植物甾醇及添加植物甾醇乳制品降低心脑血管疾病风险的功能性评价（英文）

本研究对植物甾醇(phytosterol,PS)、植物甾醇酯(phytosterol ester,PSE)及其相关乳制品进行降低心血管疾病风险方面的功能性评价,并为指导植物性化学物质和养心乳制品(Yangxin dairy,YXD)的实际使用提供科学依据。SD大鼠被分为9组,每组10只。正常对照组、模型组大鼠分别喂养正常饲料和高脂饲料,灌胃0.9%生理盐水,PS、PSE、YXD和安慰剂组高脂喂养的同时连续灌胃PS(23.6、47.2 mg/m L)、PSE(23.6、47.2 mg/m L)、YXD(30、60 g/250 m L)和花生油?4周。4周后处死所有大鼠取样本进行检测。结果发现,大鼠总胆固醇含量明显降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量呈剂量依赖性增加。这些干预方式会对降低甘油三酸酯的水平、总抗氧化能力和丙二醛含量有一定影响,但效果不稳定。在肝脏和病理切片的相应指标测定结果中也有相同的趋势。PSE和YXD能有效地降低心脑血管疾病风险。此外,本研究证实YXD在降低心血管疾病风险、保护肝脏和血管的效果方面较突出。     

植物甾醇氧化物的形成、摄入及健康相关效应

植物甾醇（phytosterol,PS）是一类重要的生物活性物质,具有降低胆固醇、预防心血管疾病、抗癌、抗炎等生理功能,但由于其自身结构不稳定,易被氧化形成植物甾醇氧化物（phytosterol oxidation products,POPs）,POPs包括酮基类、羟基类和环氧氧化物。随着越来越多的PS强化食品进入人们的日常生活,PS的氧化、POPs的机体摄入及可能存在的危害已引起了消费者的广泛关注。本文查阅国内外有关POPs的最新研究成果,从POPs的形成、种类与结构、膳食暴露情况、机体吸收及健康相关效应等方面进行系统分析论述,以期为PS的氧化控制,特别是POPs的膳食摄入和风险评估提供科学参考。     

植物甾醇酯对高脂饮食大鼠结肠内容物短链脂肪酸的影响

目的:研究植物甾醇酯(phytosterol ester,PSE)对高脂饮食大鼠结肠内容物短链脂肪酸的影响。方法:将30只6周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为四组,其中正常对照组饲喂普通饲料,高脂组饲喂高脂饲料,PSE干预组分别灌胃低(0.05 g/100 g BW·d)、高剂量PSE (0.10 g/100 g BW·d) PSE强化牛奶;连续干预13周后,处死动物取结肠内容物,利用气相色谱法测定其SCFAs的含量。结果:与正常对照组相比,高脂饮食使大鼠结肠内容物中总SCFAs含量增加33.63%,其中丙酸含量显著升高(126.07%)(p<0.05),乙酸(26.05%)和异戊酸(42.11%)含量具有升高趋势(p>0.05),丁酸(33.21%)和戊酸(23.92%)含量则表现为降低趋势(p>0.05);而PSE干预可抑制高脂饮食所致大鼠结肠内容物中SCFAs水平的升高,其中低剂量PSE可显著降低丙酸(51.52%)、丁酸(59.59%)、异戊酸(60.66%)和戊酸(72.07%)的含量(p<0.05);高剂量PSE干预可降低丁酸(29.48%)的含量(p>0.05),并显著降低乙酸(48.64%)、丙酸(58.39%)、戊酸(69.12%)和异戊酸(58.59%)的含量(p<0.05)。结论:高脂饮食会引起大鼠结肠中SCFAs水平的升高,而PSE可能通过降低结肠内容物SCFAs的含量来调节大鼠肠道内环境。     

菜籽植物甾醇降小鼠血脂功能的实验研究

以不同剂量(1.5、3.5、6.5 mg/mL)的菜籽植物甾醇给小白鼠灌胃,实验45 d后测定各项指标,并与正常对照组、高脂对照组相比较.结果发现,不同剂量的菜籽植物甾醇能不同程度地降低小鼠血清的总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和动脉硬化指数(AI).同时能增加粪重和促进粪脂的代谢,但对总甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)不显著.实验还发现,菜籽植物甾醇能降低小鼠肝重和肝系数,降低肝脏中的总胆固醇(TC)、总甘油三酯(TG)含量,说明菜籽植物甾醇降小鼠血脂效果显著.     

植物甾醇酯与葛根素对营养肥胖小鼠的减肥功效

目的：探讨植物甾醇酯和葛根素联合使用对肥胖小鼠的减肥作用。方法：饲喂高脂饲料建立小鼠肥胖模型,将肥胖小鼠按体质量分为5 组（肥胖模型组、植物甾醇酯组、葛根素组、植物甾醇酯和葛根素联合组、奥利司他组）,每组10 只,连续灌胃6 周。观察药物干预后小鼠体质量、摄食量、肥胖指数（Lee’s指数）、脂肪系数,血清总胆固醇（total cholestetol,TC）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low densitylipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）水平,脂肪细胞数量和大小、肝脏病变的情况。结果：与肥胖模型组相比,植物甾醇酯组、葛根素组、植物甾醇酯和葛根素联合组小鼠体质量分别降低5.41%、6.98%、12.50%;Lee’s指数分别降低3.41%、3.26%、6.25%;脂肪系数分别降低19.88%、27.41%、30.42%。3 组血清TC、TG、LDL-C水平均低于肥胖模型组,其中植物甾醇酯和葛根素联合组降幅最大,分别为21.40%、37.50%、30.43%。植物甾醇酯和葛根素联合组小鼠的脂肪细胞直径变小、数量增多、肝脏脂肪性病变得到缓解。结论：植物甾醇酯和葛根素都能抑制小鼠肥胖,其中两者联合使用时减肥效果最好。     

植物甾醇酯复方产品对高脂血症大鼠的降血脂功能研究

目的研究植物甾醇酯复方产品对饮食性高脂血症大鼠的降血脂功能.方法对70只健康雄性SD大鼠连续喂饲高脂饲料21 d,诱导大鼠建立高脂血症模型.根据血清中TC水平将大鼠分为7组,然后在各组继续给予高脂饲料的同时,试验组每日经口灌胃溶于油基(食用花生油)、乳基(蔗糖酯溶液)两种不同溶剂的高、中剂量植物甾醇酯复方产品(受试品),做干预处理;花生油对照组、蔗糖酯溶液对照组和高脂模型对照组每日分别灌胃花生油、蔗糖酯溶液和生理盐水;28 d后观察植物甾醇酯复方产品对高脂血症大鼠脂质代谢的影响.结果试验组中,血清总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)在实验后较实验前降低,且具有显著性差异(P＜0.05);血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)在实验后比实验前升高,且具有显著性差异(P＜0.05);甘油三酯(TG)在实验后较实验前有降低趋势,但无显著性差异.结论植物甾醇酯复方产品能够有效地降低高脂血症大鼠的血脂水平.     

植物甾醇酯对高脂血症小鼠的降血脂作用研究

对不同剂量的植物甾醇酯对高脂血症小鼠血脂水平的影响进行研究。饲喂高脂饲料建立小鼠高脂血症模型,然后对小鼠饲喂高脂饲料的同时灌胃不同剂量(50、75、100、125、150mg/(kg ·d))的植物甾醇酯。结果表明：与高脂模型组比较,植物甾醇酯会明显降低血清总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值(HDL-C/LDL-C)和HDL-C/TC值,降低动脉硬化指数,对甘油三酯(TG)水平却无明显影响;植物甾醇酯具有调节血脂的作用,高于75mg/(kg ·d)植物甾醇酯可显著降低(P＜0.05)高血脂模型小鼠的血脂水平。     

植物甾醇酯降血脂作用的研究

研究植物甾醇酯的降血脂作用。饲喂高脂饲料，建立高血脂动物模型，然后饲喂添加了植物甾醇酯的高脂饲料；同时用添加植物甾醇酯的高脂饲料饲喂正常小鼠，探讨植物甾醇酯的降血脂作用。结果表明，植物甾醇酯可以降低高脂血症小鼠和饲喂高脂饲料的正常小鼠的血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平，从而使小鼠的HDL-C／LDL-C比值增加、动脉硬化指数减小。由此说明，植物甾醇酯有明显的降血脂作用，可以作为高脂血症和动脉粥样硬化患者的疗效食品和喜食高脂食品人群的保健食品。     

植物甾醇酯和葛根素联合使用对高脂血症小鼠降血脂作用研究

研究植物甾醇酯和葛根素联合使用时对高脂血症小鼠降血脂的作用。昆明种小鼠饲喂高脂饲料,建立小鼠高脂血症模型。将建模成功的小鼠,按总胆固醇及体重分为5组,即高血脂模型组、植物甾醇酯组、葛根素组、植物甾醇酯和葛根素联合组、辛伐他丁组。对小鼠饲喂高脂饲料的同时连续灌胃5周不同剂量的植物甾醇酯、葛根素、辛伐他丁。实验结束后测定各组小鼠的体重,动脉硬化指数(AI),肝脏系数(HI),血清中的甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)。结果表明:与高血脂模型组相比,植物甾醇酯和葛根素联合组TG、TC、LDL-C、AI、HI显著降低(P0.05),分别下降24.22%、28.01%、21.17%、67.68%、15.34%,HDL-C显著升高45.51%(P0.05);植物甾醇酯和葛根素联合使用比单独使用时能降低高血脂小鼠TG、TC、LDL-C、AI、HI,其中部分差异显著。说明植物甾醇酯和葛根素联合使用时具有降低血脂作用,而且比两者单独使用时具有更好的治疗高脂血症作用。     

植物甾醇对高血脂大鼠血脂水平的影响

目的：通过体内给药动物实验探讨植物甾醇的降血脂功效。方法：将雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组,分别饲喂基础饲料(正常组)、高脂饲料(模型组)和添加质量分数为0.5%、1.0%、2.0%植物甾醇的高脂饲料(剂量组),检测相关指标。结果：饲喂高脂饲料的干预组总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C)水平较模型组显著降低(P＜0.01),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平显著升高(P＜0.01),且随着植物甾醇添加量的增加呈现一定的剂量效应。模型组胆碱酯酶(CHE)活力在血清及肝脏中显著降低(P＜0.01),剂量组CHE活力随着植物甾醇剂量的增加而升高。结论：植物甾醇对高血脂症大鼠血脂水平具有显著降低作用,并且具有抑制脂质过氧化和保护肝脏的作用。     

不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭生长及肌肉品质的影响

旨在研究不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭生产性能、体脂沉积、体成分及肌肉品质的影响。选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭540只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每重复30只,分别饲喂以下3种日粮:(1)对照组(C):基础日粮;(2)试验1组(Ⅰ):基础日粮+20 mg.kg-1植物甾醇A;(3)试验2组(Ⅱ):基础日粮+20 mg.kg-1植物甾醇B,饲养时间为42 d。结果表明:日粮中添加不同类型植物甾醇均极显著降低前期料重比(P<0.01);与植物甾醇A相比,日粮中添加植物甾醇B极显著增加了21 d平均体重和前期平均日增重(P<0.01),但极显著降低后期平均日增重(P<0.01);日粮中添加植物甾醇A和植物甾醇B,均能显著降低肝脏中胆固醇的含量,分别降低了15.92%(P<0.05)和24.57%(P=0.01);日粮中添加植物甾醇A极显著降低肉鸭胸肌的滴水损失(24 h和48 h)(P<0.01);日粮中添加20 mg.kg-1不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭的肌间脂肪厚度、皮下脂肪厚度、水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、pH均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示,日粮中添加植物甾醇A和植物甾醇B均能降低肉鸭肝脏胆固醇的含量,且前期添加植物甾醇B、后期添加植物甾醇A更有利于肉鸭的生长;植物甾醇A能够在一定程度上改善鸭肉品质。     

湿热处理多孔玉米淀粉对大鼠脂质代谢的影响

目的：探讨湿热处理多孔玉米淀粉对大鼠脂质代谢的影响。方法：32 只雌性Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠随机分为4 组,其中1 组为对照组饲喂基础饲料,另外3 组为高脂组,分别为高脂空白组、多孔淀粉组（porousstarch,PS）和湿热处理多孔淀粉组（heat moisture treatment starch,HTMPS）,饲喂基础饲料,适应1 周后,对照组饲喂基础饲料,高脂组分别饲喂相应高脂饲料。饲喂4 周后解剖,检测大鼠血脂、肝脂及小肠和粪便中胆汁酸等指标。结果：饲喂多孔淀粉和湿热处理多孔淀粉组大鼠血清总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,non-HDL-C）、抗动脉硬化指数（atherosclerosis index,AI）、甘油三酯/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（TG/HDL-C）、肝脏TC、肝脏总TC和腹部脂肪含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,粪便中粪醇、胆固醇等中性固醇排泄量增加,粪便中胆汁酸排泄量显著增加（P＜0.05）。PS组与HTMPS组相比,大鼠血浆中TC、AI、腹部脂肪含量、肝脏总脂肪含量较低,粪便中胆汁酸及小肠内容物中胆汁酸较高。结论：多孔淀粉降血脂降胆固醇效果优于湿热处理多孔玉米淀粉,可降低高脂饮食造成的高脂血症风险,对预防心血管疾病有一定的作用。     

两种植物甾醇纳米粒的降胆固醇效果研究

目的:研究两种植物甾醇纳米粒对高血脂小鼠的降胆固醇效果。方法:建立高血脂小鼠模型,随后将小鼠分为8组:正常组、高脂模型组、阳性对照组、植物甾醇(PS)组、植物甾醇纳米粒(PNP)组、空白纳米粒(NP)组、壳聚糖修饰植物甾醇纳米粒(CS-PNP)组、空白壳聚糖修饰纳米粒(CS-NP)组,连续干预4周。测定小鼠体重、采食量变化,脏器指数、血清指标、肝脂含量以及粪便中甾醇含量,并进行肝脏切片观察。结果:各给药组对小鼠采食量及体重无显著影响(p>0.05);PNP和CS-PNP组小鼠肝系数较高脂组显著降低(p<0.05),心系数、脾系数显著升高(p<0.05),对肺系数和肾系数无显著影响(p>0.05);PNP和CS-PNP组可显著降低小鼠血脂中TG、TC和LDL-C水平,升高HDL-C水平,同时显著降低肝脏中TG与TC含量(p<0.05);PNP和CS-PNP组能有效治疗小鼠的脂肪肝。结论:PNP和CS-PNP对膳食诱导的高血脂小鼠有较好的降胆固醇效果。     

Dietary D-psicose reduced visceral fat mass in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

D-Psicose, a C-3 epimer of D-fructose, has shown promise in reducing body fat accumulation in normal rats and plasma glucose level in genetic diabetic mice. Effects of D-psicose on diet-induced obesity are not clearly elucidated, and we investigated food intake, body weight, and fat accumulation in rats fed high-fat (HF) diet. Sprague-Dawley rats became obese by feeding HF diet for 4 wk, and were assigned either to normal or HF diet supplemented with or without D-psicose, sucrose, or erythritol for 8 wk. Changing HF to normal diet gained less body weight and adipose tissue due to different energy intake. D-psicose-fed rats exhibited lower weight gain, food efficiency ratio, and fat accumulation than erythritol- and sucrose-fed rats. This effect was more prominent in D-psicose-fed rats with normal diet than with HF diet, suggesting combination of psicose and calorie restriction further reduced obesity. There was no difference in serum cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C/HDL-C ratios between D-psicose group and other groups. Liver weight in 5% psicose group with normal diet was higher than in other groups, but histopathological examination did not reveal any psicose-related change. D-Psicose inhibited the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) to adipose tissue in a concentration-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that D-psicose produces a marked decrease, greater than erythritol, in weight gain and visceral fat in an established obesity model by inhibiting MSC differentiation to adipocyte. Thus, D-psicose can be useful in preventing and reducing obesity as a sugar substitute and food ingredient. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: We can develop D-psicose as a sugar substitute and food ingredient since it can prevent obesity in normal people, but also suppress adiposity as a sugar substitute or food ingredients with antiobesity effect in obese people. D-psicose can be unique functional sweetener because of its function of reducing visceral fat mass and weight gain.     

Influence of the combination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and a diet negative in cation-anion difference on peripartal calcium homeostasis of dairy cows

Around parturition, many dairy cows experience varying degrees of hypocalcemia, which increases the incidence of several diseases in early lactation. In the current study, an established concept of feeding a diet negative in cation-anion difference (DCAD) was combined with oral supplementation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25-OHD(3)) from d 270 of gestation until parturition. Fifty-six dairy cows were divided into 2 feeding groups (low DCAD and control). Fourteen animals of each group received a daily dosage of 3mg of 25-OHD(3). From the beginning of the treatment to d 10 after parturition, plasma samples for analysis of 25-OHD(3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), parathyroid hormone (PTH), Ca(2+), phosphate, the bone resorption marker CrossLaps, and osteocalcin were collected every other day, at calving, and at 6, 12, and 24h after calving. Urine samples for determination of macrominerals and measures of acid-base status were collected on d 6 of treatment and on d 6 after calving. The induction of a compensated metabolic acidosis by the animals on the DCAD diet could be demonstrated by decreased urinary pH. A linear correlation between treatment duration and the plasma concentration of 25-OHD(3) indicated effective absorption of 25-OHD(3) in supplemented animals. The mean plasma concentrations of Ca(2+) from d -4 prepartum to d 4 postpartum were significantly higher in animals treated with the combination of the low DCAD diet and 25-OHD(3) supplementation (1.24±0.02 mmol/mL) compared with the 3 other groups (low DCAD: 1.17±0.02 mmol/mL; control diet plus 25-OHD(3): 1.16±0.02 mmol/mL; control diet: 1.18±0.02 mmol/mL). We postulate that the increased tissue responsiveness to parathyroid hormone induced by the low DCAD is crucial for the observed positive effects of the 25-OHD(3) treatment.     

Dietary enrichment of milk and dairy products with n-3 fatty acids: A review

Milk and dairy products are important sources of nutrients in the human diet; however, they are also the main sources of saturated fatty acids (FAs) that can cause an increase in the risk of cardiometabolic and cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, the n-3 FAs that are known for their health benefits are found in small amounts in normal ruminant milk fat and dairy products. Dietary supplementation with vegetable seeds or oils rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and grass-based feeding can enhance the content of n-3 FAs, particularly ALA, in milk and dairy products. Alternatively, ruminants are often supplemented with fish meal, fish oil and microalgae that are rich in the long-chain n−3 FAs eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In this paper, the latest scientific studies regarding n−3 FA enrichment in milk and dairy products are reviewed, giving an overview of the effectiveness of the different supplementation approaches.     

Comparison of oil and fat supplementation on lactation performance of Nili Ravi buffaloes

The effects of feeding rumen-inert fat sources on production responses of lactating dairy cows have been well reported but less thoroughly described in lactating dairy buffalo. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of oil and 2 different rumen-inert fat sources on dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in Nili Ravi buffalo. Twelve multiparous mid-lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes received 4 treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a period length of 21 d. The treatments were (1) the basal diet without supplementation of oil or fats (CTRL), (2) the basal diet supplemented with canola oil (CO), (3) the basal diet supplemented with calcium salts of palm FA (Ca-FA), and (4) the basal diet supplemented with high palmitic acid (PA). Dry matter intake was decreased by 4.4% in the CO compared with Ca-FA and PA. Milk yield and milk fat yield were increased by 7.8 and 14.3%, respectively, in CO, Ca-FA, and PA compared with the CTRL. Milk fat content increased by 7.5%, whereas milk fat yield tended to increase with the supplementation of Ca-FA and PA compared with CO. No effect on milk yield and milk composition was observed in Ca-FA versus PA treatments. The yield of medium-chain FA was increased by Ca-FA and PA versus CO. The CO treatment increased the yield of long-chain FA compared with Ca-FA and PA treatments. Plasma glucose level was higher in CO, Ca-FA, and PA compared with the CTRL. In conclusion, feeding rumen-inert fats in the lactating buffalo diet proved to be a useful strategy to increase the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield due to the higher milk fat content in this study.     

三种植物甾醇酯预防小鼠高脂血症作用的比较

目的：研究三种植物甾醇脂肪酸酯对小鼠高脂血症的预防作用及其构效关系。方法：40只健康、雄性昆明SPF小鼠，随机分为5组。两组分别喂以基础饲料和高脂饲料作为正常对照组和高脂模型组，其余三组在饲喂高脂饲料的同时，每天一次分别灌胃三种植物甾醇酯，灌胃量相当于小鼠100mg／kg体重，观察植物甾醇酯对小鼠脂质代谢的影响，实验期28天。结果：与高脂模型组比较，植物甾醇酯能显著抑制血清总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL—C)水平，减小水平动脉硬化指标(AI)，降低高血脂小鼠的肝重、肝脏TC和TG，对实验性小鼠高脂血症和动脉硬化具有较好的预防作用，并能缓解肝脏的脂肪病变。其中，甾醇油酸酯与甾醇乙酸酯对小鼠高脂血症的预防效果均比较理想，且明显好于甾醇硬脂酸酯。