“赤霞珠”葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的变化

研究酿酒葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的动态变化规律。以“赤霞珠”葡萄为试材,分别测定了技术成熟度和总酚成熟度指标,并进行了浆果感官评价。结果表明：转色后果实物理性状参数和糖含量迅速增加,转色后第4周达到最大值,成熟后期略有下降。果实中总花色苷含量逐渐增加,在转色后第6周达到最高,随后有所降低。浆果中可提取花色苷含量持续增加。细胞成熟指数、种子成熟指数和总酚指数总体上逐渐降低。果皮单宁含量变化较小,种子单宁含量在成熟前期显著降低（P＜0.05）,后期变化较小。不同分子大小聚合色素的含量逐渐增加,转色后第6周时达到最大值。浆果感官评价中各种成熟度的得分逐渐增加,果肉香气成熟度和果皮成熟度得分均在转色后第7周时最高,成熟后期变化较小。     

“赤霞珠”葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的变化

研究酿酒葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的动态变化规律。以"赤霞珠"葡萄为试材,分别测定了技术成熟度和总酚成熟度指标,并进行了浆果感官评价。结果表明:转色后果实物理性状参数和糖含量迅速增加,转色后第4周达到最大值,成熟后期略有下降。果实中总花色苷含量逐渐增加,在转色后第6周达到最高,随后有所降低。浆果中可提取花色苷含量持续增加。细胞成熟指数、种子成熟指数和总酚指数总体上逐渐降低。果皮单宁含量变化较小,种子单宁含量在成熟前期显著降低(P0.05),后期变化较小。不同分子大小聚合色素的含量逐渐增加,转色后第6周时达到最大值。浆果感官评价中各种成熟度的得分逐渐增加,果肉香气成熟度和果皮成熟度得分均在转色后第7周时最高,成熟后期变化较小。     

贺兰山东麓赤霞珠葡萄果实成熟进程及品质差异分析

在贺兰山东麓选取八个赤霞珠葡萄园,通过转色至采收果实品质变化的监测,分析比较不同地区赤霞珠葡萄果实成熟进程及采收期品质差异.结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄成熟过程中果实还原糖含量由49.66 g/L增加至231.85 g/L,可滴定酸含量由33.51 g/L降至7.44 g/L.果皮总酚由28.78 mg/g上升至37.79 m...     

西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术研究西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化.结果表明:在葡萄成熟过程中共检测到27种非花色苷酚类物质,其中黄酮醇类物质舍量最高,黄烷-3-醇类次之.各类非花色苷酚类的含量在转色开始逐渐上升,到转色后1～2周达到最大值,随后缓慢下降;采摘前2周,除了酚酸类物质含量趋于稳定、白藜芦醇含量下降之外,其它非花色苷酚类物质含量再次升高.     

赤霞珠葡萄脂氧合酶活性测定及脂肪酸组分的变化

以赤霞珠葡萄果实为研究材料,亚油酸钠为底物,测定脂氧合酶活性;采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对葡萄果皮中的脂肪酸组分进行分析。结果表明：在温度为40 ℃,底物浓度为2×10-4 mol/L,pH值为7.0时该酶活性最高,同时该酶在80 ℃高温下仍表现出很好的热稳定性;在赤霞珠发育过程中该酶的活性从转色期开始上升,直到成熟前2～3 周左右达到最大值,之后迅速下降,成熟期又趋于平稳。赤霞珠葡萄果皮中共检测出13 种脂肪酸,其中棕榈酸和硬脂酸占据了饱和脂肪酸含量的大部分,油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸是不饱和脂肪酸的主要组分,脂肪酸总含量在不断增大,成熟前1 周左右含量最大。     

脱落酸处理对赤霞珠和烟73葡萄果皮花色苷组分的影响

目的：比较赤霞珠和烟73葡萄果皮花色苷组分的差异,以及脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）处理提高果实\着色前提下,对两个品种果皮花色苷组分的影响。方法：以烟73和赤霞珠为试材,在着色前期用200 mg/L ABA处理果穗,对照用清水代替激素。成熟采收后,提取果皮中花色苷,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法,对花色苷组分进行定性和定量检测,然后进行比较分析。结果：对照中共检测到16 种花色苷,其中烟73果皮花色苷组分检测到15 种,含量为8 400.9 mg/kg,赤霞珠检测到12 种,含量为1 131.9 mg/kg。ABA处理显著提高了两品种果皮花色苷总量：烟73提高至10 380.2 mg/kg,赤霞珠提高至1 470.2 mg/kg。花色苷各大类总量也在不同程度得到提高。结论：烟73和赤霞珠两个不同葡萄品种间花色苷种类和含量存在显著差异。ABA处理显著提高了两品种果皮花色苷总量,并且不同种类花色苷含量均在不同程度得到提高,从而促进果实着色。     

赤霞珠、西拉、黑比诺在成熟期果皮和果籽中单宁变化的研究

用蛋白质沉淀试验检测出3种红色酿酒葡萄品种(赤霞珠、西拉、黑比诺)的果皮和种子中的单宁浓度.1998年,赤霞珠种子在转色前单宁浓度最高,转色后浆果的种子单宁浓度有所下降并且在采收前四周内保持恒定.1999年,种子中单宁的下降速度变慢并且采收时的数值与1998年相近.这两年中赤霞珠浆果果皮中单宁的变化很小,采收时每粒浆果中果皮和种子单宁的浓度几乎相同.西拉种子中的单宁几乎是果皮中的3倍.在上述三个品种中,葡萄中的总单宁量与成品酒的单宁数量没有一定的关系.葡萄中种子单宁浓度的差别取决于种子数量而不是每粒种子中的单宁数量.     

圆叶葡萄种子发育过程中多酚积累特性

以栽培于广西地区2 个圆叶葡萄品种‘Noble’和‘Carlos’为实验材料,以真葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’和‘雷司令’为对照,使用超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆飞行时间质谱,分析其种子发育过程中多酚组成和积累特性。结果表明：在4种葡萄发育过程的种子样品中共检测到106种多酚,包括48种鞣花酸及前体物、24种黄酮醇、20种羟基苯甲酸、9种黄烷-3-醇、3种芪类和2种羟基肉桂酸。鞣花酸及前体物（主要是前体物）和黄烷-3-醇（主要是没食子酰化体和单体）分别是圆叶葡萄和真葡萄种子中最主要的多酚类型,但其含量在不同年份和品种间具有较大差异。前体物含量在圆叶葡萄‘Noble’幼果期种子中较高,然后逐渐下降,完全转色后再次上升;‘Carlos’则在浆果转色前种子中含量较高,随后略有下降。黄烷-3-醇在真葡萄‘雷司令’种子中2013年随着浆果发育含量显著升高,转色时含量达到最高,随后有所下降,2014年不受发育期的影响;‘赤霞珠’则分别在2013年幼果期和2014年果实完熟时的种子中含量最高。     

苹果梨果实生育期果胶物质的研究

以开发利用苹果梨资源及果实质地的研究为目的,测定了苹果梨生育期果实中细胞壁物质(AIS)以及不同溶解性果胶的舍量.结果表明,随着果实成熟,AIS呈先上升后降低的趋势.果皮和果肉AIS中及鲜果果皮中果胶总含量均在果实膨大期含量较高,成熟后期呈下降的趋势,而鲜果果肉中果胶总含量在盛花后第50d含量较高,随后其含量下降,且其含量均低于果皮中的含量.幼果中以碱溶性果胶含量最多,为果胶的主要成分,成熟果中则以酸溶性果胶含量较多,碱溶性果胶含量次之;水溶性果胶和盐溶性果胶在整个生育期中所占比例较少.     

基于主成分分析的新疆多地酿酒葡萄赤霞珠品质分析及最适采收期

为研究新疆各产地"赤霞珠"葡萄转色后品质的动态变化及其最适采收期。以哈密、昌吉、和硕和伊犁四个产地赤霞珠葡萄为研究对象,对不同采收期的赤霞珠果实品质进行测定,并采用主成分分析法分析成熟期四个产地赤霞珠果实品质差异及各产地的最适采收期。结果表明:四个产地赤霞珠在转色期后果实pH、百粒重和糖类含量不断上升,可滴定酸含量不断下降,且各指标不同采收期差异显著(P<0.05)。果皮多酚类含量变化趋势与糖类等变化不同,出现最大值日期与糖类也不同,各指标不同采收期差异显著(P<0.05)。主成分分析结果表示:成熟期昌吉赤霞珠果皮中多酚物质体现的较好,而和硕赤霞珠糖类物质较多。哈密赤霞珠最适采收期应为8月31日,昌吉赤霞珠最适采收期应为9月19日,和硕赤霞珠最适采收期应为9月13日,伊犁赤霞珠最适采收期应为10月5日。     

Proline and arginine accumulation in developing berries of Vitis vinifera L. in Australian vineyards: Influence of vine cultivar, berry maturity and tissue type

Using HPLC analysis, free amino acid profiles were obtained for ripe berries of six grapevine cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache, Muscat Gordo, Pinot Noir, Riesling and Sangiovese) grown under comparable conditions and harvested at similar maturities. Compositional differences were observed between cultivars, however proline and arginine were always the major amino acids. Mature berries of Cabernet Sauvignon contained a very high concentration of proline, but a much lower concentration of arginine. Those of other cultivars contained moderate levels of both arginine and proline.
Changes in free amino acid profiles during grape berry development were further investigated in four cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer and Muscat Gordo). In all cases, most of the proline accumulation occurred late in ripening, around four weeks post-veraison. In contrast, arginine accumulation began before veraison and continued to full maturity, except for those cultivars in which a high concentration of proline accumulated, in which case the concentration of arginine reached a plateau relatively early in development. Accumulation of both proline and arginine appears to be develop-mentally regulated. These observations are discussed with reference to proline and arginine metabolism and possible links between them.
The distribution of free proline, arginine and other amino acids amongst pulp, skin and seed was examined using mature fruit of Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling. Amino acid profiles were found to vary considerably between the berry components. The skin contained a greater ratio of arginine:proline compared with the pulp. This suggests that the yeast-assimilable nitrogen content of juices, and therefore their fermentability, could be enhanced in the presence of skins.     

外源脱落酸处理对葡萄果实及葡萄酒中抗氧化成分的影响

以天津蓟州区栽培的"美乐"和"赤霞珠"葡萄为试验品种,分别在其始熟期的初、中和末期3个阶段利用外源脱落酸(200 mg/L)处理果实,采用分光光度法测定葡萄和葡萄酒中酚类总含量和抗氧化活性,利用液质联用技术分析花色苷的含量和组成.研究结果表明:始熟期的外源脱落酸处理对成熟果实的质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和pH值,以及葡萄籽的酚类含量和抗氧化活性没有显著影响,但对葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类物质含量和活性具有显著影响.在始熟期中期(30％ ～50％果实转色)以前,对果实喷施外源脱落酸可以显著提高葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性.始熟期外源脱落酸处理使"美乐"和"赤霞珠"果实的酚类总含量分别提高了14％ ～39％和73％ ～172％,花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性分别提高了18％ ～143％和88％ ～178％;外源脱落酸处理使葡萄酒的3个指标(酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性)分别提高了17％ ～69％、18％ ～36％和21％ ～46％,而这些影响可以有效改善葡萄酒的感官品质和营养价值.外源脱落酸处理时期的精准控制可以提高酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化作用,进而提高葡萄酒品质和营养价值.     

Influence of shriveling on berry composition and antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Shanxi vineyards

BACKGROUND: Berry shrivel (BS), a berry development disorder, appears soon after veraison. It occurs worldwide and affects the quality of grape berries and wine. However, it had not been reported in China until recently. This study aimed to investigate the changes in berry composition and antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Xiangning Valley, Shanxi Province, China, during BS. RESULTS: Shrinkage contributed to an increase in the concentration of basic grape ingredients such as sugar and acid. An appropriate degree of shrinkage was apparently helpful in improving the phenolic content and increasing the antioxidant activity, but the berries that continued to shrivel showed a low antioxidant activity. Further, the results indicated distinct differences between the berries harvested from the southern side of the canopy and those harvested from the northern side, presumably due to variations in sunlight exposure. CONCLUSION: Moderate BS was beneficial since it increased berry quality and antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Shanxi vineyards. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

陕西合阳地区酿酒葡萄果实成熟特性研究

该实验研究了合阳地区5个红色和5个白色酿酒葡萄品种在成熟期的可溶性固形物、还原糖、总酸含量和成熟系数变化,分析了成熟葡萄浆果的物理品质、花色苷和单体酚的组成和含量。结果表明,转色期后12 d,各品种葡萄的成熟系数均＞20。成熟葡萄浆果还原糖含量为180～235 g/L,总酸含量＜6 g/L。综合来看,赤霞珠、品丽珠、黑比诺、马瑟兰、爱格丽、小芒森和贵人香适合在合阳地区种植。赤霞珠、品丽珠、黑比诺、马瑟兰和贵人香最适采收期在转色期后24 d左右,爱格丽和小芒森在转色期后44 d左右。马瑟兰的成熟浆果花色苷含量较高,达29.85 mg/g;赤霞珠、马瑟兰和爱格丽成熟浆果单体酚含量较高,分别为0.65 mg/g、0.43 mg/g和0.26 mg/g。研究结果将为陕西合阳地区酿酒葡萄种植与推广提供参考。     

Biochemical comparison of two grape varieties differing in juice acidity

The winegrape cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and the tablegrape cv. Gora Chirine (both Vitis vinifera L.) differ in the acidity of their berry juice. The changes in pH, titratable acidity and the concentration of compounds of the berry juice were measured from 20–30 d before veraison to harvest on plants cultivated in the glasshouse. The difference in acidity between the juice of the two varieties appeared before veraison. At harvest, the berry juice of Gora Chirine had a pH of 5.2 and titratable acidity (TA) of 32 meq/L while that of Cabernet Sauvignon had a pH of 3.2 and TA of 150 meq/L. To evaluate cellular compartmentation in the berry pericarp, vacuolar pH was measured on intact berries at two growth stages, using ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Vacuolar pH did not differ significantly between the two cvs. The lower TA of Gora Chirine juice could be attributed to lower concentrations of all three major acids, malic, tartaric and citric, and to a higher concentration of potassium. At veraison, the malic acid concentration in the berry juice of Cabernet Sauvignon was about seven times higher than that of Gora Chirine. The accumulation of hexoses, especially glucose, occurred earlier during the berry growth cycle in Gora Chirine than in Cabernet Sauvignon. The osmotic potential of the Gora Chirine juice, before veraison, was lower than could have been expected because of low acidity. This was due to the compensatory effect of early accumulation of glucose. Amino acid concentration was significantly higher in Gora Chirine than in Cabernet Sauvignon, especially just before veraison. The role of organic acids in berry acidity and osmotic potential, and various metabolic processes that may lead to the difference in organic acid concentration, are discussed.     

Auxin treatment of pre‐veraison grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries both delays ripening and increases the synchronicity of sugar accumulation

Background and Aims: Pre‐veraison auxin treatments can delay grape berry ripening, but there is little information about their effects on berry development and wine composition. The aim of this study was to further investigate these effects and explore the practical implications of delaying ripening. Methods and Results: Treatment of pre‐veraison Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz berries with 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) significantly delayed ripening as measured by the accumulation of total soluble solids (TSS) and anthocyanins. The onset of the post‐veraison phase of berry size increase was delayed in NAA‐treated fruit, but these fruit were significantly larger than Control fruit at harvest. NAA‐treatments significantly increased the synchronicity of berry sugar accumulation. GC‐MS analysis of wine headspace volatiles showed significant, but largely small, differences in the concentration of 19 compounds. No significant difference in sensory properties was found between replicate small‐scale wine lots made from Control and NAA‐treated fruit. Conclusions: Auxin treatment delayed berry ripening, increased the synchronicity of sugar accumulation between berries, increased berry size and changed the levels of some volatile compounds, but did not affect wine sensory properties. Significance of the Study: We propose that NAA sprays might be used to delay grape berry ripening and increase the synchronicity of sugar accumulation, and therefore ripening, without deleterious effects on wine quality. This may be useful in controlling winery intake and fruit composition.