增效机理、室内物理模拟以及渤海某油田数值模拟实例的角度,探讨并评价了该技术的提高采收率效果和经济性。基于渤海油田某区块矿场试验方案数值模拟计算结果显示,经过7个周期热采化学增效剂吞吐,在常规热采基础上增油幅度达16%,投入产出比达1∶6.3(油价按40美元/桶计)。该技术成果为深入开展海上油田热采技术开发奠定了基础,并为海上稠油高效开发提供了新的思路和方法。     

海上稠油油藏井组蒸汽吞吐参数优选研究

为优化海上稠油油藏井组蒸汽吞吐相关参数,以渤海海域某稠油区块一井组为研究对象,充分考虑海上稠油热采配套工艺特点,以稠油热采数值模拟理论为基础,运用油藏数值模拟软件研究水平井长度、注采参数及注蒸汽顺序与时机对海上稠油蒸汽吞吐开发效果的影响。结果表明:该井组蒸汽吞吐开采时合理的水平井长度为300 m;合理的注采参数为第一周期注汽强度20 t/m,周期注汽量递增率为15%,注汽速度为250 m3/d,井底蒸汽干度为0.5,蒸汽温度为340℃,焖井时间为5 d,产液速度为200 m3/d;先注控制储量较高的井排,再注控制储量较低的井排且井排叠合率为0时蒸汽吞吐开发效果最好。     

滩海地区稠油开发优化设计研究

本文应用油藏工程分析方法,结合数值模拟手段,对新滩油田垦东192稠油区块的开发方式、开发井网、井距、注采参数、水平井适用性、水平井井段等进行了优化,形成了滩海地区稠油开发的独特技术,取得了较好的开发效果.对于地面条件差、有效厚度小、具有较强边底水的普通稠油油藏开发具有一定的借鉴作用.     

油田注汽热采技术特点及相关问题研究

稠油具有高粘度和高凝固点特性，在开发过程中会遇到很多技术难题。稠油油藏注蒸汽开发的复杂性主要体现在如何充分利用热能。这就涉及到需要考虑影响热采效果的各种因素，针对稠油特殊性油藏如何能达到理想的开发效果，选择并设计与该地质条件相匹配的开发方案是至关重要的一方面，另一方面再通过数值模拟对具体的开发方案作出合理的生产动态预测。本文就注汽热采技术原理和存在问题进行研究。     

低渗碳酸盐岩稠油油藏热采渗流特征研究-以叙利亚O油田为例

叙利亚O油田Sh油藏是典型的低渗碳酸盐岩稠油油藏;该油藏具有渗透率较低,原油黏度高的特点,国内外对低渗碳酸盐岩稠油渗流特征的系统研究较少。为此,针对Sh油藏为例开展了低渗碳酸盐岩稠油油藏的渗流特征研究,采用非稳态法对比分析了低渗碳酸盐岩稠油油藏与高渗砂岩稠油油藏渗流特征差异性。应用"压差-流量"的方法进行驱替实验,测量了不同温度下地点压力梯度的变化特征。采用解析法计算了不同开采阶段温度剖面沿垂直水平井方向的变化规律,建立了变启动压力梯度渗流模式;并通过在数值模拟中考虑启动压力梯度,对比研究了水平井热采与冷采的开发效果差异。研究结果表明,Sh油藏高黏原油呈假塑性流型特征,加热能够显著改善地下渗流能力、提高驱替效率,水平井渗流过程呈现变启动压力梯度深流模式,热采能够显著增加鞋油半径。研究为确定热采有效动用条件与界限、论证合理井网井距奠定了基础。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.