化学驱产出污水回注技术在渤海石油能源开发中的研究与意义

针对渤海化学驱油田产出水特点,开展产出含聚污水配制聚合物并回注地层的再利用技术研究,研究结果表明:污水中的残留聚合物、悬浮物和乳化油对储层的渗透率具有一定的影响;在污水水质的控制指标为残留聚合物≤600 mg/L、乳化油≤50 mg/L、悬浮物≤25 mg/L时,污水配成的2,000 mg/L聚合物溶液的阻力系数值为5.61,残余阻力系数为2.27,说明聚合物溶液发挥了扩大波体积的作用,对于减轻产出化学驱液处理压力,突破海上油田化学驱的产出液处理技术瓶颈,最大限度减少含油污水的危害性,实现废弃资源的再利用,具有重要意义。     

含聚污水配制稀释聚合物体系性能研究

为研究大庆油田聚合物驱油过程中含聚污水配制聚合物体系对聚合物性能的影响,通过配制等浓度的驱油体系,对体系的黏度和抗剪切性能、黏弹性、稳定性、分子线团尺寸的测定,确定了含聚污水对聚合物性能的影响。结果表明:在配制浓度相同的条件下,聚合物溶液体系储能模量、损耗模量、黏度稳定性、分子线团尺寸和抗剪切性随污水含聚浓度增加而增加,清水体系性能优于污水体系性能,物化污水体系性能优于生化污水体系性能,污水中的残余聚合物具有良好的增黏性。因此含聚污水对聚合物体系性能具有一定的提升,可以作为配制聚合物的用水。     

聚合物驱采油污水增黏稳黏剂SC的研制

针对影响污水聚合物溶液初始黏度和稳定性的主要因素,从消除或降低其对聚合物溶液影响的角度,研制开发出了既能较大幅度提高聚合物溶液初始黏度又能使黏度保持相对稳定的采油污水增黏稳黏剂SC.孤东油田采油污水经SC处理后配成1500mg/L聚合物溶液,初始黏度提高38%以上,略高于清水配母液污水稀释聚合物溶液,40d后的黏度比污水、清水聚合物溶液分别高出85.9%和61.2%.SC处理采油污水后可以代替清水配制聚合物溶液.     

电渗析处理含聚合物污水研究

首次用电渗析对油田含聚合物污水进行脱盐处理 .研究了电压和流量对离子去除率的影响 :电压升高 ,去除率增大 ;流量增大 ,去除率减小 .研究了电压和流量对能耗的影响 :流量对能耗的影响很小 ,电压越高 ,能耗越大 .用降矿化度后的淡水配制的 1 0 0 0 mg/L聚合物溶液的黏度比用清水配制的高 1 1 .9m Pa· s,抗剪切性能也优于清水配制的聚合物溶液 ,因此完全可以代替清水进行聚合物驱油 .该技术能减少含聚污水外排对环境造成的污染 ,实现含聚污水的闭路循环     

电渗析回用聚驱污水为配聚用水的试验研究

由于大庆油田聚驱污水的矿化度较高(约4 000 mg/L),其中大量的K 、Na 、Ca2 、Mg2 等阳离子能引起聚合物较大的黏度损失,所以聚合物只能用低矿化度清水配制.选用电渗析来降低聚驱污水的矿化度,通过小型电渗析的现场试验,证明电渗析对矿化度的去除率可达90%以上,能显著改善聚驱污水的配聚性能,并且处理后的低矿化度聚驱污水能够达到或超过清水的配聚效果,从而可以代替清水用于现场配制聚合物溶液驱油;此外要使聚驱污水达到和清水一样的配聚效果,电渗析的脱盐能耗只为0.95 kW.h/m3,低于购买清水的价格,是一种经济有效的降矿化度技术,适用于处理聚驱污水.     

污水配制聚合物对提高采收率影响研究

利用纵向非均质人造岩心,进行了聚合物驱提高采收率的物理模拟实验。研究污水配制聚合物溶液对提高采收率的影响。实验结果表明,同浓度下,用污水配制或稀释聚合物溶液,其黏度比清水配制的低,相应的采收率也低。在水型和聚合物浓度相同的条件下,抗盐聚合物驱采收率增幅比普通聚合物高1.3%—2.5%;而且水质越差,差别越明显。说明抗盐聚合物更适用于污水配制聚合物进行驱油。黏度相同而水型不同的聚合物溶液,其注入压力也不同。清水配制并稀释的聚合物溶液具有最低注入压力。     

采出污水配制聚合物溶液的影响因素研究

研究了聚合物驱采出污水中Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Fe3+六种离子对聚合物溶液初始黏度的影响和溶解氧、阳离子、粘土矿物以及细菌对其稳定性的影响程度,提出了采出污水配注聚合物的参考控制指标和限度。研究结果表明,高价金属阳离子是影响聚合物水溶液初始黏度的主要因素,其由大到小的顺序为Fe2+＞Fe3+＞Mg2+＞Ca2+＞Na+＞K+。配制用水的基本要求是不含铁离子,Ca2+离子含量控制在200mg/L以下,最好控制在50mg/L以下;Mg2+离子含量控制在100mg/L以下,最好控制在30mg/L以下;Na+、K+离子含量应该控制在2000mg/L以下,最好控制在500mg/L以下。高价金属离子和溶解氧是影响聚合物溶液黏度稳定性的主要因素,其由大到小的顺序为：Fe2+>Mg2+(Ca2+)>Fe3+>Na+(K+),一价阳离子和悬浮物对聚合物溶液黏度稳定性也有一定影响,细菌对其影响相对较小。     

含聚污水深度过滤过程模拟及技术界限优化

针对油田清水资源宝贵、深度处理后的污水水源不足背景下地面系统注采水量失衡的问题，开展了含聚污水在普通处理后进行“双层级配滤料+三层级配滤料”两级过滤的深度处理技术研究，考虑水质含聚浓度的变化及其与过滤工艺参数的关联性，利用数值模拟方法描述了深度过滤流场中油珠及悬浮物粒子的聚集分布特征，确定了深度过滤出水水质中含油与悬浮物含量的变化。结果表明，对含聚污水进行深度过滤而实现油含量、悬浮物含量均控制在5.00 mg/L以内的水质指标是可行的，优化建立的含聚污水深度过滤技术界限关系图版可为提升含聚污水处理指标和效率、保障含聚污水处理工艺运行的负荷与平稳性提供有益指导。     

阳离子聚合物处理油田采油污水研究

为了使油田含油污水处理后能达到回用标准,通过阳离子聚合物与聚合铝复配对油田采油污水处理进行了研究.结果表明聚合物分子量为120万,加入浓度为0.5~1.0mg/L时,与聚合铝复配后,对采油污水中的悬浮物、含油量及CODcr的去除率分别达到99.7%,97.7%及92.0%,并使处理后水中悬浮物及含油量分别降低到1.2mg/L及5.0mg/L,达到了油田回用水水质标准.复配体系对含油污水的处理效果受污水pH值及温度的影响,但影响比单独使用聚合铝时小.     

聚驱高矿化度采出污水配制聚合物溶液方法研究

针对大庆油田采油四厂的污水矿化度高等问题,通过模拟污水中各种离子和矿化度来研究聚合物溶液黏度的影响因素,得出水的矿化度越高,聚合溶液的黏度越低;Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+含量越高聚合物溶液的黏度越低.破乳剂、防垢剂、防蜡剂对聚合物溶液黏度无影响,絮凝剂和杀菌剂使聚合物溶液黏度降低.对于采油四厂的高矿化度污水应用电渗析法研究矿化度降低的情况.研究表明,电渗析方法可以大幅度地降低水的矿化度,并且可以有效地去除所有离子.电渗析方法处理后的淡水所配制的聚合物溶液的黏度远高于处理前的污水所配制的聚合物溶液的黏度,故处理后的淡水可以用于配制聚合物溶液.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.