麻炭的制备及其微观结构

以汉麻秆为原料,通过直接炭化、磷酸/氯化锌活化法制备了麻炭。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、液N₂吸附、亚甲基蓝吸附和碘吸附分别对麻炭的微观骨架结构、表面织构、孔分布及吸附性能进行了表征。结果表明,麻炭微观形貌呈现多孔性的骨架结构,由彼此平行且直通的两种管道构成,管与管之间由管壁隔断,管壁本身分布着丰富的微孔,而且三种麻炭样品中均以微孔为主且微孔分布呈多分散性。未经活化处理的麻炭,其孔径主要分布在小于1.3nm的范围内,但其比表面积和孔容较小。磷酸和氯化锌活化的麻炭的比表面积分别达1388m²/g和1691m²/g,两者的孔分布较为相似,除了在小于2nm的范围内均有微孔分布外,还存在2～4nm范围内的中孔分布。麻炭对亚甲基蓝及碘的吸附值随比表面积的增大而增加,氯化锌活化的麻炭对亚甲基蓝和碘的吸附值最大,其次依次为磷酸活化的麻炭和未经活化处理的麻炭。     

速生桉树皮基活性炭的制备及吸附特性

为研究不同剂料比、炭化温度、升温速率以及炭化停留时间对制备速生桉树皮基活性炭的影响,采用响应曲面法设计实验,借助比表面积和孔隙分析、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、激光拉曼光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析方法对活性炭进行了物理化学性质的表征,并考察了最优条件下制备的活性炭对环丙沙星的吸附性能。结果显示,剂料比和升温速率对速生桉树皮基活性炭碘吸附值影响显著,通过二次多项模型得出最优工艺条件为:剂料比0.861,温度为713.791℃,升温速率为30℃/min,炭化停留时间为30 min,制备得到的最优活性炭样品(C-Y)的碘吸附值为1 225 mg/g,比表面积为611.373 m~2/g,孔体积为0.537 9 cm~3/g,平均孔径为3.52 nm。当环丙沙星初始浓度为200 mg/L,吸附平衡时间为24 h,C-Y对环丙沙星的吸附量达到122.5 mg/g,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,吸附过程遵循拟一级动力学模型。     

应用模板法从煤沥青制备中孔活性炭

以煤沥青为原料,应用纳米二氧化硅模板法制备中孔活性炭,并考察焦模比、碱碳比以及活化温度对活性炭孔结构和收率的影响.结果表明,所得活性炭试样孔径分布最大值与模板剂孔径尺寸相吻合.在焦模比为2∶1、碱碳比为4.5∶1、活化温度为850 ℃时,所制活性炭总比表面积为1 729 m2/g,其中中孔比表面积为1 702 m2/g,占总比表面积的98.43%.     

酚醛树脂基球形活性炭的制备及其吸附性能

对球形酚醛树脂制备活性炭的方法进行了优化并探讨了其吸附性能.分别对合成球形酚醛树脂过程中所用原料、转速进行了筛选,优化了由酚醛树脂制备活性炭的炭化和水蒸气活化过程,并考察了活性炭的吸附性能.对吸附性能优异的活性炭进行了氮气吸附-脱附等温线、比表面积及微孔体积的测定.结果表明:苯酚、甲醛和三乙烯四胺为合成球形酚醛树脂的最佳原料,三者的物质的量比为1∶1.13∶0.04.在转速为600 r/min时可获得粒径为0.35~0.50 mm的球形酚醛树脂.酚醛树脂经过600 ℃炭化和800 ℃活化过程制得球形活性炭.活性炭符合IUPAC定义的I型吸附曲线,孔径分布以微孔(0.5~2 nm)为主,比表面积可达1 431.89 m²/g,对DL-β氨基异丁酸和α-淀粉酶的吸附效率分别为63.41%和19.77%.     

稻壳质介孔炭的制备与成孔机制

以稻壳为原料、KOH为活化剂,采用炭化和活化两步法制备了介孔炭。采用比表面积测定仪测定介孔炭的N2吸附脱附等温线,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、小角X射线衍射分析仪(SAXRD)表征介孔炭形成过程中的物相变化与显微结构,由同步热分析质谱联用仪(TG-MS)分析生成的气体成分并推测成孔机制。结果表明:稻壳在420℃下炭化4 h,再将KOH与炭化稻壳按质量比3∶1混合均匀后,在750℃下活化1h,所制备的活性炭平均孔径为2.3 nm,最可几孔径4.5 nm,比表面积高达2175 m2/g,介孔率达到78.57%;同时,炭化稻壳在KOH的活化过程中生成的气体成分含有CO、CO2和H2O,炭化稻壳中SiO2与KOH的高温分解物K2O反应生成K2Si4O9。     

核桃壳真空化学活化制备活性炭

采用真空化学活化法,以核桃壳为原料,氯化锌为活化剂制备活性炭,探讨体系压力、活化温度、浸渍比对活性炭比表面积、孔径分布、碘值和亚甲基蓝值以及表面性质的影响。研究结果表明,30 kPa时制备的活性炭其比表面积和总孔体积比常压条件时分别提高了27%和25%;在低压条件下有利于微孔的形成,在高浸渍比的条件下有利于中孔的形成。在体系压力为30 kPa,活化温度为450℃,浸渍比为2.0时,所得活性炭的BET比表面积为1 800 m2/g,总孔体积为1.176 cm3/g,等电点为9.15,碘吸附量为1 050 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附量为315 mg/g。     

磷酸活化法黄麻杆活性炭的制备及表征

以黄麻杆为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备活性炭,通过正交试验探讨了磷酸浓度、活化温度、活化时间对活性炭得率和吸附性能的影响,确立了最佳制备工艺,即：磷酸浓度2mol／L、活化温度400℃、活化时间1h．实验结果表明：在最佳工艺条件下制得的黄麻杆活性炭得率为4,2．93％,碘吸附值为1059．26mg／g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为353．10mg／g,比表面积为1779．4m㎡／g,总孔容为0．960m3／g,平均孔径为2．16nm,呈现出高中孔率结构．     

大麻杆活性炭对染料吸附性能的研究

以天然大麻杆为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备大麻杆活性炭。利用低温氮吸附对样品的比表面积与孔结构进行了表征,并利用亚甲基蓝与甲基橙两种染料对活性炭在液相中的吸附行为进行了研究。结果表明,样品的比表面积与中孔孔容随着活化温度的升高而增大,在500℃时达到最大值1325.73m2/g,随后由于磷酸过度活化导致结构坍塌致使各参数有所降低;在25℃下,大麻杆活性炭对亚甲基蓝与甲基橙的吸附等温线均遵循Langmu ir方程,单层吸附量分别达到471.698mg/g和363.64mg/g,吸附量主要受微孔孔容、染料分子尺寸及染料分子与活性炭表面作用力三者的共同影响。吸附动力学能够很好的符合准二级动力学方程,且亚甲基蓝的吸附速率高于甲基橙。     

铁、镍催化活化杉木屑制备中孔炭与孔结构表征

以杉木屑为原料,经450℃低温炭化制备炭化料基体.采用水热浸渍方法,在炭基体中分别负载铁、镍作为催化活化剂,经二次炭化后制备中孔炭.采用场发射扫描电镜(FSEM)、N_2吸附等温线、亚甲基蓝吸附和碘吸附分别对中孔炭的孔结构特征和吸附性能进行了表征.结果表明:以乙酸镍为催化活化剂制备的中孔炭性能更佳,其总孔容积和平均孔径分别为0.70 mL·g~(-1)和3.09 nm,且样品在2～10 nm之间呈现多处较明显的中孔峰,中孔率高达77%.     

活化条件对球形活性炭制备的影响研究

采用粘结性烟煤作为粘结剂和原料成分添加石油焦,研究了活化条件对制备球形活性炭性能的影响。结果表明,随着活化温度的升高,煤质球形活性炭的强度及收率呈下降趋势,而碘值呈先上升后下降的趋势,亚甲基蓝值逐渐增大。最佳活化条件为活化温度850℃,活化时间7h。在最优工艺条件下所得产品的BET比表面积为862.83m2/g,Langmuir比表面积为995.27m2/g,总孔容为0.56cm3/g,平均孔半径为1.3nm,微孔率为66%,中孔率为34%。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.