纳米硅藻土增强聚丙烯酰胺凝胶堵剂强度及耐温性

聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)凝胶堵剂是一类重要的采油调剖堵水剂,然而其强度及耐温性较差。以硅藻土(DE)纳米颗粒为增强材料,通过交联反应制备了DE改性聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶。以复合凝胶强度作为评价指标,对DE加入浓度进行了考察,并详细分析了DE改善凝胶强度及耐温性的作用机制。结果发现,随着DE加入浓度的提高,复合凝胶强度呈现先增大后趋于稳定的趋势;确定DE最佳加入浓度为0.09wt%,其对应复合凝胶DE-9的强度为12 080 Pa。与原始凝胶相比,DE-9的热降解温度及玻璃化温度分别提高了39.8℃和29.7℃,为256.5℃及135.2℃;岩心封堵率及突破压力分别提升了7.4%和0.41 MPa,达98.1%及2.74 MPa。DE的加入明显提升了凝胶的强度、耐温性和封堵性能。     

XN-P大孔道封堵剂室内研究

针对大孔道地层胶结疏松,堵液易流失的特点,在80℃下采用低分子量聚丙烯酰胺作为主剂与交联剂反应生成一种可用于大孔道封堵的凝胶。该封堵体系含聚丙烯酰胺1.0%~3.5%,交联剂0.8%~1.4%。通过室内实验考察了主剂浓度、交联剂浓度、温度和地层水矿化度等因素对堵剂成胶时间和强度的影响。通过单岩芯物模实验,考察了堵剂的注入性和封堵能力。根据实验结果,该封堵体系成胶时间8~72h,在80℃下密闭保存7个月无变化。在大孔道或特高渗透地层（14644×10-3靘2）中阻力系数20.8,具有27.93MPa/m的强度和93.2%的封堵率;并具有成胶时间可控、强度高、稳定性好的优点,能够满足疏松砂岩油藏大孔道堵水的需要。     

一种低温锆弱凝胶调剖剂的研制

针对温度低于50℃的高含水油藏,研制出了一种聚合物/有机锆弱凝胶调剖剂.该调剖剂以部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)为主剂,以自制有机锆YJ-1为交联剂,在35～50℃温度下能形成稳定的弱凝胶.该弱凝胶调剖剂配方为:800～1 500 mg/L HPAM,500～1 000 mg/L有机锆YJ-1交联剂,500～800 mg/L稳定剂.该体系适合的矿化度在50 000 mg/L以下,pH值4～9.该调剖剂成胶时间和凝胶黏度可调,岩心封堵率大于96%.     

矿用灭火复合凝胶的强度性能研究

矿用灭火凝胶材料由于强度低易破碎脱水,一定程度上影响了煤炭自燃火灾防治的效果。通过采用沉入度法及间接参数表征了加入填充剂的复合凝胶及纯凝胶的强度。实验表明:由于发生在填充剂与纯凝胶之间的粘附力作用、能量流散作用、吸附作用及温度效应,填充剂增强了复合凝胶的强度;并且随着加热温度的升高、加热时间的延长及填充剂浓度的增加,各复合凝胶的强度增大。     

新复合引发体系在反相微乳液中合成聚丙烯酰胺的研究

采用新复合引发体系，在反相微乳液中合成出相对分子量较高且性能优良的聚丙烯酰胺。合成聚丙烯酰胺的正交实验方案结果表明，反应温度及引发剂比值是影响产物分子量的主要因素；最佳聚合条件如下：反应温度为40℃，氧化还原剂／偶氮引发剂为1／4，pH为9．00。引发剂浓度为0．3％，单体浓度为20％。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜对合成的聚丙烯酰胺进行了表征。     

阳离子型弱凝胶调驱剂的性能与应用

研究的阳离子型弱凝胶调驱剂主要由0.50%的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺+0.03%～0.06%的交联剂组成.使用大量的弱凝胶调驱剂驱替岩心后,油相渗透率恢复值为91.6%,水相渗透率的恢复值仅为15.3%.对岩心封堵率大于90%,突破压力梯度为0.4 MPa/cm;现场实验表明投入产出比为1:3.24.     

矿用灭火复合凝胶的强度性能研究

矿用灭火凝胶材料由于强度低易破碎脱水，一定程度上影响了煤炭自燃火灾防治的效果。通过采用沉入度法及间接参数表征了加入填充剂的复合凝胶及纯凝胶的强度。实验表明：由于发生在填充剂与纯凝胶之间的粘附力作用、能量流散作用、吸附作用及温度效应，填充剂增强了复合凝胶的强度；并且随着加热温度的升高、加热时间的延长及填充剂浓度的增加，各复合凝胶的强度增大。     

含油污泥-弱凝胶复合调剖体系的研制

通过对化子坪联合站含油污泥的组分分析以及含油污泥沉降实验,对调剖体系中的分散剂、悬浮剂、交联剂进行筛选,并对复合调剖体系配方进行优化。优化配方为:质量分数15%的含油污泥、0.5%的烯基磺酸钠与0.4%的疏水聚丙烯酰胺KYPAM溶液预先混合,加入0.5%柠檬酸锆、2%尿素、1.5%甲醛交联剂。70℃下候凝2 d,含油污泥-聚合物复合凝胶黏度达20×103m Pa·s以上。通过模拟实验评价了调剖效果,注入量0.3 PV及以上时,封堵率达到99%以上,突破压力提高到10 MPa以上。     

改性木质素磺酸钠堵水剂的试验研究

本研究表明,木质素磺酸钠与苯酚、甲醛反应后。可在适当条件下与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)交联,形成一种新型的用于碱性地层的凝胶堵水剂。该堵水剂的适宜配方为:改性木质素磺酸钠浓度为4.0%～4.5%,PAM浓度为0.4%～0.5%,pH值为9～12.在70～90℃条件下.胶凝时间为9～60小时。岩心实验表明,该堵剂具有强度高,抗盐性和热稳定性好,易解堵等显著特点。     

AA/AM/AMPS/DAC聚合物凝胶调剖剂的制备及评价

以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM),2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)作为单体合成了一种聚合物凝胶,单体以地下交联的方式进行调剖。通过正交-单因素实验法,以成胶时间和强度为指标,筛选出了合成的最佳条件,即单体浓度为10%(以反应物总质量为基准),单体配比为m(AA)/m(AM)=3∶7,交联剂加量为0.1%,引发剂加量为0.13%,功能单体加量AMPS为5%,DAC加入量为5%(以上均以单体总质量为基准);用瓶测法判断成胶强度,60℃下成胶时间为4 h(B级,黏度5 000 MPa·s),48 h能达到I级刚性凝胶。利用FTIR,1HNMR证实了聚合物凝胶的结构;聚合物凝胶60℃下老化35 d,平均脱水率为7.8%,随配制水矿化度的增大(8 000~30 000 mg/L)成胶时间由5 h降低到3 h,形成的凝胶强度变化不大;通过室内岩心流动实验对体系性能进行研究,该调剖剂具有较好的封堵性与耐冲刷性能。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.