焊接速度对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的影响

以厚度3 mm的6061-T6铝合金板材搅拌摩擦焊对接接头为研究对象,建立热力耦合有限元模型,准确模拟了焊接过程的温度场分布及演变规律,采用光学显微观察、电子背散射衍射、显微硬度测量以及拉伸试验等表征方法,研究了焊接速度对焊接接头成形特性、显微组织和力学性能的影响机理.结果表明:接头焊核区在焊接过程中经历了完全动态再结晶,形成细小等轴晶;后退侧热影响区经历了动态回复,晶粒显著长大,晶界强化作用弱于焊核区晶粒;当焊接速度为300～800 mm/min时,接头焊缝成形良好,拉伸断裂均在焊缝后退侧热影响区,在焊接过程中受温度(400～480℃)影响显著,析出强化相溶解导致力学性能明显降低,在此焊接速度范围内,随速度的提高,接头强度增加,最高强度系数为80.86％(800 mm/min);当焊接速度进一步增加至1200 mm/min时,接头的焊接成形性变差,焊核区出现未焊合和隧道缺陷,接头拉伸试验时在焊核区发生断裂.     

紫铜的搅拌摩擦焊工艺与接头性能分析

搅拌摩擦焊是一种新型固相塑性连接方法,它的出现为铜的焊接提供了一种新的工艺.对紫铜的搅拌摩擦焊工艺进行了研究,通过工艺试验,对其焊缝成形、接头组织形态及其力学性能进行了分析.研究结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接紫铜时应选用搅拌头旋转速度在400~700 r/min,焊接速度为35~60 mm/min;从显微组织角度,由于接头主要发生了动态再结晶,焊接接头没有热力影响区,而是三个区,即焊核区、热影响区、母材区.研究还发现用搅拌摩擦焊得到的铜接头出现了明显的软化现象,接头的机械性能比母材低,但比熔化焊得到的接头性能要高,其平均抗拉强度可达到母材的80%.     

7022铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接区的组织与力学性能

以厚度为10mm的7022铝合金为对象进行搅拌摩擦焊接试验,研究了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对接头组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:焊接接头具有良好的力学性能,在搅拌头转速为400r/min、焊接速度为100mm/min时,7022铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度和屈服强度分别达615MPa和533 MPa,均超过了母材;焊接接头的显微硬度略低于母材;断口形貌分析表明,7022铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接件拉伸断裂为韧性断裂.     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊模拟与实验研究

搅拌摩擦焊解决了7075铝合金难焊接问题,但焊接过程中复杂的温度、流场变化容易造成焊缝缺陷.本文利用FLUENT软件模拟研究了7075铝合金焊接过程温度场与流场的变化规律,并对模拟结果进行了验证.结果表明:前进侧焊接温度高于后退侧,但其材料流速低于后退侧,焊缝最高温度出现在轴肩边缘内侧.搅拌头转速越大,焊接速度越小,则焊接温度越高;搅拌头转速越大,材料流速越快,焊接速度对材料流速影响越小.在本文实验条件下,在转速-焊接速度为800r/min-100mm/min 时,可得到无缺陷焊缝.     

7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的热稳定性

5 mm厚7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头在490℃固溶处理1 h,利用光学显微镜观察接头微观组织,研究接头焊核区组织的热稳定性.结果表明:焊核区的热稳定性与焊接参数有关,当以转速200 r/min,焊速20 mm/min的参数焊接后,焊核区组织稳定.而以转速600 r/min,焊速分别40、50 mm/min的参数焊接后,接头焊核区部分晶粒出现异常长大,热-机影响区与焊核区的交界面、焊核区根部是组织不稳定的源头.     

冷却条件对2519A铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊焊接厚度为2.75 mm的2519A铝合金板材。分别研究在空气和水流中冷却对焊接性能和焊缝组织的影响。实验结果表明:在旋转速度为2 700 r/min,焊接速度为60 mm/min条件下,水冷焊接得到美观并无明显缺陷的接头,提高了接头强度,抗拉强度达到340 MPa;在水冷条件下,热影响区的范围变窄,热影响区平均硬度提高,焊核区晶粒粒度比空冷条件下的更加小,硬度几乎呈直线分布;而在空冷条件下,焊核区硬度呈先上升后下降趋势,变化明显,水冷焊核区平均硬度低于空冷条件下平均硬度,这是因为空冷焊接能够提高固溶度并促进随后的时效发生。     

焊接工艺对6082-T6铝合金FSW接头微观组织与力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、硬度和室温拉伸等方法,研究焊接工艺对厚度为5 mm的6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织与力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:在相同焊接速度下,随着搅拌针旋转速度的增加,焊核区(NZ)晶粒长大,再结晶程度提高,第二相数量增多且分布更均匀,焊核区的硬度增加;而热影响区(HAZ)晶粒长大、第二相粗化,硬度严重下降。低旋转速度时,硬度最低值位于焊核区和热机影响区(TMAZ)之间,接头硬度分布曲线呈"U"形,高旋转速度时,焊核区硬度较高,热影响区严重软化,其硬度低于焊核区,接头硬度分布曲线呈"W"形。随着旋转速度的增加,低旋转速度组FSW接头抗拉强度逐步增高,高旋转速度组FSW接头抗拉强度先增高,后降低。当旋转速度为1 400 r/min时,FSW接头抗拉强度最好,为271.63 MPa,焊接系数达到82.12%。     

2219-T6静轴肩辅助搅拌摩擦焊组织与性能分析

为探究安装外部静止轴肩对搅拌摩擦焊接头成形和力学性能的影响,采用自主研制的外部静止轴肩辅助搅拌摩擦焊(Non-Rotational Shoulder Assisted Friction Stir Welding,NR-SA-FSW)焊具对2219-T6铝合金4 mm厚板材进行对接焊试验,观察焊后接头表面成形情况.采用拉伸和显微硬度试验对焊缝的力学性能进行测试,并与相同焊接参数下的搅拌摩擦焊(Friction Stir Welding,FSW)进行对比分析.使用金相显微镜和场发射扫描电镜对接头焊缝组织进行分析.结果表明,由于静止轴肩的平动刮擦作用,NRSA-FSW相比FSW,接头表面更加光滑,无鱼鳞纹、飞边以及接头减薄现象.NRSA-FSW接头相比于FSW接头软化区有所增加,接头显微硬度分布更加均匀.NRSA-FSW接头平均抗拉强度323 MPa,达到母材的72％,抗拉强度同FSW相近.NRSA-FSW焊核呈"U"状,焊缝组织无缺陷.接头拉伸试验在焊核区(Nuggest-Zone,NZ)处断裂,为韧性断裂.     

搅拌摩擦焊接Cu-Al接头组织及焊缝质量分析

利用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)对纯铝和T2紫铜进行对接焊接时,为了获得最优工艺参数,提高焊缝质量,本研究采用不同固定位置、不同转速和不同偏移量下,Cu-Al异种材料FSW对接焊接的工艺过程。结果表明:当Cu板固定在前进侧时,在搅拌头旋转速度为1 000 r/min、焊接速度为100 mm/min、偏向铝侧2 mm的工艺参数下,可以获得高质量焊缝,焊接工艺参数与焊缝表面形貌、力学性能和微观组织以及焊缝质量密切相关。该工艺参数下焊缝的强度、硬度等力学性能基本接近于母材。通过对本研究焊缝微观组织的分析发现,焊核区晶粒发生动态再结晶并获得细化的等轴组织,热机影响区受搅拌头作用扭曲变形,晶粒沿塑材流动方向纤维化,热影响区受温度梯度影响较母材区晶粒粗大化。     

6mm厚货车用铝合金板摩擦搅拌焊试验研究

摩擦搅拌焊技术已成为铝合金焊接的重要手段。针对5052和6061-T6两种6 mm厚铁路货车使用的铝合金板材,采用摩擦搅拌焊设备进行焊接试验;并进行了相关检测,研究不同工艺参数对焊接质量的影响。结果表明:提高搅拌头的转速和降低焊接速度有利于降低设备的主轴轴向受力。在低转速时,摩擦搅拌焊的焊接质量较差,焊缝结构疏松,容易出现焊缝缺陷;当转速提高到1 200 r/min时,热输入能量适中,焊缝表面光滑明亮,表观质量良好。由焊缝表观可以发现,提高焊接进给速度后,焊缝表面光亮度下降,纹路变得明显,表面变得粗糙;在较高的搅拌头转速下以不同焊接速度进行焊接,其焊缝内部基本无可见缺陷,质量良好;在相同的搅拌头转速和焊接速度下,6061-T6铝合金板焊接过程中主轴压力略低于5052铝合金板。     

7075-T6合金超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊接头搅拌区组织与力学性能

搅拌区的金属流动不充分容易导致轴肩影响区与搅拌针影响区之间的过渡区出现疏松缺陷并恶化接头的力学性能.在不同焊接参数条件下,对7075-T6铝合金分别进行常规搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)和超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊接(UAFSW),研究了超声振动对接头搅拌区的金属流动行为、微观组织特征和力学性能的影响.结果表明:相同焊接参数下,UAFSW接头搅拌区的力学性能均优于FSW接头.焊接参数为1000r/min-110mm/min 的UAFSW接头搅拌区的抗拉强度和延伸率最高,分别达到515MPa和17.3%.在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中施加轴向超声振动可以显著降低搅拌区金属的屈服应力和流变应力,促进塑化金属沿板厚方向的流动.消除搅拌区中过渡区的疏松缺陷,并细化微观组织,是接头力学性能提高的主要原因.     

Effects of different friction stir welding conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper plates

Friction stir welding is a new and innovative welding method used to fuse materials. In this welding method, the heat generated by friction and plastic flow causes significant changes in the microstructure of the material, which leads to local changes in the mechanical properties of the weld. In this study, the effects of various welding parameters such as the rotational and traverse speeds of the tool on the microstructural and mechanical properties of copper plates were investigated; additionally, Charpy tests were performed on copper plates for the first time. Also, the effect of the number of welding passes on the aforementioned properties has not been investigated in previous studies. The results indicated that better welds with superior properties are produced when less heat is transferred to the workpiece during the welding process. It was also found that although the properties of the stir zone improved with an increasing number of weld passes, the properties of its weakest zone, the heat-affected zone, deteriorated.     

Development of liquid-nitrogen-cooling friction stir spot welding for AZ31 magnesium alloy joints

A liquid-nitrogen-cooling friction stir spot welding (C-FSSW) technology was developed for welding AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets. The liquid-nitrogen cooling degraded the deformability of the welded materials such that the width of interfacial cracks increased with increasing cooling time. The grain size of the stirred zone (SZ) and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the C-FSSW-welded joints decreased, whereas that of the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) increased with increasing cooling time. The maximum tensile shear load of the C-FSSW-welded joints welded with a cooling time of 5 or 7 s was larger than that of the friction stir spot welding (FSSW)-welded joint, and the tensile shear load decreased with increasing cooling time. The microhardness of the C-FSSW-welded joints was greater than that of the FSSW-welded joint. Moreover, the microhardness of the SZ and the HAZ of the C-FSSW-welded joints increased, whereas that of the TMAZ decreased, with increasing cooling time.     

摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能

研究了变形速率对低合金结构钢摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能的影响，结果表明，增大变形速率和延长减速改善了接头区域的硬度分布，焊缝区宽度变窄，热影响软化区不明显，焊缝晶粒细化，使焊缝的韧性得到一定程度的改善，本文对接头各个区域的显微组织进行了分析。     

Al-6.6Zn-1.7Mg-0.26Cu合金挤压材焊接接头的组织与性能

采用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜、维氏硬度计和拉伸试验机,研究了Al-6.6Zn-1.7Mg-0.26Cu合金挤压材熔化极惰性气体保护焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明：焊缝中心区为枝晶,靠近母材侧的焊缝熔合区为柱状晶,母材为等轴晶,但靠近焊缝熔合区的母材晶粒发生了长大。焊接接头的硬度以焊缝为中心呈对称分布,从母材到焊缝中心,硬度先下降后上升再下降。焊缝中心区的硬度最低,为86～105（HV）。焊接接头的抗拉强度为309 MPa,屈服强度为237 MPa,伸长率为4.75%,挤压材的焊接强度系数为0.76。     

Effects of the types of overlap on the mechanical properties of FSSW welded AZ series magnesium alloy joints

The effects of the types of overlap on the mechanical properties of the friction stir spot welding (FSSW) welded AZ series magnesium alloy joints were investigated by microstructural observations, microhardness tests, and tensile tests. The results show that the microstructure of the stir zone adjacent to the periphery of the rotating pin is mainly composed of the upper sheet. The average distance D between the longitudinal segment of the curved interface and the keyhole periphery, the tensile shear force, and the microhardness of the stir zone of the FSSW welded AZ61 alloy joint are the highest in all samples. During FSSW of AZ31 and AZ61 dissimilar magnesium alloys, the irregular deformation of the longitudinal segment of the curved interface appears, while the microhardness of the stir zone is higher when AZ61 alloy is the upper sheet. Moreover, the microhardness of the stir zone increases initially and then decreases sharply in the longitudinal test position.     

搅拌摩擦焊、搅拌振动摩擦焊和钨极惰性气体焊接AA6061-T6接头的组织和力学特性对比研究

This study compared the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced using friction stir welding (FSW), friction stir vibration welding (FSVW), and tungsten inert gas welding (TIG). FSVW is a modified version of FSW wherein the joining specimens are vibrated normal to the welding line during FSW. The results indicated that the weld region grains for FSVW and FSW were equiaxed and were smaller than the grains for TIG. In addition, the weld region grains for FSVW were finer compared with those for FSW. Results also showed that the strength, hardness, and toughness values of the joints produced by FSVW were higher than those of the other joints produced by FSW and TIG. The vibration during FSW enhanced dynamic recrystallization, which led to the development of finer grains. The weld efficiency of FSVW was approximately 81%, whereas those of FSW and TIG were approximately 74% and 67%, respectively.     

Microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced by friction stir welding,friction stir vibration welding and tungsten inert gas welding: A comparative study

This study compared the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced using friction stir welding(FSW), friction stir vibration welding(FSVW), and tungsten inert gas welding(TIG). FSVW is a modified version of FSW wherein the joining specimens are vibrated normal to the welding line during FSW. The results indicated that the weld region grains for FSVW and FSW were equiaxed and were smaller than the grains for TIG. In addition, the weld region grains for FSVW were finer compared with those for FSW.Results also showed that the strength, hardness, and toughness values of the joints produced by FSVW were higher than those of the other joints produced by FSW and TIG. The vibration during FSW enhanced dynamic recrystallization, which led to the development of finer grains.The weld efficiency of FSVW was approximately 81%, whereas those of FSW and TIG were approximately 74% and 67%, respectively.     

倾斜式冷却剪切制备半固态Al-Mg合金

利用自制的实验装置对倾斜式冷却剪切技术制备半固态Al Mg合金进行了研究·液体合金在倾斜的冷却板表面非均匀形核并受到重力的剪切作用,合金逐渐从粗大等轴晶网络演化为细小的球形晶·控制浇注温度在660～690℃范围内可以获得良好组织的半固态坯料,很好地改善了常规铸造高Mg合金中出现的羽毛晶·冷却板表面性质对合金组织具有重要影响,表面干净并具有一定粗糙度的冷却板制备出的合金组织优良·