齐口裂腹鱼维氏气单胞菌的耐药性分析

采用k-B法检测分离自齐口裂腹鱼的维氏气单胞菌对20种抗菌药物的耐药表型,用PCR法扩增维氏气单胞菌的四环素类tetA、tetC、tetM,氨基糖苷类aph(3')-lia、aac(6')-Ib、ant(3')-Ⅰa、aac(3)-Ⅱa、磺胺类sull、sul2,sul3共10种耐药基因.结果显示:氟哌酸、氟苯尼考、磺胺异恶唑等1 1种药物对维氏气单胞菌有较好的抑菌效果.该菌对磺胺类和部分氨基糖苷类敏感,相关耐药基因也未检出,只有四环素类的tetA基因被检出.药敏试验结果和耐药基因检测结果基本一致,这能为维氏气单胞菌的防治和耐药机理的研究提供参考.     

禽源致病性沙门氏菌四环素耐药性基因tetC的PCR扩增及序列分析

通过对临床分离并经生化实验和血清学试验鉴定的20株禽源沙门氏菌和1株标准株C79-13进行药敏试验,结果证明:有19株有高耐药性,另外2株有低耐药性,耐药率达100%;对其四环素耐药基因tetC进行了扩增,结果获得以质粒为模板的特异性产物,与药敏试验符合率为100%;利用PCR检测四环素耐药基因tetC具有很高的敏感性和特异性,从而为禽类致病性沙门氏菌的耐药性检测提供了高效敏感的手段.     

污泥深度脱水对四环素耐药菌和耐药基因的去除特性

研究了四环素耐药菌和四环素抗性基因在污泥深度脱水中的去除特性,分别采用稀释平板涂布法和荧光定量PCR对污泥深度脱水前后四环素耐药菌和4种四环素抗性基因(tetA、tetB、tetM和tetX)进行了测定,分析了污泥脱水前后这些污染物的去除特性.结果表明:污泥深度脱水前后四环素耐药菌和四环素耐药基因均被检出,经污泥深度处理工艺处理后,四环素耐药菌和所测定的四环素耐药基因均得到一定去除,tetA、tetB和tetM的去除率均达到80%以上.论文结果可为耐药菌和耐药基因的污染控制提供参考.     

秦皇岛地区狐源致病性E.coli对四环素类药物耐药性和耐药基因的检测

为了确定秦皇岛地区狐源大肠杆菌(E.coli)对四环素类药物的耐药性和耐药基因分布,采用常规的鉴定方法,从不同养狐场送检的腹泻的狐狸体内分离鉴定出20株E.coli。致病性试验表明,该菌为致病性E.coli。药敏试验结果表明:分离菌株对四环素和强力霉素药率分别达到95%和90%。通过PCR方法检测分离菌株四环素类药物的耐药基因,结果显示,tet A和tet B基因的检出率分别为100%和95%。本研究为秦皇岛地区防治狐源致病性大肠杆菌病提供实验基础。     

禽畜养殖场土壤抗生素抗性基因污染的初步研究

抗生素作为禽畜疾病预防及治疗药物、生长促进剂、饲料添加剂等被广泛应用于养殖业并进入环境,造成了环境中抗性耐药菌和抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)的日益增加,从而影响人体健康和生态环境.因此,ARGs作为一种新型环境污染物已经引起了人们的广泛关注.本工作以珠海某些养殖场及周边土壤中的微生物及其ARGs为主要研究对象,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)研究了养殖场土壤细菌DNA中9种四环素抗性基因存在和污染水平.结果表明,所研究的9种四环素抗性基因中除tetD之外,其他8种抗性基因(tetA、tetB、tetC、tetG、tetL、tetO、tetQ和tetX)均可检出,其中tetG的样本检出率达到94％;另外,对其中常见的4种ARGs(tet、tetC、tetG和tetX)的荧光实时定量PCR定量结果显示,在这4种基因中,以tetC在样品中的丰度最高,tetG次之.在16个土壤采样点中发现,tetC和tetG的copies/g DNA达到108量级均占50％,其他基因的copies/g DNA最低也能达到102～ 105之间,与北京某一养猪场周边土壤中抗性基因含量相当,有些甚至更为严重.     

养殖环境病原菌以及超级细菌气溶胶的发生与传播的监测

为了观察和评估养殖环境耐药细菌气溶胶的形成与扩散,采用Andersen-6级空气样品收集器在养鸡场鸡舍环境舍内、外(到下风方向800 m)收集空气样品;与此同时,采集鸡只粪便样品。对样品分离的大肠杆菌(E.coli)进行药物敏感性测试。结果显示,各个地点分离的E.coli对利福平和青霉素完全耐药,但他们对妥布霉素、庆大霉素敏感;有不同数量的菌株对氟哌酸、链霉素、头孢哌酮、氯霉素、复合磺胺和四环素有不同程度的耐药性。采用多重PCR方法,分别对从鸡、猪、牛舍(共21个)及其环境中分离到的480株大肠杆菌,进行了5种毒素基因即STa,STb,LTa,Stx1和Stx2/Stx2e的检测。结果表明,分离株都携带有一定数量的毒素基因,很多携带2种或2种以上。通过对11个动物舍(鸡、猪、牛、兔)空气和粪便样品分离的426株肠球菌对四环素类(TetM)、氨基糖甙类抗生素及万古霉素VanA和VanB主要耐药基因的检测表明,14.55%的细菌对β-内酰胺酶耐药;分离株都存在不同程度的对四环素类抗生素的耐药性;共检测出31株肠球菌携带vanA和vanB耐药基因;绝大多数肠球菌携带氨基糖苷修饰酶(AME)基因的一种或几种。     

秦皇岛地区貂源肠外致病性大肠杆菌四环素类耐药表型与基因型相关性分析

为分析秦皇岛地区貂源肠外致病性大肠杆菌对四环素类药物的耐药性及耐药基因之间关系,对秦皇岛地区分离的20株貂源肠外致病性大肠杆菌采用K-B药敏纸片法,选择常见的3种四环素类药物进行耐药性的检测,并通过PCR扩增对其耐药基因进行判定。结果表明:20株肠外致病性大肠杆菌中,多重耐药菌株占75%,多重耐药基因的菌株占100%,耐药基因检出和耐药性结果比较表明,四环素、强力霉素、土霉素对5种耐药基因的符合率在88.89%～100%之间。     

鸡源致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了解鸡源致病性大肠杆菌的生物学特性和耐药性,试验通过采集病料、细菌分离培养、16S rRNA基因鉴定、致病性试验、药敏试验等方法。结果表明:分离出的20株细菌的培养特征、镜检特征均符合大肠杆菌特征;16S rRNA基因序列经BLAST比对与大肠杆菌同源性达99.9%～100%,确定20株分离菌为鸡源大肠杆菌;20株大肠杆菌的致病力为40%～100%;10株鸡源致病性大肠杆菌对15种抗菌药物均呈现多重耐药,耐药率为33.3%～93.3%,耐药情况较严重和复杂。     

规模化鸡场粪样和苍蝇产CMY-2大肠杆菌中耐药基因与毒力基因调查及其共转移研究

为了解全国20家规模化鸡场粪样和苍蝇产CMY-2大肠杆菌中耐药基因与毒力基因的流行现状及其共转移情况,对2013-2015年间分离自粪样和苍蝇中的549株大肠杆菌,采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法筛选出blaCMY-2阳性菌株;脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分析blaCMY-2阳性菌株的遗传进化关系;K-B纸片法检测阳性菌株对13种抗菌药物的耐药性;利用PCR技术检测19种相关耐药基因以及14种毒力基因;接合转移试验和质粒复制子分型研究耐药基因及毒力基因的传播方式。结果,33株大肠杆菌呈CMY-2阳性,阳性率为6.0 %,且均表现为多重耐药;检测到15种耐药基因（blaTEM-1、blaCTX-M-55、blaOXA-1、qnrBDS、aac(6’)-Ib-cr、oqxA、tetA、tetC、sul1、sul2、sul3、rmtB和flor）和4种毒力基因（iutA、traT、fyuA和VagC）;33株携带blaCMY-2基因菌株中有21株接合转移成功,blaCMY-2基因可通过lncA/C或lncI1质粒与耐药基因（blaTEM-1、blaCTX-M-55、tetA或sul2）和（或）毒力基因（traT或VagC）共同转移。本研究阐明了规模化鸡场产CMY-2大肠杆菌携带耐药基因与毒力基因的情况,证实了细菌中质粒介导的耐药与毒力的共转移,为耐药性传播及疾病防控提供了参考。     

不同物种源的150株肠球菌抗生素抗性分析

以来自人、狗、鸡、牛、猪五个物种源共150株肠球菌为试材,采用K-B法进行药敏实验,分析不同物种源粪便中的肠球菌对抗生素耐药情况的差异性。结果显示对红霉素的耐药率鸡源高达80%,而牛源仅为20%、对呋喃妥因的耐药率猪源和狗源分别为62.1%和3.4%、对环丙沙星鸡源耐药率为70%,而狗源并未出现耐药菌株;而对多重耐药分析后人源与狗源主要集中于2耐、3耐和4耐;牛源主要为2耐和4耐;猪源主要为3耐和4耐;鸡源的多重耐药情况复杂。表明不同物种源肠球菌的耐药情况具有差异性,为我国利用抗生素分析法识别粪便污染来源提供理论依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-