冻藏条件对草鱼鱼糜氧化劣变及其品质的影响

为了解冻藏条件对淡水冷冻鱼糜氧化劣变和品质的影响。本实验以草鱼鱼糜为研究对象,分别在-12℃和-18℃进行90 d冻藏实验,通过测定羰基含量、TBARS值、TVB-N值、盐溶性蛋白、持水性、凝胶强度、凝胶弹性,分析冻藏条件对品质的影响,并进行各指标之间的相关性研究。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长,两种温度下羰基含量、TBARS值和TVB-N值显著增加(p0.05),-18℃贮藏15 d,羰基含量增加6.91%,TBARS值增加18.56%,-12℃贮藏75 d,TVB-N值可达到21.62 mg/100g,盐溶蛋白含量、持水性、凝胶强度、凝胶弹性显著降低(p0.05),且各指标间存在显著相关(p0.05),羰基与TBARS值在-18℃条件下相关度达0.9523。氧化引起的这些变化说明,冻藏温度和冻藏时间对鱼糜的品质和贮藏稳定性影响较大,蛋白氧化和脂肪氧化对凝胶性能和贮藏稳定性有较大破坏作用,但低温短期冻藏有利于鱼糜品质。     

中华管鞭虾在不同贮藏温度下品质变化的规律

以中华管鞭虾为对象,分别在冷藏(0℃,0～12 d)和冻藏(-30℃和-45℃,0～120 d)条件下,比较分析虾肌肉组织感官、pH、持水力、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen, TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, TBARS)值、K值、质构等指标的变化。研究表明,由于贮藏时间的不断延长,冷藏和冻藏虾肌肉pH均不断升高,但冻藏条件下虾的pH升高幅度低于冷藏条件下;虾肌肉的持水率随贮藏时间延长而逐渐降低,冷藏至12 d时降低至66.1%,-30℃和-45℃冻藏至120 d时分别降低至73.9%和77.1%;而虾肌肉的TBARS、K值等均呈现不同程度的上升,TBARS以丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)表示,冷藏至12 d时分别为2.56 mg MDA/100g和45.3%,-30℃和-45℃冻藏至120 d时分别为0.98、0.91 mg MDA/100g, 31.67%和17.95%,冷藏条件下各指标上升趋势显著高于冻藏条件。综上所述,在冻藏过程中冻藏温度越...     

冻藏的温度波动对三文鱼化学指标值及持水力的影响

在短期冻藏时,为了提高三文鱼的冻藏温度,减少冻藏能耗与运行成本。研究了冻藏期间（6个月）在?18 ℃冻藏环境下,温度波动幅度对三文鱼的挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）值、硫代巴比妥酸（TBARS）值、K值等化学指标值与持水力的影响,并与(?50 ±0.1 ) ℃冻藏品质对比。结果表明:三文鱼的TVB-N、TBARS、K值、持水力的冻藏初始值分别为6.21 mg N/100 g、0.11 mg MDA/kg、9.87%、86.31%,在(?18±0.5)、(?18±1)、(?18±2) ℃环境下冻藏6个月后,TVB-N值分别增大到19.06、23.25和25.91 mg N/100 g,TBARS值分别增大到1.65、1.89、1.96 mg MDA/kg,K值分别增大至43.28%、55.38%、63.54%,持水力分别下降至57.16%、53.49%、51.67%,即温度波动越大,化学指标增加越显著,持水力下降越明显;通过减小冻藏期间温度波动幅度至±0.5 ℃,可以在3个月内有效提高三文鱼的冻藏温度至?18 ℃,并保证三文鱼的TVB-N值、TBARS值、K值及持水力与在(?50±0.1) ℃冻藏6个月时相当,从而节约成本并降低能耗。以冻藏时间和温度波动幅度为自变量,以持水力为因变量,建立了多元线性回归拟合方程,为建立货架期预测提供依据。     

鲍鱼冻藏过程生化及感官指标变化研究

研究-20℃和-80℃两种冻藏温度下,鲍鱼的生化特性、菌落总数、水煮感官指标等的变化。结果表明:两组鲍鱼解冻失水率呈现上下波动趋势,未发现明显差异。-80℃下冻藏鲍鱼的pH值上升速度低于-20℃时的pH值;解冻后的含水量明显高于-20℃时;TBA值比-20℃时低,且差异达极显著水平(P<0.01)。冻藏至90d时,-20℃冻藏鲍鱼的TVB-N较-80℃时高2.12mg/100g;而ATPase活性较-80℃低5.02μg/mL;-80℃冻藏鲍鱼菌落总数较-20℃时降低43.16%。从水煮后的汤汁香气、色泽、味道及鲍鱼肉口感等分析,-80℃冻藏鲍鱼各项感官指标均优于-20℃时。方差分析表明,除鲍鱼肉口感差异不显著外,其余感官指标均差异显著(P<0.05)。综上所述,-80℃冻藏可大大延缓鲍鱼的品质下降,抑制微生物的生长,延长鲍鱼的货架贮藏期,提高鲍鱼的冻藏品质。     

预冷处理对冻罗非鱼片品质的影响

拟在现有冻罗非鱼片工艺中加入预冷工序。将新鲜罗非鱼片用冰水浸渍,放入不同温度(-4、-7、-18℃)条件下冻藏,定期测定pH值、色差、失水率、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)值和质构等参数,分析预冷对冻藏品质的影响。结果显示,预冷对p H值影响最显著的温度为-7℃,10~20 d时-7℃预冷处理组罗非鱼片p H值仍在继续下降,而其对照组已开始回升。随着贮藏时间延长,罗非鱼片色差亮度L*值与红度值a*均呈现下降趋势,且贮藏温度越低,下降幅度越小,同时发现对照组L*值和a*值普遍低于预冷处理组。同时,贮藏温度越低,失水率越高,30 d罗非鱼片失水率达到最高值,-18、-7℃对照组此时失水率达7.47%、6.82%。-4℃及-7℃预冷处理对罗非鱼片TVB-N值影响较大,20 d后与对照渐趋一致;但30 d时-18℃罗非鱼片预冷处理组与对照组仍有较大差别,TVB-N值分别为8.04 mg/100 g和9.87 mg/100 g。20 d前随贮藏温度降低罗非鱼片预冷处理组与对照组的咀嚼性差异增大,之后则趋于一致。贮藏期间硬度无显著差异,弹性仅在-4℃内罗非鱼片处理组与对照组间有较明显差异,其余差异均不显著(P0.05)。内聚性的变化因无明显规律不作为评判指标。综上,预冷处理对罗非鱼冻鱼片部分冻藏品质指标有较明显的改善作用,利于保持鱼片品质,可作为生产企业的借鉴。     

秋刀鱼-20℃、-30℃和-50℃冻藏过程中品质变化

为了探究秋刀鱼冻藏过程品质变化,以蒸煮损失率、TVB-N值、肌原纤维蛋白含量、巯基含量、TBARS值为指标,并结合肌肉组织结构观察,对-20、-30℃和-50℃3个温度条件下秋刀鱼的品质变化进行了研究。结果表明,冻藏温度对秋刀鱼品质有较大影响。总体上,温度越低,秋刀鱼品质劣化程度越低,各项理化指标的值也更接近新鲜鱼肉的水平。秋刀鱼肌肉蒸煮损失率、TVB-N值和TBARS值随冻藏时间的延长不断上升,冻藏180 d时-20℃组TVBN值极显著高于另两组(P0.01),而-30℃和-50℃组间差异较小;冷冻贮藏导致肌肉蛋白变性,肌原纤维蛋白含量与活性巯基含量逐渐降低,其中-20℃组下降速率较快;冻藏结束时,3组秋刀鱼TBARS值差异显著(P0.05),-20℃组TBARS值为1.10 mg/kg已达到脂肪轻微酸败程度;肌肉显微结构表明,冻藏温度越高,会造成肌纤维之间更大的空隙且破坏更多的肌肉纤维束。从品质保持效果和经济效能角度,-30℃适宜作为秋刀鱼的冻藏温度。     

循环流体浸渍速冻工艺对鲻鱼贮藏品质的影响

为探究循环流体浸渍速冻工艺对鲻鱼冻结过程及后期贮藏品质的影响,本文对比了经过-25℃循环流体浸渍速冻和-18℃风冷式冷柜直冻两种预处理后再置于-18℃冷柜中贮藏的鲻鱼样品,观察其冻结曲线及在0 d、3 d、6 d、9 d、14 d和30 d的保水性(解冻汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率),新鲜度(总挥发性盐基氮、TVB-N、感官评定和质构特性),油脂氧化(硫代巴比妥酸值,TBARS)与肌原纤维蛋白氧化(羰基含量、总巯基值和二聚酪氨酸含量)四项品质指标。实验表明:速冻组样品的各项指标均优于直冻组,理化品质下降程度低于直冻组。第30 d时,速冻组样品的解冻汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率分别为10.36%和10.16%(p0.05);TVB-N值为11.40×10~(-2)mg/g,依然在新鲜范围内;油脂氧化与肌原纤维蛋白氧化程度远小于直冻组(p0.05),TBARS值为0.14 mg MDA/kg,羰基值为6.52 nmol/mg蛋白,总巯基值为58.11 nmol/mg蛋白,二聚酪氨酸含量为8911.50±15.58 A.U.。     

冻藏条件对带鱼鱼肉及其鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为研究不同冻藏条件对带鱼鱼肉及其鱼糜凝胶特性影响,将新鲜带鱼分别置于-7、-13、-18和-23℃下冻藏15～120 d,期间测定带鱼鱼肉理化特性(羰基、巯基、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性、TBARS),随后将鱼肉制成鱼糜凝胶后测定凝胶特性(色泽、凝胶强度、持水力),并结合扫描电镜观察微观结构。结果表明,随着冻藏时间的延长,鱼肉羰基含量和TBARS值逐渐升高,巯基含量和Ca²⁺-ATPase活性下降。冻藏温度越低,鱼肉的各项指标变化程度越小。除-7℃冻藏60 d后的样品TBARS值大于0.58 mg MDA/kg外,其余样品均未发生腐败。随冻藏时间的延长,带鱼鱼糜凝胶色泽逐渐劣变,持水力逐渐降低,冻藏温度越低色泽和持水力的变化越小。带鱼鱼肉在四个温度下冻藏120 d制成的鱼糜凝胶,其凝胶强度分别下降了72.33%、54.13%、39.17%和29.31%。通过SEM观察发现更低的冻藏温度能够使鱼糜凝胶保持良好的三维网状结构,抑制带鱼凝胶的劣变。综上,随冻藏时间的延长,带鱼鱼肉及其鱼糜凝胶特性逐渐劣变,随着冻藏温度由-7℃降低到-23℃,劣变过程...     

冷链对塔尔米速冻熟制拉面品质的影响分析

研究预冷方式和贮藏温度对塔尔米速冻熟制拉面品质的影响。分析真空预冷和空气预冷(室温为25℃)处理对塔尔米速冻熟制拉面蒸煮损失、吸水率、微观结构的影响;以蒸煮损失、吸水率、拉伸特性、微观结构为考察指标,速冻拉面分别置于4、-6、-9、-12、-18℃进行贮藏,分析拉面品质变化。结果表明,真空预冷处理的塔尔米速冻熟制拉面相较于空气预冷处理的塔尔米速冻熟制拉面品质保持性好,经亚冻结贮藏(-6、-9、-12℃)或-18℃的冻藏条件能更好保存塔尔米速冻熟制拉面的品质,并且亚冻结贮藏较-18℃冻藏相比,在保证了塔尔米速冻熟制拉面贮藏品质的同时又降低了贮藏能耗,避免了"冷冻滥用"现象的发生。     

冷冻期间猪肌内脂肪氧化及肌纤维蛋白凝胶性能的差异分析

该试验以猪肉为研究对象,在-18℃冷冻一定周期(0、1、4、8、12周)后,对其肌内脂肪氧化程度和肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶性能(溶解度、凝胶保水性、凝胶白度及强度)进行测定.结果表明:随冷冻时间的延长(12周),猪肌内脂肪的TBARS值由0.07 mg/kg蛋白升至0.22 mg/kg蛋白;与新鲜原料猪肉相比,经12周冻藏后...     

Inhibition of Lipid Oxidation and Rancidity in Precooked Pork Patties by Radical‐Scavenging Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Extract

This study investigated the efficacy of licorice extract (LE) to curtail lipid oxidation and protect sensory attributes of ground pork during refrigerated and frozen storage. Pork patties (20% fat) were formulated with 0%, 0.02%, 0.05%, and 0.1% (meat basis) LE or rosemary extract (RE) as comparison or 0.01% (fat basis) BHA with 0 or 1.5% NaCl. Raw and precooked (75 °C) patties were packaged in polyvinylchloride overwrapped trays and stored at 2 °C up to 7 and 14 d, respectively, or at –20 °C up to 6 mo. Lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances [TBARS]) and sensory attributes of stored patty samples were evaluated, radical scavenging activity of the LE was measured, and the active phenolic compounds were identified. Cooking yield (<85%) was similar among antioxidant treatments, and lipid oxidation was minimal in refrigerated or frozen raw samples. However, TBARS values in refrigerated precooked control patties (0.22 mg/kg) rose to 9.3 to 9.4 mg/kg after 14 d, compared to 3.4 to 4.4 and 4.4 to 6.9 mg/kg in patties treated with 0.1% LE and RE, respectively. In frozen precooked samples, TBARS (0.22 mg/kg) increased to 1.3 mg/kg (P < 0.05) in control patties after 6 mo and had no significant change in patties treated with 0.1% LE or 0.01% butylated hydroxyanisol. Sensory panel evaluation confirmed strong inhibition of rancidity production by LE, corroborating its remarkable antiradical activity due to the presence of multiple phenolics. The results indicate that licorice has great potential as a natural antioxidative additive to extend the shelf‐life of precooked pork.     

温度和姜精油对金枪鱼品质影响及生物胺相关性

将分别贮藏于不同温度(0、4、15℃)条件下的金枪鱼样品,以及4℃条件下用姜精油作为生物抗氧化剂处理过的样品作为研究对象,定期测定金枪鱼生物胺(腐胺Put、尸胺Cad、组胺His、酪胺Tyr)、反式尿刊酸的含量、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值、K值和菌落总数,研究温度和姜精油对金枪鱼生物胺含量的影响及组胺与反式尿刊酸的关系。结果表明,温度对金枪鱼生物胺生成有较大影响,0℃条件下生物胺含量显著低于其他贮藏温度,到第6天时组胺、酪胺、腐胺和尸胺含量分别为28.25、5.47、14.84 mg/kg和17.05 mg/kg,而此时15℃条件下金枪鱼组胺、酪胺、腐胺和尸胺含量分别为135.4、14.63、29.49 mg/kg和41.55 mg/kg;生物胺中组胺含量最高,而酪胺含量始终处于低水平状态,即使在15℃条件下到第7天时其含量仍为16.24 mg/kg;结果同时表明,生物抗氧化剂对生物胺的产生和微生物生长有一定的抑制作用,并能有效地延缓蛋白质和ATP降解。相关分析和回归分析表明,组胺、酪胺、尸胺、与TVB-N值、K值和菌落总数高度相关,其相关系数r在0.804~0.981之间,且生物胺和菌落总数、TVB-N值之间存在重要对应关系,反式尿刊酸对组胺的产生影响不大,两者之间相关性较弱,在4℃时其相关系数r为0.630。     

ANTIOXIDATIVE AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF LACTOFERRIN IN HOT-BONED GROUND PORK DURING STORAGE

The effect of lactoferrin concentration on the antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of hot‐boned (4–5 h after death) ground pork during storage at 4C for 9 days was examined. The total iron content increased with the addition of lactoferrin. Meat samples with added lactoferrin (40 or 80 mg/kg) had lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than controls at 3, 6 and 9 days; however, the differences in TBARS between the 40‐ and 80‐mg lactoferrin/kg treatments were not significant. With the addition of lactoferrin (40 or 80 mg/kg), ground pork had lower (P < 0.05) total plate counts than controls at 3, 6 and 9 days of storage. However, the differences in total plate counts between the 40‐ and 80‐mg lactoferrin/kg treatments were only significant (P < 0.05) at days 3 and 6. The addition of lactoferrin (80 mg/kg) decreased lactic acid bacterial counts at days 0, 3 and 9. The pH values of hot‐boned ground pork were unaffected by the addition of lactoferrin, but slightly increased with storage time.     

Effect of phosphate with tumbling on lipid oxidation of precooked roast beef

This study was a 4×2×4 factorial experiment, sodium tripolyphosphate (0, 0.25, 0.4 and 0.5%), tumbling (nontumbled and tumbled), and storage time (day 0, 2, 4 and 7). Cooking yield was dependent on the level of phosphate and tumbling. For thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values, only sodium tripolyphosphate level and storage time had a significant two-way interaction. The TBARS value of tumbled roast beef with phosphates was the same as that of nontumbled roast beef. For the interaction of phosphate level and storage time, roast beef without phosphate had the significantly highest TBARS values compared with other phosphate levels at day 4 of storage. At day 7, the addition of 0.5% phosphate maintained the oxidative stability of precooked roast beef. The use of 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate, an iron chelator, should be an effective strategy to reduce the formation of TBARS in precooked roast beef.     

紫苏提取物对鲣鱼鱼柳的抗菌和抗脂质氧化作用研究

目的利用紫苏改进鲣鱼鱼柳制作工艺,研究紫苏叶提取物对鲣鱼鱼柳冷藏过程中的抑菌和抗脂质氧化作用。方法在4℃冷藏条件下对比4种预制鲣鱼鱼柳,即CK对照组(蒸煮液不添加抗氧化剂)、R(蒸煮液中添加100 mg/L迷迭香酸)、E(蒸煮液添加98.5 mg/L紫苏醇提物)和W(蒸煮液添加96.3 mg/L紫苏水提物)的p H、菌落总数、感官评定、硫代巴比妥酸(thibabituric acid,TBA)值、共轭二烯(conjugated diene,CD)值、过氧化值(peroxide value,POA)和游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid,FFA)含量变化,研究紫苏叶提取物对鲣鱼鱼柳冷藏过程中的抑菌和抗脂质氧化作用。结果在12 d的冷藏过程中,各样品的p H值均显著降低(P0.05),且E和W组样品的p H值无显著性差异(P0.05);E和W样品组的菌落总数均显著性低于对照组样品;对照样品的TBA值和FFA含量显著增加(P0.05),R、E和W样品组的TBA值均较低,这表明迷迭香酸对鲣鱼鱼柳的脂质氧化有一定的抑制作用,紫苏叶的醇提物、水提物更具脂质抗氧化作用。冷藏期间经紫苏提取物处理的样品CD值均低于对照组。在整个贮藏过程中,E和W组的POV值均不断增加,均未出现与对照组样品POV值先增加后降低的变化趋势,这表明紫苏叶的醇提物和水提物对氢过氧化物的降解具有抑制作用。结论紫苏叶水提取物能有效抑制鲣鱼鱼柳贮藏过程中的脂质氧化和腐败微生物的生长,并改善鲣鱼鱼柳感官品质。     

猪肉-鱼肉复合狮子头贮藏期间的品质变化规律

为明确猪肉-鱼肉复合狮子头的最佳贮藏方式及贮藏期限,以猪肉和鱼肉为主要原料,采用一次加热成型工艺制备猪肉-鱼肉复合狮子头,研究复合狮子头在冷藏(4℃)和冻藏(-18℃)期间的色度、质构特性、pH值、菌落总数、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs)值、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量及感官品质的变化规律。结果表明:在整个贮藏期间,复合狮子头的亮度值、白度值、硬度和感官评分随贮藏时间的延长而显著降低(P<0.05);pH值呈先升高后降低的趋势;TBARs值、TVB-N含量显著升高(P<0.05),产品在4℃贮藏15 d后,TBARs值超过2 mg/kg,且硬度、内聚性和感官评分均在贮藏15 d后显著下降(P<0.05),较初始值分别下降16.29%、12.20%和31.11%;复合狮子头在-18℃贮藏60 d期间菌落总数均低于国家限量要求,TBARs值和TVB-N含量均在规定限量范围内,产品在-18℃冻藏60 d时仍表现出良好的品质特性。综...     

SHELF-LIFE DETERMINATION OF PRECOOKED FROZEN PORK MEAT PATTIES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

Precooked frozen pork patties sampled from the same lot were stored at −10, −15 and −20C after vacuum packing in PE bags for the determination of shelf -life. The patties were sampled 10–13 times at 3–4 week intervals and were subjected to the determination of volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA), surface color and texture after thawing at 5C for 15 h. Results from the triangle test were used to determine high quality life (HQL), and the scoring test and the quality index were used to determine practical quality life (PQL). The test results showed that VBN, TBA and POV in the samples increased as the storage period was extended. It was noted that color of samples became darker during the storage as indicated by the decrease in L value from 63.7 to 59.2. In addition, the shear force of the stored samples increased from 3.2 to 5.5 psi during the storage period. HQL of the meat patties were 147, 168 and 196 days, and the PQL 189, 224 and 252 days at −10, −15 and −20C, respectively. Statistical analysis of test results indicated that there were significant relationships between sensory scores and VBN, TBARS and POV of the stored patties (P<0.05). VBN was selected as the most reliable objective quality index for the shelf-life determination (PQL) of the precooked frozen meat patties, and PQL estimates based on VBN were close to those determined based on the sensory tests.     

WILD RICE AS AN ANTIOXIDANT FOR FRESH-FROZEN AND PRECOOKED BEEF PATTIES

Antioxidant effects, as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), of ground cooked Minnesota wild rice (WR) added at 0, 15 and 25% (weight-weight) to fresh-frozen and precooked extra lean ground beef patties were investigated. WR generally resulted in more desirable sensory panel ratings and lower TBARS values for the fresh-frozen product at 8 weeks frozen storage but not at 0 week or 16 weeks. WR, especially at the 25% level, generally resulted in more desirable sensory panel ratings and lower TBARS in the precooked product at 4 and 8 weeks frozen storage. Ground WR can be an effective antioxidant in fresh-frozen and precooked ground beef patties stored at ?23C.     

不同温度处理的风干牛肉贮藏过程中脂肪变化

为了研究干燥温度对风干牛肉贮藏过程中脂肪酸组成的变化规律,选取新疆褐牛后腿肉为研究对象,经腌制后分别进行20 ℃ 48 h、40 ℃ 20 h、50 ℃ 12 h、60 ℃ 8 h的风干处理,冷却后置于4 ℃冰箱贮藏,分别在第0、15、30天和第60天取样,检测其pH值、过氧化值、酸价、硫代巴比妥酸反应底物（thiobarbituric acid reaction substrate,TBARS）值、脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成变化。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长,pH值先降低后略微升高（P＞0.05）;处理温度对脂肪含量影响显著（P＜0.05）,而贮藏时间对脂肪含量影响不显著（P＞0.05）;相同温度处理的样品过氧化值、酸价和TBARS值随着贮藏时间的延长呈增加的趋势;处理温度对风干牛肉中肌内脂肪酸组成、甘油三酯和磷脂相对含量影响也不明显,但对游离脂肪酸含量影响较明显,且温度越高,游离脂肪酸相对含量越高;与20 ℃处理组相比,60 ℃处理组样品中游离脂肪酸相对含量在0、15、30、60 d分别增加了0.84%、1.82%、1.45%、1.14%;50、60 ℃处理组的样品随着贮藏时间的延长,磷脂脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）相对含量降低,游离脂肪酸中的PUFA相对含量增加。本实验结果可为阐明不同温度影响风干牛肉加工过程中风味形成的原因提供一定参考。