低碳钢在湿热工业海洋大气中的腐蚀特征

以0.1 mol·L-1 NaCl+0.01 mol·L-1 NaHSO3溶液为腐蚀介质,采用干/湿周浸加速腐蚀实验、腐蚀失重、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析等方法,研究了湿热工业海洋大气中低碳钢的腐蚀行为.结果表明:实验钢的腐蚀过程均遵循幂函数d=Atn分布规律,钢种不同,常系数A、n的值不同;腐蚀产物主要由非晶物质和少量Fe3 O4、α-FeOOH、β-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH晶体组成.所得锈层可分为主体锈层和界面疏松带两部分,由内至外锈层中Fe、O含量梯度变化很小.Cl-、SO2与水分的长期协同作用会导致内锈层结构变差,而添加稳定性或耐蚀性较高的元素可以改善锈层质量,进而增强钢材的耐腐蚀性能.     

不同暴露时间下不锈钢在典型地区大气腐蚀的灰色分析

采用灰色关联分析方法对2Cr13和1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在典型地区12a大气腐蚀和环境因素之间的关联度进行了计算,研究了大气腐蚀影响因素随时间的变化.结果表明,2Cr13和1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢大气腐蚀影响因素随时间的变化有所不同.2Cr13不锈钢的初期腐蚀,受相对湿度大于80%的年时数、降雨量、温度和Cl-的影响较大,受SO2影响较小.2Cr13不锈钢的中长期腐蚀,主要受Cl-、SO2、相对湿度大于80%的年时数、平均相对湿度及温度等影响.在各个腐蚀阶段腐蚀速率和各种影响因素的关联度大小次序均在不断变化.1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在发生腐蚀的初期,主要受相对湿度大于80%的年时数、降雨量及降尘等因素影响.随着腐蚀时间的延长,Cl-的作用逐渐上升为主导因素,关联度大小次序趋于稳定.     

铜在大气中的腐蚀

综述了铜在不同大气气氛中的腐蚀情况,分别介绍了铜在含有硫酸铵[(NH4)2SO4]、硫酸氢铵(NH4HSO4)、二氧化硫(SO2)、臭氧(O3)、氯化钠(NaCl)的大气中的腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物及腐蚀机理。表明当(NH4)2SO4微粒存在时,可能形成铜绿中的碱式硫酸铜。铜在含SO2+O3的潮湿大气中腐蚀很快,加入少量NaCl,会使腐蚀速率显著减少;加入大量NaCl,会使腐蚀速率增加。     

低碳贝氏体钢在三种典型环境中的腐蚀行为和腐蚀产物

通过干湿循环加速腐蚀实验并结合X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱分析和N2吸附等方法,研究了低碳贝氏体钢在用相应溶液模拟的三种大气环境(海洋、工业和海洋工业大气)中加速腐蚀行为和腐蚀产物特征.实验结果表明,低碳贝氏体钢在三种环境中的腐蚀速率均低于商业化耐候钢09CuPCrNi.低碳贝氏体钢在上述三种环境中的腐蚀速率也有较大差别,其在含有复合腐蚀因子(Cl-和SO32-)的环境中腐蚀最为严重,而在只含腐蚀因子SO32-的环境中腐蚀程度最轻.在不同环境中形成的腐蚀产物相组成差别很小,但锈层致密程度相差较大,并且锈层越致密,对应的钢腐蚀速率越低.在三种环境中的腐蚀对钢的拉伸力学性能的影响较小,说明没有产生严重的局部腐蚀.     

盐粒沉降对Zn大气腐蚀的影响

使用石英晶体微天平(QCM)并结合红外透射光谱(IRTS)研究了海洋大气环境和工业大气环境对金属Zn在薄液膜下大气腐蚀的影响.QCM试验表明:研究的几种电解质中,NaCl对Zn的腐蚀最严重,其次是(NH4)2SO4,NaNO3较弱,Na2CO3最轻微.结合红外光谱对腐蚀产物的分析,阐述了各种不同电解质条件下的腐蚀机理.     

Q235碳钢在西沙大气暴晒的锈层特征

在西沙群岛高温、高湿的海洋大气环境下对Q235碳钢进行了3个月的暴晒实验,利用电子探针、激光拉曼等观察分析了暴晒后样品的锈层特征. 结果表明:Q235碳钢暴晒1个月后迅速形成较厚的锈层,锈层疏松多孔,多裂纹;当暴晒3个月时,锈层却明显减薄. Q235碳钢在西沙暴晒1个月后形成的外层腐蚀产物主要是γ-FeOOH、β-FeOOH、α-FeOOH及少量Fe3O4等,而锈层内部主要为Fe3O4、γ-Fe2O3等铁的氧化物. 暴晒3个月后,疏松锈层的内部电解液蒸发加剧,内层还原后的锈层重新被氧化,生成较多的FeOOH,同时部分γ-FeOOH转化成为α-FeOOH. Q235碳钢在西沙大气环境下的暴晒过程(也就是锈层的氧化还原反应的交替过程)中,钢基体不断地被腐蚀.     

镀锌层无铬硅酸盐彩色钝化成膜机理及性能

针对镀锌层可显著提高钢铁零件的耐蚀性能,但在潮湿的环境中其表面易被腐蚀产生白锈,从而失去对基体的保护作用的问题,制备了A3钢镀锌层表面的无铬硅酸盐彩色钝化膜,以进一步提高其耐蚀性能,并使用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、中性盐雾试验和电化学工作站,研究了膜层的组分、成膜的过程及耐蚀性能.研究结果表明:钝化膜的主要成分为Zn4Si2O7-(OH)2·2H2O,Si O2,Zn O和Zn(OH)2,其中性盐雾试验出白锈时间能够达到75 h,与市场上广泛应用的三价格(Cr3+)钝化膜相当.     

基于金属电化学腐蚀的单晶SiC表面腐蚀和磨损性能研究

针对化学机械抛光中抛光液的环境污染,提出一种基于金属电化学腐蚀的单晶SiC化学机械抛光方法. 通过腐蚀实验和摩擦磨损实验,研究了电化学腐蚀单晶SiC的Si面腐蚀性能和磨损性能. 通过对比Al、Cu、Fe金属在Na2SO4电解质溶液中对Si面的腐蚀性能,发现Al在Si面产生明显的腐蚀层,EDS和XPS检测证实该腐蚀产物为SiO2. 采用摩擦磨损实验研究溶液组分对SiC的Si面磨损影响规律. 结果表明,提高Na2SO4电解质溶液浓度能获得更大的磨损量,当Na2SO4电解质溶液浓度为1.00 mol/L时,得到最大为7.19 μm2的磨损量;在酸性的金属电化学腐蚀溶液中,Si面具有更好的材料去除性能,在pH=3时磨损量达到11.97 μm2. 单晶SiC的金属电化学腐蚀材料去除机制为阴极的Al金属发生电偶腐蚀反应产生腐蚀电流,促使阳极SiC表面氧化生成SiO2氧化层,进而去除材料.     

冰冻/解冻对低合金耐候钢大气腐蚀的影响

采用事内、室内+冰冻和户外三种不同环境的曝晒实验,研究了冰冻/解冻循环对两种耐候钢初期大气腐蚀行为的影响.利用失重实验和电化学方法评价了实验钢的耐腐蚀性能,用扫描电镜观察了锈层形貌,用能谱分析仪分析了合金元素在锈层中的分布.结果表明:低温、低湿环境促进致密锈层的形成,而温度、湿-度较高的环境中形成的锈层致密度较低;冰冻/解冻循环导致非致密锈层内产生裂纹,其原因是疏松锈层中的孔洞中含有大量液态水,在液固相变时产生较大的应力,致使锈层开裂.致密锈层不含液态水,基本不受其影响.     

体液无机离子在镁表面的腐蚀机理

为揭示镁在人体中的腐蚀机理,通过分子动力学模拟方法研究计算了体液中无机离子Cl-、SO2-4、HCO3-和HPO2-4在镁表面的腐蚀,并用实验对模拟的结果进行了验证.研究结果表明:体系加入无机离子后,破坏了水分子的稳定结构,模拟体系的扩散系数明显增大.不同离子溶液与Mg(0001)表面的主要作用力为化学键Mg—O,其会很大程度地破坏镁致密的晶格结构,使镁的表面结构变得疏松有孔.其次,溶液中的Cl-、SO2-4、HCO3-和HPO2-4会通过孔隙进入镁结构内部,通过Mg—Cl、Mg—S、Mg—C和Mg—P间相互作用力拉大Mg—Mg的键长,使得其结构更加疏松,进一步加快其腐蚀进程.加入Cl-、SO2-4、HCO3-和HPO2-4以后,会生成氧化物MgOx H2x,使镁的腐蚀大幅度加快.加入Cl-以后,会生成HCl,加入SO2-4以后,O原子会把Mg原子拉出Mg层,Mg原子会溶入溶液,从而使镁层腐蚀.加入HCO3-以后,会生成H3 CO4.HPO2-4的加入,会生成弱酸H2 PO4.这些生成物都会对镁的腐蚀产生很大的影响.结果表明:加入无机离子后,模拟体系的氧化反应程度增大,增大了镁的腐蚀程度.生成物中若含有HCl、H2 SO4,其体系中镁的腐蚀剧烈,程度较深.生成物中若含有OH-,其也会对镁的腐蚀产生影响,但其生成量很少,影响程度有限.生成物中若含有H2 CO3、H3 PO4等弱酸,对镁的腐蚀作用相对较小,说明Cl-、SO2-4是引起镁腐蚀的主要原因.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.