心外科术后患者的早期康复护理流程管理

目的 探讨康复护理小组进行流程管理在心脏外科ICU患者早期活动中的可行性及效果分析。方法 按住院时间先后将心外科术后入住ICU的患者分为对照组（158例）、观察组（127例）。对照组以常规床上康复运动为主,观察组由ICU康复护理管理团队制定针对心脏外科手术后ICU患者的早期渐进式分级活动流程,进行全程康复护理与质量控制。结果 观察组开始进行离床活动时间、ICU停留时间、术后住院时间与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）;观察组出ICU时的肌力评分显著高于术后(P＜0.01)。结论 对心脏外科术后患者实施早期康复流程管理,有利于促进其康复进程。     

乳腺癌患者术后延伸护理服务的应用

目的 探讨延伸护理服务对乳腺癌患者术后康复的影响.方法 按标准纳入行改良根治术的乳腺癌患者67例,按随机数字表法分为干预组33例和对照组34例,对照组采用常规健康宣教方法,干预组在此基础上开展延伸护理服务,比较两组患者功能锻炼依从性、锻炼效果及患者满意度.结果 干预组患者功能锻炼依从性优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（x^2=9.326,P＜0.05）;干预组的患肢上抬高度、外展及旋转功能优良情况均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（x^2=11.547,P＜0.05）;干预组患者满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（x^2=15.336,P＜0.05）.结论 乳腺癌改良根治术后采取延伸护理服务,可提高患者功能锻炼的依从性和锻炼效果,促进患者康复,提高患者满意度.     

沉浸式虚拟现实技术在肺癌患者肺康复健康教育中的应用

目的 探讨沉浸式虚拟现实技术在早期肺癌患者肺康复健康教育中的应用效果，促进患者术后康复。 方法 将120例早期肺癌患者随机分为对照组与干预组各60例。对照组实施常规健康教育；干预组在常规健康教育基础上，采用沉浸式虚拟现实技术进行肺康复健康教育。 结果 干预组健康教育内容掌握率、肺康复训练依从性、6 min步行距离、Barthel指数及健康教育满意度显著高于对照组，Borg气促与劳累评分显著低于对照组（均P＜0.05）。 结论 沉浸式虚拟现实技术用于早期肺癌患者肺康复健康教育，有助于患者对健康教育内容的掌握，提高肺康复训练的依从性及健康教育满意度，促进患者康复。     

高血压脑出血术后偏瘫患者康复护理体会

目的观察高血压脑出血术后偏瘫患者早期康复护理的效果。方法将58例高血压脑出血术后偏瘫患者随机分为2组,各29例。对照组行常规护理干预,干预组行早期康复护理干预。观察2组护理干预前及护理干预后8周的Fud-Meyer评分和Barthd指数。结果护理干预后8周时2组患者Fud-Meyer评分及Barthel评分高于干预前(P0.05)。干预组Fud-Meyer评分和Barthel评分较对照组明显改善(P0.05)。结论高血压脑出血术后偏瘫患者早期康复护理,能有效改善肢体运动功能,提高生活质量。     

脚踏车运动在ICU腹部术后机械通气患者加速康复中的应用

目的 探讨脚踏车运动在ICU腹部术后患者加速康复中的可行性和效果。方法 将符合纳入标准的96例患者随机分为对照组和观察组各48例。对照组行传统床上运动；观察组在传统运动基础上加脚踏车运动，每次20 min，每天2次。结果 观察组46例，对照组40例完成研究；观察组术后48 h内运动实施率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05），但住院期间实施率显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）；未实施原因与对照组比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；两组均无导管移位、损伤等不良事件发生；观察组机械通气时间、ICU住院时间显著短于对照组，且出院时下肢肌力、床边坐立例数和床边站立例数显著高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。结论 ICU腹部术后机械通气患者对脚踏车运动依从性较好，且不增加术后不良事件。脚踏车运动可改善患者肺功能和下肢运动功能，促进患者康复。     

心脏起搏治疗患者基于运动危险分层康复方案的构建与实施

目的 基于运动危险分层评估构建心脏起搏治疗患者运动康复方案,并评价其应用效果。 方法 将行心脏起搏治疗的108例患者按入院时间分为对照组和观察组各54例,对照组给予常规活动指导,观察组在常规活动指导基础上制订并实施基于运动危险分层的康复方案。术后第1天和出院前评价患者运动恐惧、上肢功能、活动状况指数、自我管理效能。 结果 对照组49例、观察组53例完成全程研究。干预后观察组运动恐惧、上肢功能、活动状况指数、自我管理效能评分显著优于对照组（均P＜0.05）。 结论 心脏起搏治疗术后患者实施基于运动危险分层的康复方案,可减轻患者的运动恐惧心理,提高自我管理效能,促进患者功能康复。     

综合性护理干预对老年湿疹患者症状改善及依从性的影响

目的 探讨综合性护理干预对老年湿疹患者症状改善及依从性的影响。方法 选取我院皮肤诊断 与治疗中心2020年12月-2022年10月收治的40例老年湿疹患者为研究对象，通过随机数字表法分为对照组 与观察组，每组20例。对照组实施常规性护理干预，观察组实施综合性护理干预，比较两组症状改善情况 和依从性评分。结果 两组干预后EASI、SCORAD评分均低于干预前，且观察组低于对照组（P＜0.05）； 观察组干预后治疗依从性评分高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 老年湿疹治疗期间实施综合性护理干预可改 善临床症状，提高治疗依从性，值得临床应用。     

高血压脑出血术后偏瘫患者早期康复训练的方法和效果

目的探讨高血压脑出血术后偏瘫患者早期康复训练的方法和效果。方法选取2017-11—2019-09间鹤壁市人民医院收治的78例高血压脑出血术后患者,用随机数字表法分为2组,每组39例。对照组予以常规护理,观察组在常规护理基础上行早期心理支持,肢体、语言、生活自理功能训练等综合康复干预。观察2组患者干预后的功能锻炼依从性。采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表和Barthel指数评价干预前后2组患者的运动功能及生活自理改善效果。结果干预后观察组患者功能锻炼依从性、Barthel指数、Fugl-Meyer评分均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对高血压脑出血术后偏瘫患者实施早期康复训练,可改善其神经和肢体功能,提高术后生活质量。     

早期床上脚踏车运动对ICU机械通气患者康复的影响

目的探讨早期床上脚踏车运动对ICU机械通气患者康复的影响。方法将124例机械通气患者随机分为干预组和对照组各62例。对照组行常规床上活动;干预组在此基础上加床上脚踏车运动,每天2次,每次20min。结果两组均60例完成研究。运动第7、14天,干预组肌肉总量、骨骼肌、体脂肪、四肢水分、前白蛋白值及潮气量、呼吸频率、二氧化碳分压与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);干预组机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、VAP发生率、谵妄发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论床上脚踏车运动实现早期活动,可改善机械通气患者的营养指标和心肺功能,促进患者康复。     

针对性护理干预对老年湿疹患者瘙痒的改善效果

目的 分析针对性护理干预对老年湿疹患者瘙痒的改善效果。方法 选取2022年1月-2023年9月山 东大学附属威海市立医院收治的48例老年湿疹患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组24例。 对照组实施常规护理干预,观察组实施针对性护理干预,比较两组心理状态[焦虑自评量表（SAS）、 抑郁自评量表（SDS）]、护理效果[湿疹面积及严重程度指数（EASI）、自我护理能力测定量表评分 （ESCA）]、依从性评分、护理满意度评分。结果 两组护理后SDS、SAS评分低于护理前,且观察组低 于对照组（P＜0.05）;两组护理后EASI评分低于护理前、ESCA评分高于护理前,且观察组EASI评分低于对照 组,ESCA评分高于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组依从性、护理满意度评分高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 针对 性护理干预可改善老年湿疹患者瘙痒程度,提升自我护理能力、依从性和护理满意度,值得临床应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.