Blind-velocity SAR/ISAR imaging of a moving target in a stationarybackground

A synthetic aperture radio/inverse synthetic aperture radar (SAR/ISAR) coherent system model and inversion to image a target moving with an unknown constant velocity in a stationary background are presented. The approach is based on a recently developed system modelling and inversion principle for SAR/ISAR imaging that utilizes the spatial Fourier decomposition of SAR data in the synthetic aperture domain to convert the SAR system model's nonlinear phase functions into linear phase functions suitable for a computationally manageable inversion. It is shown that SAR/ISAR imaging of a moving target can be converted into imaging the target in a stationary squint-mode SAR problem where the parameters of the squint-mode geometry depend on the target's velocity. A method for estimating the moving target's velocity that utilizes a spatial Doppler analysis of the SAR data within overlapping subapertures is presented. The spatial Doppler technique does not require the radar signal to be narrowband, so the reconstructed image's resolution is not sacrificed to improve the target's velocity estimator.     

Reconnaissance with slant plane circular SAR imaging

This paper presents a method for imaging from the slant plane data collected by a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) over the full rotation or a partial segment of a circular flight path. A Fourier analysis for the Green's function of the imaging system is provided. This analysis is the basis of an inversion for slant plane circular SAR data. The reconstruction algorithm and resolution for this SAR system are outlined. It is shown that the slant plane circular SAR, unlike the slant plane linear SAR, has the capability to extract three-dimensional imaging information of a target scene. The merits of the algorithm are demonstrated via a simulated target whose ultra wideband foliage penetrating (FOPEN) or ground penetrating (GPEN) ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radar signature varies with the radar's aspect angle.     

Rate allocation for spotlight SAR phase history data compression

Complex phase history data in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems require extensive processing before useful images can be obtained. In spotlight mode SAR systems, useful images can be obtained by applying aperture weighting and inverse Fourier transform operations to SAR phase history data. In this paper, we are concerned with the compression of the complex phase history data obtained by a spotlight SAR system. We exploit knowledge of the aperture weighting function along with Fourier transform processing to attach a "gain" factor to each complex phase history data sample. This gain factor is then used to efficiently allocate bits to the phase history data during quantization. Performance evaluations are presented for this compression system relative to other existing SAR phase history data compression systems.     

Reconnaissance with ultra wideband UHF synthetic aperture radar

The author addresses the problem of detecting and identifying stationary and moving targets with foliage penetrating UHF synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The role of a target's coherent SAR signature, which varies with the radar's frequency and aspect angle, in forming the Fourier space of the SAR signal is analyzed. The resultant relationship is the basis of an algorithm which, after extracting (digital spotlighting) the target's coherent SAR signature in the reconstruction domain, could be used to differentiate man-made structures from foliage. Methods for blind-velocity moving target indication are discussed. The main tool of the work is a signal theory based analysis of SAR signal via Fourier transform. However, the theory is at most as good as the collected SAR data     

采用格林函数分解的太赫兹逆合成孔径雷达近场成像算法

针对太赫兹逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)近场成像的问题,本文提出了采用格林函数分解的ISAR成像算法。文中结合太赫兹雷达超外差接收模式,构建和分析了近场条件下的目标回波模型。通过对回波模型中格林函数的分解,将表征球面波前的格林函数分解为二维平面波的叠加;并在频域完成对回波信号的滤波补偿和二维逆变换后,获得了太赫兹ISAR近场目标的图像。文中通过与二维FFT算法和本文算法进行的数值仿真结果对比,验证了该算法的可行性。最后利用太赫兹雷达转台实测数据对本文算法进行了验证和对比分析,结果表明该算法具有良好的成像性能。      

基于深度学习的雷达成像技术研究进展

成像雷达具有全天时、全天候、远距离、高分辨对地观测的能力,使得雷达系统具有对观测区域进行成像和解译的能力。利用先进信号处理技术实现实时高分辨成像以满足图像解译的需求是雷达成像技术研究的重要目的和意义。随着深度学习的迅速兴起,深度学习网络在逆问题求解中得到广泛应用,也为提升成像质量和成像效率提供新的求解思路。本文基于雷达成像数学模型将雷达成像问题建模为成像逆问题,从逆问题求解的角度分析了基于深度学习的雷达成像方法的可行性。并综述了近年来雷达深度学习技术在合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）、逆合成孔径雷达（Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar,ISAR）、SAR运动目标成像等雷达成像领域的研究现状,在此基础上探讨了目前面临的亟待解决的问题,并对未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Bistatic synthetic aperture radar inversion with application indynamic object imaging

An inversion method is presented for bistatic synthetic aperture radar imaging. The method is based on a Fourier analysis (Doppler processing) of the bistatic synthesized array's data followed by a phase modulation analysis of the Doppler data. The approach incorporates the phase information of the wavefront curvature in the transmitted waves as well as the resultant echoed signals. The Doppler data are shown to provide samples of the reflectivity function's spatial Fourier transform within a band that depends upon the bistatic angles and ranges. Associated resolution, reconstruction, and sampling constraints for the imaging problem are discussed. The bistatic SAR inversion is also utilized to formulate an inversion for multistatic measurements made along a physical linear array due to a single transmission to image a dynamic object     

Derivation and comparison of SAR and frequency-wavenumber migration within a common inverse scalar wave problem formulation

Two common Fourier imaging algorithms used in ground penetrating radar (GPR), synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and frequency-wavenumber (F-K) migration, are reviewed and compared from a theoretical perspective. The two algorithms, while arising from seemingly different physical models: a point-scatterer model for SAR and the exploding source model for F-K migration, result in similar imaging equations. Both algorithms are derived from an integral equation formulation of the inverse scalar wave problem, which allows a clear understanding of the approximations being made in each algorithm and allows a direct comparison. This derivation brings out the similarities of the two techniques which are hidden by the traditional formulations based on physical scattering models. The comparison shows that the approximations required to derive each technique from the integral equation formulation of the inverse problem are nearly identical, and hence the two imaging algorithms and physical models are making similar assumptions about the solution to the inverse problem, thus clarifying why the imaging equations are so similar. Sample images of landmine-like targets buried in sand are obtained from experimental GPR data using both algorithms.     

合成孔径雷达的空间傅里叶分解成象

空间傅里叶分解法是一种新的合成孔径雷达(SAR)成象方法。这种方法考虑到了波前的球面特性,所以即使在近场条件下,也不会像传统方法那样由于采用了平面波近似而使图象畸变。本文提出了一种空间傅里叶分解法的实现算法。对计算机模拟数据的成象结果证明了这种算法的的有效性。     

雷达目标三维成像算法研究

逆合成孔径雷达三维成像技术可有效揭示雷达目标散射源的空间分布;相比于传统的距离向和方位向二维成像,三维成像又增加了俯仰向的分辨能力,可以识别雷达目标高度方向的散射源分布情况。从雷达目标回波信号分析出发,探讨了三维成像的基本公式及算法。距离向分辨采用传统的FFT(快速傅里叶变换)实现,方位向和俯仰向分辨运用卷积反投影算法实现。讨论了两种实现方位向和俯仰向成像的投影插值算法,即二维投影插值法和直接投影法,与传统的二维投影插值算法比较,直接投影法具有计算速度快和计算精度高的优点。     

Slant Plane CSAR Processing Using Householder Transform

Fourier analysis-based focusing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data collected during circular flight path is a recent advancement in SAR signal processing. This paper uses the Householder transform to obtain a ground plane circular SAR (CSAR) signal phase history from the slant plane CSAR phase history by inverting the linear shift-varying system model, thereby circumventing the need for explicitly computing a pseudo-inverse. The Householder transform has recently been shown to have improved error bounds and stability as an underdetermined and ill-conditioned system solver, and the Householder transform is computationally efficient.     

二维stolt插值解耦合的GEO SAR成像算法

针对地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达(GEO SAR)二维频谱形式复杂、二维空变性处理困难等问题,考虑成像参数随距离和方位的空变性,给出了一种利用二维stolt插值解耦合的GEO SAR成像算法,该算法不需要求解GEO SAR复杂的二维频谱,在距离频域和方位时域利用空变斜距的二阶近似模型和二维stolt插值变换校正了距离和方位的耦合;同时,针对二维插值计算量大和复杂度高的问题,采用非均匀快速傅里叶变换(NUFFT)替代了传统的插值和快速逆傅里叶变换(IFFT)运算。理论分析和仿真结果表明该算法能够补偿回波的二维空变特性,实现GEO SAR聚焦成像,且各成像指标接近理论值。      

FM—CW SAR系统及其发展概况

FM-CW SAR是一种新近被提出来的成像雷达体制，它结合连续波与合成孔径成像技术，具有体积小、重量轻、成本低、分辨率高等一系列优点。文章概述了FM-CW SAR系统及其信号处理特点，讨论了FM-CW SAR系统实现的难题所在；归纳了目前FM-CW SAR的几种应用背景及其主要参数；根据FM-CW SAR发展概况，讨论了FM-CW SAR进一步的发展趋势。     

基于24 GHz FMCW 雷达的二维近场成像系统

为进行隐藏危险金属制品的安检,文中提出了一种24 GHz 低成本毫米波成像系统。该系统采用低成 本24 GHz 商用调频连续波(FMCW)雷达作为扫描源,在方位角和仰角上合成大孔径,使用二维十字扫描平台,经 FMCW 雷达信号处理以及合成孔径雷达(SAR)处理使隐藏物体成像。低成本的射频外设只提供了一路中频实信号 供ADC 采样量化,在图像重建中,文中提出将单路ADC 采样量化后的中频数字信号通过希尔伯特变换成复信号,对 复信号加布莱克曼窗优化频谱,再对信号序列补零以减小频域栅栏效应,后采用空间匹配滤波器补偿相位偏差,通 过FMCW 雷达近场成像原理对目标成像。改进后的算法适用于低成本的雷达前端系统,只需一路ADC 采集的中频 数字信号即可使成像系统达到理论的合成孔径成像分辨率。     

Theory of synthetic aperture radar imaging of a moving target

Two novel image processing techniques have been developed to refocus a moving target image from its smeared response in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image which is focused on the stationary ground. Both approaches may be implemented with efficient fast Fourier transform (FFT) routines to process the Fourier spatial spectrum of the image data. The first approach utilizes a matched target filter that is derived from the signal history along the range-Doppler migration path mapped onto the SAR image from the moving target trajectory in real space. The coherent spatial filter is specified by the apparent target range in the image and the magnitude of the relative target-to-radar velocity. The second approach eliminates the range-dependence by reconstructing the moving target image from a spectral function that is obtained from the SAR image data spectrum via a spatial frequency coordinate transformation     

基于Chirp-Z变换的串行双站斜视SAR成像算法

该文首先建立了串行双站斜视SAR的几何模型,给出了雷达回波的数学表达式,推导了它的2维频谱并对其特点做了分析。在2维频域内先用聚焦函数对观测场景中心的点目标进行精确成像,然后利用Chirp-Z变换校正了中心点两侧目标回波的距离徙动,再通过方位向逆傅里叶变换得到了雷达图像。该算法利用了Chirp-Z变换能够处理非线性调频信号的特点,简化了处理过程并提高了成像精度。仿真实验验证了这种基于Chirp-Z变换的新算法在处理串行双站斜视SAR数据时的有效性。     

基于分数阶傅里叶变换的运动舰船聚焦算法

为解决合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像中运动舰船目标产生的散焦现象,结合对比度最大算法和分数阶傅里叶变换(FRFT)算法,提出了一种改进的对比度分数阶傅里叶变换(CFRFT)自聚焦算法.该算法利用分数阶傅里叶变换对已成像SAR图像进行时频域分析,根据旋转角分别利用参数模型和非参数模型对二阶相位误差和高阶相位误差进行补偿,和传统的相位梯度(PGA)法相比,图像分辨率和旁瓣比提升显著,可以更有效地补偿SAR中舰船运动产生的相位误差.对不同舰船和尾迹SAR图像实验表明,算法对二阶以上的相位误差具有较好的补偿效果,误差估计准确性高,适用范围广,解决了SAR运动舰船的散焦问题,提高了海洋舰船监测的准确性.     

A tomographic formulation of spotlight-mode synthetic aperture radar

Spotlight-mode synthetic aperture radar (spotlight-mode SAR) synthesizes high-resolution terrain maps using data gathered from multiple observation angles. This paper shows that spotlight-mode SAR can be interpreted as a tomographic reeonstrution problem and analyzed using the projection-slice theorem from computer-aided tomograpy (CAT). The signal recorded at each SAR transmission point is modeled as a portion of the Fourier transform of a central projection of the imaged ground area. Reconstruction of a SAR image may then be accomplished using algorithms from CAT. This model permits a simple understanding of SAR imaging, not based on Doppler shifts. Resolution, sampling rates, waveform curvature, the Doppler effect, and other issues are also discussed within the context of this interpretation of SAR.     

机载双基地SAR回波信号模型及其仿真

重点研究了平行飞行模式机载双基地SAR的几何模型和回波信号模型。推导了斜距历程,采用级数反演法,获得了高阶近似的回波信号二维频谱表达式,建立了回波信号模型。在上述理论研究基础上,采用二维频域快速傅氏变换法,产生仿真回波数据,获得了良好的成像结果,仿真结果验证了上述理论和仿真算法。     

3-D radar imaging using range migration techniques

An imaging system with three-dimensional (3-D) capability can be implemented by using a stepped frequency radar which synthesizes a two-dimensional (2-D) planar aperture. A 3-D image can be formed by coherently integrating the backscatter data over the measured frequency band and the two spatial coordinates of the 2-D synthetic aperture. This paper presents a near-field 3-D synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging algorithm. This algorithm is an extension of the 2-D range migration algorithm (RMA). The presented formulation is justified by using the method of the stationary phase (MSP). Implementation aspects including the sampling criteria, resolutions, and computational complexity are assessed. The high computational efficiency and accurate image reconstruction of the algorithm are demonstrated both with numerical simulations and measurements using an outdoor linear SAR system