阿托伐他汀药动学相关的基因多态性研究进展

阿托伐他汀是目前最常用的调血脂药物,可显著降低血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,有效预防心血管疾病的发生。但对于不同的人群,阿托伐他汀的疗效存在很大差异。研究表明,药物相关基因多态性是造成个体之间药动学差异的重要原因。本文就阿托伐他汀的药动学特征及其相关基因多态性研究进展作一综述,为临床上阿托伐他汀的个体化使用提供参考。     

黄精多糖对阿托伐他汀在大鼠体内药代动力学的影响

目的 建立测定大鼠血浆中阿托伐他汀含量的高效液相色谱法,研究黄精多糖对阿托伐他汀在大鼠体内药代动力学的影响.方法 采用高效液相法测定大鼠灌胃给予阿托伐他汀(对照组)及阿托伐他汀+黄精多糖(试验组)后血浆中的阿托伐他汀浓度,经DAS2.11软件计算药动学参数.结果 对照组与试验组血药浓度-时间值经DAS2.11软件处理,根据各组数据统计对照组与试验组的主要药动学参数,结果表明,对照组与试验组在大鼠体内的各项药代动力学参数差异无统计学意义.结论 黄精多糖对阿托伐他汀在大鼠体内的药代动力学无明显影响.     

高效液相色谱法测定阿伐斯汀在小猎兔犬的血药浓度

目的:建立测定Beagle(小猎兔)犬血浆中阿代斯汀药物浓度的测定方法。方法:Beagle犬单次经口给予阿代斯汀胶囊8 mg后,以高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度,采用DASv2．0软件拟合其药动学参数。结果:阿伐斯汀的血药浓度范围在3．4～572μg·L~(-1)内线性关系良好;定量限为3．4μ,g·L~(-1),日内和日间误差均不超过15％。结论:高效液相色谱法测定阿伐斯汀血药浓度,方法简单、准确,可以用于阿伐斯汀在Bealge犬的药动学研究。     

他汀类药物化学结构和理化性质对其药效及药动学特性的影响

他汀类药物能安全有效地降低血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),是治疗高胆固醇血症的首选药物.已上市的他汀类药物作用机制大致相同,但化学结构有差异,导致其水溶性、亲脂亲水性不同,进而影响在人体内的吸收、分布、代谢及排泄特征.本文综述了此类药物化学结构和理化性质对其药效及药动学特性的影响.所有他汀类药物均有首过效应,因而药物可在肝脏富集.已上市药物中,瑞舒伐他汀降低LDL-C的效果较好,阿托伐他汀、辛伐他汀及普伐他汀次之.     

液质联用法同时测定人血浆中阿托伐他汀、邻羟基阿托伐他汀、对羟基阿托伐他汀及其药动学

目的建立液质联用(LC-MS/MS)方法测定人血浆中阿托伐他汀(AT)、邻羟基阿托伐他汀(O-AT)、对羟基阿托伐他汀(P-AT)的含量,并研究男性健康志愿者单剂量服用阿托伐他汀片后AT及其代谢产物O-AT、P-AT在体内的药动学行为。方法 24名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服阿托伐他汀片20 mg,于指定时间采集血样,血浆样品经乙酸乙酯提取,采用LC-MS/MS测定人血浆中AT及其代谢产物的浓度。色谱柱为Phenomenex Luna C8(2.0 mm×50 mm,3μm),流动相为乙腈︰0.1%甲酸水溶液(50︰50,V/V),检测离子为m/z 559.3→440.3(AT);m/z 575.3→440.3(O-AT,P-AT);m/z 564.4→445.3(阿托伐他汀氘标AT-d5);m/z 580.4→445.3(邻羟基阿托伐他汀氘标O-AT-d5,对羟基阿托伐他汀氘标P-AT-d5)。测定AT、O-AT、P-AT血药浓度,计算其药动学参数。结果 AT、O-AT、P-AT线性范围分别为0.028 7~22.92μg·L-1(r=0.998 6)、0.013 8~11.00μg·L-1(r=0.996 3)、0.008 7~1.11μg·L-1(r=0.998 3)。方法学考察均符合要求。日内、日间变异系数(RSD)均小于10%,精密度和准确度等均符合生物样品分析要求。人体中AT药动学参数:ρmax为(6.33±2.78)μg·L-1,t max为(1.70±1.40)h,t蚝虔β为(10.67±2.05)h,AUC0-t为(48.59±14.65)μg·h·L-1;O-AT药动学参数:ρmax为(4.53±1.94)μg·L-1,t max为(2.90±1.30)h,t蚝虔β为(11.54±2.04)h,AUC0-t为(52.82±18.55)μg·h·L-1;P-AT药动学参数:ρmax为(0.25±0.14)μg·L-1,t max为(9.1±10.2)h,t蚝虔β为(29.51±13.94)h,AUC0-t为(7.69±3.56)μg·h·L-1。结论建立的LC-MS/MS分析方法准确灵敏,适于临床药动学研究。     

LC-MS/MS测定大鼠血浆中阿托伐他汀及其活性代谢产物

目的 建立LC-MS/MS同时测定大鼠血浆中阿托伐他汀、邻羟基阿托伐他汀及对羟基阿托伐他汀的方法,并应用于CYP3A酶诱导模型大鼠和正常大鼠体内阿托伐他汀的药动学研究。方法 采用甲基叔丁基醚-乙酸乙酯（50︰50）液液萃取法提取大鼠血浆中药物。使用XBridge C₁₈（2.1 mm×250 mm,3.5 μm）色谱柱,柱温35℃;流动相为0.1%甲酸-乙腈（40：60）,等度洗脱4.4 min,流速0.2 mL·min^-1;进样体积10 μL。质谱采用电喷雾离子（ESI）源,以正离子多反应监测（MRM）模式进行定量分析,选择m/z 559.1→440.1（阿托伐他汀）,m/z 575.3→440.2（邻羟基阿托伐他汀/对羟基阿托伐他汀）,m/z 564.3→445.3（阿托伐他汀-d₅,内标）作为检测离子对。以地塞米松80 mg·kg^-1·d^-1连续灌胃给药4 d,建立CYP3A酶诱导模型,取正常及模型大鼠给药后0,0.083,0.17,0.25,0.33,0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,3,4,6 h血样于肝素抗凝管中,离心收集血浆,冷冻保存直到进行测定。结果 阿托伐他汀及其2种代谢产物在0.49~500.00 ng·mL^-1内均有良好的线性关系（r²>0.99）;批内、批间精密度RSD<15%（n=6）;方法的提取回收率和基质效应均满足生物样品的检测要求;含药血浆在室温放置4,24 h、4℃放置3 d稳定。诱导组大鼠血浆中阿托伐他汀血药浓度达峰时间（T_max）提前,血药浓度-时间曲线下面积（AUC_0-t）显著低于正常组,消除速率常数K和清除率CL略高于正常组。结论 新建立的方法简便、稳定、灵敏,能够用于大鼠血浆内阿托伐他汀及其活性代谢产物的浓度测定和药动学研究。进入CYP3A酶诱导模型大鼠与正常大鼠体循环的活性药物成分差异显著。     

阿托伐他汀生理药动学模型的建立

目的:建立阿托伐他汀在健康人群中的生理药动学模型,预测其在人体内的组织分布及特征,为优化阿托伐他汀的治疗方案提供依据。方法:文献中获取关于阿托伐他汀理化参数及体外酶促动力学参数及数值。结合药物理化参数得到组织-血浆分配平衡系数(K_p),应用GastroPlus软件,建立阿托伐他汀的生理药动学模型, 验证模型有效性, 预测各器官组织中阿托伐他汀的经时变化,并运用模型预测阿托伐他汀在儿童及老年人群体内各器官组织中药物的经时变化,为个体化用药提供依据。结果:经验证,模型的有效性良好。阿托伐他汀在14个组织室均有分布,其中在血液、皮肤、肺中分布较高,C_max分别为6.04,1.70,1.32 ng·ml^-1;在脂肪和脑中分布较低,C_max分别为0.31,0.33 ng·ml^-1。儿童及老年人群体各器官组织阿托伐他汀的经时变化模型预测发现,儿童血液、皮肤、肺分布较高,C_max分别为12.49,3.52,2.73 ng·ml^-1;脑分布最低,C_max为0.69 ng·ml^-1;老年血液、皮肤、肺分布较高,C_max分别为8.97,2.53,1.96 ng·ml^-1;肌肉分布最低,C_max为0.63 ng·ml^-1。结论:儿童及老年体内阿托伐他汀不同组织分布的C_max为青年健康人群的两倍,显示年龄影响阿托伐他汀在体内的分布,儿童和老年人应用阿托伐他汀,存在较高发生不良反应的风险,应根据生理生化指标调整剂量,避免不良反应的发生。     

HPLC法测定人血浆中阿托伐他汀的浓度及其药动学研究

目的:建立测定人血浆中阿托伐他汀片浓度的方法并考察其药动学。方法:选择20名男性健康志愿受试者,口服阿托伐他汀片10mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算药动学参数。结果:阿托伐他汀血药浓度在0.1～12.5μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,日内、日间RSD均<9%,方法回收率为89.00%～103.00%;阿托伐他汀的主要药动学参数为:t1/2(14.40±7.10)h,tmax(1.50±0.70)h,cmax(6.10±3.40)μg·L-1,AUC0～48h(50.60±43.60)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞(56.70±42.50)μg·h·L-1,MRT0～48h(3.68±0.75)h,MRT(3.82±0.71)h。结论:本方法适用于阿托伐他汀人体药动学的研究。     

染料木黄酮在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学染料木黄酮在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学

目的研究染料木黄酮(genistein)在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学。方法染料木黄酮ig后用反相高效液相色谱法测定犬血浆、尿及粪便中原型药物浓度,血浆药物浓度-时间数据用3P97药代动力学软件分析。结果Genistein在Beagle犬体内的代谢符合一室模型,ig后0.29 h达药峰浓度,t1/2 Ke为0.52 h。给药后24 h内有10.79%的原型药物由尿排出,21.55%的原型药物由粪便排出。60 h内有13.00%的原型药物由尿排出,有52.46%的原型药物由粪便排出。结论Beagle犬ig染料木黄酮后吸收迅速,血浆中药物的消除速度快,药物主要以原型经尿和粪便排出体外。     

阿托伐他汀自微乳释药系统的制备和评价

目的制备阿托伐他汀自微乳，为自微乳释药系统的处方设计和体内外评价提供参考。方法采用伪三元相图法研究不同乳化剂、助乳化剂和油相形成微乳的能力和区域，绘制不同处方组成的相图，在此基础上制备阿托伐他汀自微乳，比较温度、介质、稀释等因素对自微乳效率的影响，进行自微乳时间、所成微乳的形态、粒径分布、zeta电位、含量和稳定性等体外评价Beagle犬体内药代动力学研究。结果理想的处方经分散后可得到平均粒径在100 nm以下、呈高斯分布的微乳，稳定性好，自微乳效率高，在Beagle犬体内的吸收明显高于市售片剂。结论本文首次研制阿托伐他汀自微乳，稳定性好，在Beagle犬体内的生物利用度高。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.