全自动激光大坝安全网络监测系统的研究

通过国家基点建立基准，利用激光发散角小、能量集中的特点，应用激光位敏传感器分别测量了坝段之间的相对位移和转角，采用基点逐步传递法，通过高精度激光电子倾角测量系统，实现了大型拱坝的水平位移、垂直沉降、切向位移、倾斜等六维参数的自动化监测．同时，利用自动控制技术和中值滤波技术，消除了测量过程中振动等因素的干扰，使得系统测量精度达到了0．2mm．该系统运用互联网技术实现了大坝安全监测的网络化，为大坝安全监测的多级化管理提供了监测手段．     

强制润滑状态下齿轮传动装置的热平衡

介绍一种新型激光非接触位置测量传感器和相应的硬、软件系统，该激光测头有效克服了同类非接触式测头线性度差、存在阴影效应等缺点．采用的专用线阵ＣＣＤ数据采集电路和相应的处理方法，显著地提高了激光测头的测量速度和精度．该激光测头在华中Ⅰ型数控加工中心上成功地实现了未知曲面的数控自动测量．     

非接触式双路激光扫描尺寸仪研制

双路激光扫描尺寸检测仪采用非接触式测量方法进行零件的尺寸与形位公差检测，解决了激光测量中普遍存在的测量尺寸范围小、工件表面易磨损等技术难点。测量分辨率达到亚微米数量级，同时具有广泛应用价值。     

电网中激光除冰技术分析

激光除冰技术是一种非接触式除去电气设备覆冰的新技术。为了考察激光对冰块的作用情况,并为选取激光除冰的最佳参数提供理论依据,该文结合实际激光除冰情况,利用有限元分析软件建立了激光与冰块的作用模型,对冰块中瞬态温度场与应力场进行了仿真,得到了温度场与应力场分布的变化过程图、不同初始温度冰块的融穿时间曲线以及不同激光功率、不同光束直径时冰块融穿时间变化曲线。通过仿真分析,给出了激光除冰设备参数选择的具体要求,对实际除冰具有重要指导意义。     

弯管非接触测量研究

在接触式弯管测量机的基础上,采用激光ＣＣＤ对测量叉进行改进,实现弯管的非接触测量．研究了弯管非接触测量的原理．通过移动测量叉沿弯管连续扫描测量获得的大量数据,采用最佳拟合线来确定弯管轴线的空间方位,提高了测量精度．     

基于半导体器件的弯管非接触测量原理研究

在接触式弯管测量机的基础上,采用半导体激光器和光敏二极管设计的测量叉来实现对弯管的非接触测量．给出了测量叉的光学结构,研究了测量原理,推导了数学模型,分析了该方法产生误差的原因,提出了提高测量精度的措施．     

双路激光扫描尺寸检测系统

双路激光扫描尺寸检测仪采用非接触式测量方法进行零件的尺寸与形位公公差检测，解决了激光测量中普遍存在的测量尺寸范围小，工作表面易磨损等技术难点，测量分辨率达到亚微米数量级，同时具有广泛应用价值。     

沥青路面的线激光测量方法及构造深度

路面构造的测量方法一直是路面抗滑性能研究的重点话题,为了弥补传统路面构造测量技术的精度不高、效率低下且测量范围代表性不足的缺陷,基于非接触式激光三角测距法原理,自主研发了一套超高速线激光测试系统。利用线性插值与空间拟合平面法对采集数据进行处理,有效重构了路面构造的三维形貌。基于传统铺砂法平均构造深度指标(MTD)和平均断面深度(MPD)测量原理,提出三维曲面构造深度计算方法,以改善人工铺砂法测量构造深度的主观性。最后通过几何学方法对比,验证了该计算方法的可靠性。试验结果表明基于面域扫描技术的线激光系统能够大幅度提高沥青路面构造的扫描效率与测量范围,测量数据三维直观,具有很高的应用价值。     

基于B样条插值的高精度型面测量路径规划

为了解决型面检测时测量路径的规划问题,提高型面测量的效率和精度,本文针对单光束激光三角法非接触式型面检测专用测量系统,提出了基于B样条曲线插值的测量路径规划模型。针对影响单光束激光测量精度和效率的因素：景深范围、测头倾角等,利用B样条曲线插值模型规划出测量点的位置,使测量运动路径紧密结合型面曲率变化,提高了实际测量精度及效率,解决了大型型面测量的路径规划难题。     

基于高精度激光断面高程的沥青路面MTD测量

为实现沥青路面构造深度非接触式自动测量,借助三维激光技术提出了一种基于断面高程的沥青路面构造深度测量方法.采用高精度三维激光扫描仪,采集不同级配沥青路面纹理高程数据,通过数字图像处理技术和平均曲率流光顺算法,提取并处理路面断面高程轮廓.结合蒙特卡洛期望法估算断面构造深度,实现平均构造深度测量,利用铺砂法进行对比验证,并与摆式摩擦仪测量结果进行相关性分析.试验结果表明,针对不同级配沥青路面,采用所提方法与铺砂法测量的MTD值的相对误差均小于等于6.63%,与抗滑值的相关系数高达0.97.     

Ways to produce and measure atto- and femtosecond soft X-ray pulses

The ways to produce and measure atto-and femtosecond soft X-ray pulses are reported. The laser phase relation of high-order harmonic generation(HHG) shows two different radiation energy distribu-tions in time(or laser phase) domain. These energy-phase relations are helpful for realizing the dy-namic processes of HHG. Two presented parameterized formulas can be used to calculate the durations of the energy distributions with a bandwidth of the pulse. These formulas are useful in calculating and simulating pulses transports and interactions with mediums. The time structures of atto-and femto-second soft X-ray pulses can be directly measured with photoelectron spectrum transfer equations and the related laser phase determination methods without any previous pulse shape and the instantane-ous frequency assumptions. These equations and methods can be used to evaluate and improve the technical parameters of the ultra-short X-ray sources. They have wide measurement ranges and high time resolutions,which may enable ultra-fast measurements to reach metrological precisions,and lead to a new tide of scientific researches in physics,chemistry,biochemistry,etc. The application of atto-and femtosecond X-rays as well as the theoretical and technical problems in measurements are briefly discussed.     

生物组织的温度测量

阐述了生物组织温度测量的基本原理、仪器测量技术,着重分析了生物组织测温的误差,并指出各种测量技术的适用范围。     

FAM激光测粒仪

本文讨论了各种衍射式激光测粒仪在理论上的局限性,并设法加以改进和提高,从而发展了综合利用夫琅和弗衍射和米氏散射理论的激光测粒仪(FAM激光测粒仪),经对比性实测表明,其性能较国外的衍射式测粒仪有了明显的提高。     

Optical coherent state discrimination using a closed-loop quantum measurement

Quantum mechanics hinders our ability to determine the state of a physical system in two ways: individual measurements provide only partial information about the observed system (because of Heisenberg uncertainty), and measurements are themselves invasive-meaning that little or no refinement is achieved by further observation of an already measured system. Theoretical methods have been developed to maximize the information gained from a quantum measurement while also minimizing disturbance, but laboratory implementation of optimal measurement procedures is often difficult. The standard class of operations considered in quantum information theory tends to rely on superposition-basis and entangled measurements, which require high-fidelity implementation to be effective in the laboratory. Here we demonstrate that real-time quantum feedback can be used in place of a delicate quantum superposition, often called a 'Schr?dinger cat state', to implement an optimal quantum measurement for discriminating between optical coherent states. Our procedure actively manipulates the target system during the measurement process, and uses quantum feedback to modify the statistics of an otherwise sub-optimal operator to emulate the optimal cat-state measurement. We verify a long-standing theoretical prediction and demonstrate feedback-mediated quantum measurement at its fundamental quantum limit over a non-trivial region of parameter space.     

金属熔体扩散的研究进展

金属熔体的扩散既是熔体设计材料过程的重要参量,也是凝聚态物理领域研究物质输运性质的重要内容.然而由于实验测量上的困难,其相关研究进展不是很显著.在国内,熔体扩散的实验研究几乎是空白,理论研究也很少.本文结合最新的基于X-射线成像的原位测量技术及中子散射技术来系统介绍目前金属熔体扩散的测量手段,并归纳和总结了地面和空间环境下的扩散实验测量结果;同时对扩散机制的理论模型也作了简单的介绍;最后展望了熔体扩散研究的前景以及在我国开展熔体扩散研究的必要性.     

UDV非接触式测量的壁效应及其校正模型

为了校正商用超声 Doppler测速仪由于没有考虑壁效应而在 Doppler角度和测量位置的确定上引起的较大误差 ,对超声 Doppler测速仪 (UDV)在非接触式测量的壁效应进行了实验研究。从超声传播和界面折射的基本规律以及测量体积的基本概念出发 ,利用系统提供的时间信息 ,建立了壁效应的校正模型。应用此模型对系统软件给出的Doppler角度和测量位置进行校正 ,消除了壁效应给测量带来的误差     

精密PSD微位移在线测量系统

为了满足工业现场微位移测量的精密性实时性和可靠性要求,设计并制作了位置敏感器件（PSD）激光微位移测量系统.系统将调制带通滤波峰值检测等信号处理技术运用于激光三角法中,并利用PSD信号单通道处理方式,提高了系统的抗干扰能力.同时,系统采用自适应控制方法改变激光的调制频率,从而调整电信号的增益系数以适应各种测量对象.实验表明,在没有滤光片的情况下,系统有效地消除了背景光和暗电流的影响,测量频率最高可达2,kHz,分辨率达到0.035%,稳定性误差小于0.090%,线性度好于1.2%,大大降低了温漂的影响.     

Experimental non-classicality of an indivisible quantum system

In contrast to classical physics, quantum theory demands that not all properties can be simultaneously well defined; the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a manifestation of this fact. Alternatives have been explored--notably theories relying on joint probability distributions or non-contextual hidden-variable models, in which the properties of a system are defined independently of their own measurement and any other measurements that are made. Various deep theoretical results imply that such theories are in conflict with quantum mechanics. Simpler cases demonstrating this conflict have been found and tested experimentally with pairs of quantum bits (qubits). Recently, an inequality satisfied by non-contextual hidden-variable models and violated by quantum mechanics for all states of two qubits was introduced and tested experimentally. A single three-state system (a qutrit) is the simplest system in which such a contradiction is possible; moreover, the contradiction cannot result from entanglement between subsystems, because such a three-state system is indivisible. Here we report an experiment with single photonic qutrits which provides evidence that no joint probability distribution describing the outcomes of all possible measurements--and, therefore, no non-contextual theory--can exist. Specifically, we observe a violation of the Bell-type inequality found by Klyachko, Can, Binicio?lu and Shumovsky. Our results illustrate a deep incompatibility between quantum mechanics and classical physics that cannot in any way result from entanglement.     

光电跟踪系统中高频测角信息的攫取研究

为了能够充分利用光电跟踪设备相邻两次激光测距间隔内的高频测角信息，以提高目标跟踪精度，给出了一种航迹“融合”式目标状态估计方法。该方法借助扩展Kalman滤波算法．将无测距信息时刻的目标测角信息代入独立的滤波器，而对有距离时刻的目标测量信息建立另外的滤波器，然后将两滤波器的输出结果进行加权融合，从而在不增加任何硬件成本的前提下，进一步提高了具有激光测距的光电跟踪系统的目标状态估计精度。对模拟数据和靶场实测数据的测试结果表明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

多点动位移数字图像相关法光测技术研究

动位移测量在诸多工程领域中有着大量需求，针对现有各种测量技术仍然存在着效率低、精度差、成本高等局限性。本文基于数字图像相关（Digital Image Correlation，DIC）原理，建立了一套多点动位移高精度光测技术及系统。首先设计了一种基于同心圆的靶标专用图案，用于测点的自动识别及图像的自动标定，并通过对硬件配套软件SDK（Software Development Kit）的二次开发，构建形成了可同时适用于无线和有线工业相机的硬件架构，最终开发形成多点动位移DIC光测软件系统。采用3等精度量块对该系统进行精度校准试验，结果表明该系统测量精度为0.01mm，系统基本误差为0.05%，灵敏度为0.2%。进一步开展典型应用场景测试，发现该系统在低频振动测量时具备与高精度激光位移传感器相当的精度，而对于高频振动场景，采用高频率相机也可实现动位移高精度实时测量。可见该系统与激光位移传感器等相比有显著优势，可在实验室测量、工程现场测试等场景中推广应用。