束花石斛和黄花石斛光合特性研究

以大花组的束花石斛（Dendrobium chrysanthum）和黄花石斛（D. dixanthum）为材料,对它们的光合生理等进行了系统研究.2种石斛叶片的解剖结构为异面叶,气孔仅分布在下表面,具气孔盖,叶脉维管束鞘不含叶绿体,无花环型结.2种石斛的光强、CO2浓度和温度的响应研究表明,它们的光补偿点（LCP）和光饱和点（LSP）分别为5～10μmol/(m2?s) 和850～900μmol/(m2?s),最大光合速率（Pn）在～6μmol/(m2?s);CO2补偿点和饱和点分别为80～90 μmol/mol和800 μmol/mol;光合作用的最适温度在26～30℃.2种石斛兰的Pn日变化为双峰型曲线,首峰出现在12:00左右,最大光合速率在5～6μmol/(m2?s),次峰出现在15:00左右,夜间不吸收CO2.2种石斛的PEPCase活性极低,具有较高的RuBPCase和GO酶活性.以上的研究结果表明,束花石斛和黄花石斛光合作用碳同化途径属C3植物类型,具有半阴生植物的特点.     

花楸幼苗光合特性及其影响因子分析

使用Li-6400光合测定系统研究了生态因子对花楸(Sorbus pohuashanensisHedl.)二年生幼苗叶片的光合生理特性的影响.结果表明:花楸幼苗净光合速率日变化曲线均呈单峰型,无午休现象,且峰值(18.7μmol/(m2.s))出现在12:00,净光合速率的变化是由非气孔因素决定的;花楸光合作用受多因子交互作用的影响,交互作用对净光合速率的影响大于单一因子,其中光合有效辐射对净光合速率的影响最大;正常大气条件下,花楸幼苗叶片光饱和点为1 268.4μmol/(m2.s)、补偿点为31.9μmol/(m2.s),CO2饱和点为998.82μmol/mol、CO2补偿点为51.87μmol/mol.     

3年生观光木夏季的光合生理特性初探

以盆栽3年生观光木为试材,利用便携式光合作用测量系统、叶绿素荧光仪及叶圆片氧电极等在夏季对其气体交换特性、叶绿素荧光参数及离体叶片的光合放氧等进行了测定.结果表明,3年生观光木幼树叶片的光补偿点为10.1μmo L/(m~2·s),光饱和点约为为800μmol/(m~2·s),CO_2补偿点为50.72μmol/mol,CO_2饱和点为1 200μmol/mol.夏季晴好天气下,观光木净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线呈双峰型,第1个峰出现在08:00,Pn为9.0μmol/(m~2·s),第2个峰出现在16:00,Pn为4.6μmol/(m~2·s),12:00有明显的光合午休现象.在光合有效辐射较高的时段(10:00至14:00),观光木的F_v/F——m(PSⅡphotochemical efficiency)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)均处于低水平,表明PSⅡ活性明显下降.     

南京椴和心叶椴苗期光合特性比较

利用Li 6400便携式光合作用测定仪,分别测定南京椴(Tilia miqueliana)和心叶椴(T.cordata)2年生苗木叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等指标的日变化,对两树种光合特性进行对比分析。结果表明：8月中旬天气晴朗时,两种椴树净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均呈双峰曲线,胞间CO2浓度变化呈单谷曲线;两树种的光补偿点分别为36.2 μmol/(m2·s)和22.8 μmol/(m2·s),光饱和点分别为1 384.8 μmol/(m2·s)和1 216.5 μmol/(m2·s),CO2补偿点分别为76.4 μmol/mol和80.9 μmol/mol,CO2饱和点则分别为1 872.5 μmol/mol和1 655 μmol/mol。基于对这两个树种净光合作用的分析,笔者发现南京椴净光合速率日均值大于心叶椴。     

贡嘎山地区黄背栎的光合特性

应用Li-6 400光合测定系统研究了贡嘎山地区不同海拔黄背栎(Quercus pannosa)幼树的光合生理特性。结果表明:(1)在8月晴天,不同海拔生长的黄背栎叶片净光合速率日变化均呈比较平稳的单峰曲线,无光合午休现象,随着海拔的升高,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均降低,而叶片气孔导度增加,有利于高海拔地区植物光合作用气体交换;(2)不同海拔试验点叶片净光合速率对光合辐射的响应有较大的差异,叶片光补偿点为39.16~68.06μmol/(m2.s),光饱和点为1 124.78~1 754.88μmol/(m2.s),表观光量子利用效率为0.028 12~0.031 73。随着海拔的升高,叶片光补偿点、光饱和点和最大净光合速率增加;(3)叶片CO2补偿点为68.47~105.21μmol/mol。随着海拔的升高,CO2补偿点降低,有利于植物对高海拔地区低CO2分压环境的适应。CO2饱和点在700μmol/mol左右,羧化效率为0.035~0.038。     

茄子光合特性研究再探

研究了茄子不同品种、不同叶龄、不同生育期的净光合速率(Pn)以及光强、CO2体积分数和温度对茄子叶片Pn的影响.结果表明,F1代杂交种的Pn显著高于常规种;茄子中、下部叶片的光合速率高值持续期(PAD)大约为30～40天;盛果期的Pn显著高于苗期和初花期,苗期Pn最低;二苠茄和快圆茄Pn对光强、CO2体积分数和温度的响应均为"抛物线"型,二苠茄的光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)分别为28.33,1 125 μmol/(m2·s),快圆茄的分别为60,1 468.75μmol/(m2·s),二苠茄的CO2补偿点(CCP)和饱和点(CSP)分别为77.5,1367.5μL/L,快圆茄的分别为72.5,1 412.5 μL/L,二苠茄光合作用的温度冷限和热限分别为5.37,59.44℃,快圆茄的分别为5.87,54.23 C.     

潢川金桂夏季光合特性分析

采用Li-6400XT便携式光合作用测定仪对潢川金桂成年树光合特性进行研究。结果表明:夏季潢川金桂净光合速率日变化呈明显的双峰型,最高峰出现在9:00,其净光合速率为10.05μmol/(m~2·s),次高峰出现13:00,其净光合速率为8.980μmol/(m~2·s),有明显的光合午休现象。根据光响应曲线可以得出潢川金桂的光饱和点(LSP)为1290μmol/(m~2·s),光补偿点(LCP)为74.21μmol/(m~2·s),表观光量子效率为0.0267,由CO_2响应曲线可以得出CO_2饱和点(CSP)为530μmol/mol,CO_2补偿点为61.24μmol/mol,羧化效率为0.0433。潢川金桂具有较高的CO_2补偿点和光饱和点说明潢川金桂是喜光的阳性植物。     

扇脉杓兰耐阴性的测定与分析

扇脉杓兰(Cypripedium japonicum)具有较高的观赏价值,为优良的观花观叶植物,园林应用前景较好。笔者采用CI-340超轻型便携式光合测定仪测定扇脉杓兰光合作用及相关生理变化,结果表明:扇脉杓兰最大净光合速率为6.07μmol/(m2·s),光补偿点为6μmol/(m2·s),光饱和点为416.5μmol/(m2·s),符合耐阴植物的标准,具有较强耐阴性,适宜室内观赏应用。     

藏川杨与中林46光合特性比较

使用L i-6400光合作用测定系统对藏川杨和中林46的日光合特性进行了测定,结果表明:藏川杨和中林46的日光合速率变化均呈双峰曲线,藏川杨的光合速率日变化峰值在09:00出现,为17.45μmol/(m2.s),中林46的光合速率日变化峰值出现在10:00,为18.27μmol/(m2.s);两种杨树的蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰曲线,峰值均出现在11:00,其中藏川杨峰值为4.67 mmol/(m2.s),中林46峰值是9.77 mmol/(m2.s).由两种树种的光合速率及其内、外影响因子的相关分析可知:中林46的Pn与PAR,Tr,Gs3个因子之间呈极显著正相关关系(r分别为0.803,0.818和0.790),与Ca呈极显著负相关关系(r为-0.715).藏川杨Pn与Tr,Gs呈显著正相关关系(r为0.579和0.639),与其他因子相关关系不显著.     

栓皮栎林光合特性的研究

用Licor 6400便携式光合作用测定系统研究了50年生天然次生栓皮栎林在不同季节的光合特性。结果表明:栓皮栎光补偿点变动范围为40.0～42.21μmol/(m2·s),光饱和点(LSP)的变动范围为1000～1600μmol/(m2·s),表观光量子效率的变化范围为0.014～0.06μmol/mo1;栓皮叶片的CO2补偿点的范围为57.54～72μmol/mo1;栓皮栎叶片在生长末期光呼吸速率为0.952μmol/(m2·s)。     

植物根尖干细胞微环境的遗传调控

干细胞微环境是平衡干细胞自我更新、多向分化和压力响应的微环境.近年来,通过大量的突变体筛选和现代的影像技术,植物根尖干细胞微环境特化和维持的调控机制取得了很大进展.该文着重概述转录因子网络、激素信号转导、染色质因子和基因组组织因子在调控根尖干细胞微环境中的作用.     

Conserved factors regulate signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root stem cell organizers

Throughout the lifespan of a plant, which in some cases can last more than one thousand years, the stem cell niches in the root and shoot apical meristems provide cells for the formation of complete root and shoot systems, respectively. Both niches are superficially different and it has remained unclear whether common regulatory mechanisms exist. Here we address whether root and shoot meristems use related factors for stem cell maintenance. In the root niche the quiescent centre cells, surrounded by the stem cells, express the homeobox gene WOX5 (WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5), a homologue of the WUSCHEL (WUS) gene that non-cell-autonomously maintains stem cells in the shoot meristem. Loss of WOX5 function in the root meristem stem cell niche causes terminal differentiation in distal stem cells and, redundantly with other regulators, also provokes differentiation of the proximal meristem. Conversely, gain of WOX5 function blocks differentiation of distal stem cell descendents that normally differentiate. Importantly, both WOX5 and WUS maintain stem cells in either a root or shoot context. Together, our data indicate that stem cell maintenance signalling in both meristems employs related regulators.     

组蛋白去乙酰化抑制剂对拟南芥根尖干细胞微环境的影响

根系发育是植物生长的重要组成部分,该过程由多种信号转导途径共同调节。组蛋白乙酰化和去乙酰化的动态变化对基因表达具有关键的调控作用,而对其在根发育中功能的研究还不深入。本研究通过组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂Trichostatin A（TSA）处理拟南芥,发现其主根生长受到抑制,分生区细胞数目变少。显微观察的结果表明TSA影响了根尖干细胞微环境。根尖微环境调控相关因子SCR和SHR的表达受TSA处理的影响并不明显,而PLT1/PLT2的表达受TSA强烈抑制。我们对生长素运输途径的分析发现在TSA处理条件下,PIN1表达只受轻微影响,而PIN2表达量明显下调。pDR5:GFP的结果表明TSA可能引起生长素在根尖的积累和分布变化。综上所述,TSA影响了拟南芥根尖干细胞微环境的维持,表明组蛋白的去乙酰化在根发育过程中发挥着重要作用。     

植物根尖分生组织干细胞调控模式

静止中心(QC)形成和干细胞区特化是植物根尖分生组织确立的标志。静止中心位于根尖分生组织中心,干细胞围绕在静止中心细胞周围。依赖于生长素的PLT途径和不依赖于生长素的SCR/SHR途径共同发挥维持静止中心细胞稳定的作用。静止中心和干细胞区的柱干细胞之间存在类似于WUS/CLV3的WOX5/ACR4/CLE40的反馈抑制调节途径,该调节途径维持着静止中心细胞和柱干细胞之间的平衡。静止中心和其他类型干细胞之间也可能存在类似的反馈抑制调节途径。生长素、细胞分裂素、赤霉素等植物激素信号在根干细胞功能发挥方面也起到重要作用,与各种基因一起组成根分生组织干细胞调控网络。     

Endothelial and perivascular cells maintain haematopoietic stem cells

Several cell types have been proposed to create niches for haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, the expression patterns of HSC maintenance factors have not been systematically studied and no such factor has been conditionally deleted from any candidate niche cell. Thus, the cellular sources of these factors are undetermined. Stem cell factor (SCF; also known as KITL) is a key niche component that maintains HSCs. Here, using Scf(gfp) knock-in mice, we found that Scf was primarily expressed by perivascular cells throughout the bone marrow. HSC frequency and function were not affected when Scf was conditionally deleted from haematopoietic cells, osteoblasts, nestin-cre- or nestin-creER-expressing cells. However, HSCs were depleted from bone marrow when Scf was deleted from endothelial cells or leptin receptor (Lepr)-expressing perivascular stromal cells. Most HSCs were lost when Scf was deleted from both endothelial and Lepr-expressing perivascular cells. Thus, HSCs reside in a perivascular niche in which multiple cell types express factors that promote HSC maintenance.     

Somatic control over the germline stem cell lineage during Drosophila spermatogenesis

Stem cells divide both to produce new stem cells and to generate daughter cells that can differentiate. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood, but conceptually are of two kinds. Intrinsic mechanisms may control the unequal partitioning of determinants leading to asymmetric cell divisions that yield one stem cell and one differentiated daughter cell. Alternatively, extrinsic mechanisms, involving stromal cell signals, could cause daughter cells that remain in their proper niche to stay stem cells, whereas daughter cells that leave this niche differentiate. Here we use Drosophila spermatogenesis as a model stem cell system to show that there are excess stem cells and gonialblasts in testes that are deficient for Raf activity. In addition, the germline stem cell population remains active for a longer fraction of lifespan than in wild type. Finally, raf is required in somatic cells that surround germ cells. We conclude that a cell-extrinsic mechanism regulates germline stem cell behaviour.     

Centrosome misorientation reduces stem cell division during ageing

Asymmetric division of adult stem cells generates one self-renewing stem cell and one differentiating cell, thereby maintaining tissue homeostasis. A decline in stem cell function has been proposed to contribute to tissue ageing, although the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here we show that changes in the stem cell orientation with respect to the niche during ageing contribute to the decline in spermatogenesis in the male germ line of Drosophila. Throughout the cell cycle, centrosomes in germline stem cells (GSCs) are oriented within their niche and this ensures asymmetric division. We found that GSCs containing misoriented centrosomes accumulate with age and that these GSCs are arrested or delayed in the cell cycle. The cell cycle arrest is transient, and GSCs appear to re-enter the cell cycle on correction of centrosome orientation. On the basis of these findings, we propose that cell cycle arrest associated with centrosome misorientation functions as a mechanism to ensure asymmetric stem cell division, and that the inability of stem cells to maintain correct orientation during ageing contributes to the decline in spermatogenesis. We also show that some of the misoriented GSCs probably originate from dedifferentiation of spermatogonia.