The Effect of Salvaging of Nuclear Powered Submarines on the Radioecological Conditions in Severodvinsk

Data from multiyear observations are generalized and a comparative analysis is made of the influence of salvaging and repair of nuclear-powered submarines on the radiological conditions in Severodvinsk. The possible change in the radioecological conditions as a result of an increase in salvaging at the plants in Severodvinsk is estimated. Analysis shows that with an increase in the salvaging volumes by a factor of 5 the contamination by 2010 will not exceed 0.001% MAC. Taking account of all negative factors, the additional dose load will not exceed 5 Sv/yr, which is less than 0.1% of the natural radiation background and does not present any radiation danger.     

Estimation of the resident''s additional dose in bone-coal mining areas of the five provinces

This paper introduces the resident's additional dose in bone-coal mining areas. The increase of the annual additional effective doses accepted by the residents living in the carbide-brick houses, the staffs working in the carbide-brick houses and the miners working in the bone-coal mining areas of Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces is caused by the rising of environmental radioactive level. The investigation of natural background radiation in the bone-coal mining areas indicated that both mining and utilizing bone-coal cause the rise of environmental radioactive level. The ranges of the annual additional effective dose accepted by the residents, staffs and miners is 1.9-6.8 mSv, 0.5-2.0 mSv and 8.2-71 mSv, and with an average of 3.8 mSv, 1 mSv and 40 mSv, respectively. The annual additional effective doses accepted by part residents and staffs exceed the dose limit of 1 mSv for public exposure, and part miners exceed the dose limit of 20 mSv for occupational exposure. And the contribution of dose caused by inhaled radon to the total additional effective dose is over 76%.     

Monitoring the radiation conditions in reactors by semiconductor spectrometry methods

Conclusions 1. Semiconductor spectrometry of the radiation facilitates the analysis of the radiation conditions in nuclear reactors for power generation and research:identification of the radiation sources (radionuclides, nuclear reactions); andquantitative determination of the intensity of the radiation from the identified radionuclides and from nuclear reactions in units of H.2. The information makes it possible to determine the origin of the radioactive contamination by man-made radionuclides on industrial sites and the degree of radionuclide migration and allows a comparison of the radiation conditions on inspected objects.3. The total H values of the monoenergetic radiation do not exceed 25% of the maximum admissible amounts in the reactor halls inspected [4].Translated from Atomnaya Energiya, Vol. 68, No. 5, pp. 385–386, May, 1990.     

Radiation Exposure Normalization Taking Account of Specific Effects at Low Doses and Dose Rates

Epidemiological studies of the consequences of radiation exposure of humans already prove that at low dose rates 85% of radiation-induced cancer arises only above a threshold dose from 0.3 to 30 Sv, and sometimes radiation hormesis occurs. In this question, the ICRP and the RNCRP rely on unreliable information and an incorrect linear zero-threshold dose–effect relation model. Two new principles of radiation safety are proposed and a model for normalizing radiation exposure on the basis of the new facts is also proposed. The model retains the adopted maximum lifetime individual risk of death due to radiation-induced cancer, but the dose in organs determines this risk. For uniform whole body radiation exposure, the dose creating the indicated limit can be taken as the equivalent dose. It will equal 150 mSv/yr. According to the model, during the initial years of radiation exposure there is no carcinogenic risk at all. The need for normalizing the content of radionuclides in the human body and introducing other changes in the norms is substantiated.     

Radiation consequences of a hypothetical failure of a dam at the coolant reservoir of the chernobyl nuclear power plant

Mathematical simulation is used to estimate the possible radiation consequences of an accidental failure of the protective dam of the coolant reservoir at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The dynamics of the emptying of the reservoir and the escape of radionuclides is calculated. The additional contamination of bottom deposits in the Dnepr River, which can be caused by the accidental escape of radioactive substances from the coolant reservoir, is estimated. The additional dose load to the public is estimated taking account of the food chains. A single-step mathematical model, taking account of the contamination of the water and the bottom deposits, is constructed to study the fish food chain. It is established that for an accidental failure of the protective dam of the coolant reservoir of the nuclear power plant the dose to the public will not exceed 2.5·10⁻³ Sv in the first year after the failure. Therefore, the destruction of the protective dam of the coolant reservoir of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, if it occurs, will not be a radiation accident, 2. figures, 1 table, 9 references. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 303–307, April, 2000.     

中国核工业三十年辐射环境质量评价

本文主要介绍我国核工业三十年环境辐射影响评价的内容、方法及其主要结果。总的来说,我国核工业对环境的辐射影响是很小的。各单位关键居民组所受剂量均小于5mSv/a;且在关键居民组所受剂量中,有77.1%的单位·年低于0.25mSv/a;核工业对其厂址周围半径80km范围内居民所致的集体有效剂量当量低于天然辐射的万分之一。但矿山、水冶厂产生的集体剂量占整个核燃料循环中总集体剂量的比例较高,达91.5%。     

Investigation of 85Kr Emission and Its Effect on the Radiation Conditions during the Preparation of BOR-60 Fuel for Recovery

The main stages of the BOR-60 closed fuel cycle, implemented on the experimental base at the Scientific-Research Institute of Nuclear Reactors, are examined. The ⁸⁵Kr emission at the stages of preparation of the spent BOR-60 fuel assemblies for recovery is determined experimentally. It is shown that the maximum ⁸⁵Kr emission as a result of destruction of fuel element cladding with oxide uranium fuel is 68%; its contribution to the irradiation dose to the public as a result of mechanical disassembly of the fuel elements in a single BOR-60 fuel assembly with 10% burnup and a 10-yr holding time does not exceed 1·10^–4% of the dose limit (1 mSv/yr).     

青岛市地表天然放射性水平及其主控因素特征

通过对青岛市1 500 km2范围内大密度土壤放射性核素(238U、232Th和40K)和地表γ辐射测量,系统深入地研究了其放射性特征、分布规律及其影响因素.结果表明,青岛市土壤中核素232Th和40K的放射性比活度偏高,而2388U偏低.地表γ辐射吸收剂量率(平均值91.87 nGy· h-1)略高于全国和世界平均值,研究发现地表93.14％的γ辐射来自地面放射性核素238U、232Th和40K的γ辐射,其中232Th和40K的贡献占81.21％,是主要的贡献者.地质背景是影响地面γ辐射吸收剂量率的主要因素,燕山期各类花岗岩是导致青岛市区—王哥庄一带γ辐射吸收剂量率偏高的主要原因;同时环境因素(路面材料、地貌景观)对地表γ辐射吸收剂量率也存在一定影响.虽然研究区的γ辐射吸收剂量率较高,但其年有效剂量(0.56 mSv)远低于公众照射年剂量当量限值1.0 mSv,人居环境基本不受影响.     

中国成年男子摄入原生放射性核素所致内照射剂量估算

本文依据近年来对膳食摄入量和人体器官组织含量研究结果和有关文献进展，采用直接法和间接法估算了我国当前成年男子摄入原生放射性核素(氡与子体除外)所致年待积有效剂量约为O．484mSv，比UNSCEAR世界估算值高约69％；^238u放射系的约为估算值的2．6倍；钍放射系的约为3．6倍。这些差异可归因于我国土壤铀、钍浓度都高于世界均值和特定膳食组成等因素。采用直接法估算40K年有效剂量为O．168Msv，接近于世界估算值(O．165Msv)。^z38U系和^232Th系核素按直接法和间接法估算值分别为O．22mSv和O．3mSv，都比UNSCEAR世界相应估算值高。这些结果为推荐我国天然辐射剂量参考值、我国参考人相应参数和辐射监测背景值提供了有用依据。最后，对我国今后研究提出了一些建议。     

Radiation conditions in the Moscow Region in the period 1957–2005

Information about the radiation conditions in the Moscow region in 1957–2005 is presented. It is shown that the total activity of the β-emitting radionuclides, ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs, in atmospheric air, fallout, and food products changes. These data are used to estimate the total individual irradiation dose to the public, which does not exceed 0.2 mSv/yr. This is much less than the dose limit (1 mSv/yr) established in NRB-99. It is concluded that the radiation conditions in the Moscow region are satisfactory in the period studied. __________ Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 100, No. 3, pp. 225–231, March, 2006.     

NATURAL BACKGROUND RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT OF HONG KONG

This paper analyses and summarizes the natural radionuclide contents of soil and building materials, radon concentrations and the penetrating radiation levels in Hong Kong. From these, a thorough and objective assessment for the terrestrial background irradiation level of Hong Kong was made. Finally, the annual effective dose equivalent received by Hong Kong people due to the natural background irradiation was calculated to be 3.2 mSv.     

Environmental Radiation, Past, Present, and Future

At present, as in the past, the bulk of environmental radiation comes from natural sources, cosmic radiation, and natural radioactivity. The normal dose to man from natural sources ranges from about 60 to 250 mrads/year. Fallout from weapons testing has provided as much as 20 to 25 mrads/year during the early to mid-1960's. At present, medical uses provide 20 to 100 mrads/year to the average individual in the U.S. Radiation to the general population from nuclear power is insignificant at present. With the trend toward improved technology in the control and containment of radioactivity from nuclear facilities, future levels should not exceed those observed from fallout. Improvements in radiological procedures should materially reduce unnecessary exposure from this application.     

田湾核电站弱贯穿辐射调查与个人剂量监测

在田湾核电站两次大修换料期间,对1、2号机组开展了弱贯穿辐射调查,主要工作包括可能存在较高弱贯穿辐射风险场所的辐射剂量率监测、部分代表性工作人员受到的弱贯穿辐射剂量监测、防护用品的防护效果测试等。由弱贯穿辐射测量结果可知,田湾核电站各检修设备表面沉积的放射性核素基本一致,主要包含⁵⁸Co、⁶⁰Co、⁹⁵Nb、⁹⁵Zr、⁵¹Cr、¹²⁴Sb、⁵⁴Mn、^110mAg、⁵⁹Fe等,其伴随发射的β射线能量主要集中在600 keV以下。其中测得主泵剂量率比值H·′(3)/H·^*(10)最大值为2.08,H·′(0.07)/H·^*(10)最大值为34.9;蒸汽发生器H·′(3)/H·^*(10)最大值为2.58, H·′(0.07)/H·^*(10)最大值为10.7;堆本体H·′(3)/H·^*(10)最大值为1.25,H·′(0.07)/H·^*(10)最大值为26.4;主泵之外其他泵类设备H·′(3)/H·^*(10) 最大值为3.80,H·′(0.07)/H·^*(10)最大值为55.6;阀门类设备H·′(3)/H·^*(10) 最大值为1.15,H·′(0.07)/H·^*(10)最大值为4.18;其他物项H·′(3)/H·^*(10) 最大值为1.53,H·′(0.07)/H·^*(10)最大值为2.16。检修人员弱贯穿剂量监测结果表明,H_p(0.07)/H_p(10)和H_p(3)/H_p(10)最大值分别为7.66和3.73,大修监测期间的个人剂量当量H_p(10)都在0.35 mSv以下,且这几次大修所有人员的个人剂量当量H_p(10)都小于2 mSv,由此可知H_p(0.07)和H_p(3)分别超过国家标准规定的个人剂量限值500 mSv/a及IAEA新限值20 mSv/a的可能性较小。根据弱贯穿测量结果,建议对主泵可抽取部件检修、反应堆水池清洁、KBA系统泵阀检修、放射性废物分拣等专项检修人员,开展眼晶体剂量和皮肤剂量监测。     

某医院2019—2021年放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的 了解空军军医大学第二附属医院核医学科放射工作人员职业性外照射个人剂量情况。方法 以该院核医学科全体工作人员为研究对象,对其2019—2021年间所受外照射个人剂量进行监测并分析。结果 (1)2019、2020、2021年人均年有效剂量分别为1.04、1.22和1.19 mSv/a,其中,医师为0.85 mSv/a...     

中国燃煤火电煤灰渣在主体墙材中利用所致居民剂量估算

本文通过分析1992—2010年期间中国燃煤火电发电量、煤灰渣中天然γ核素含量、煤灰渣综合利用情况及掺煤灰渣的主体墙材所建居室内的辐射照射情景,采用居室内墙体所致居民的内外照射剂量估算模式,评估了在主体墙材中利用燃煤火电煤灰渣引起的附加辐射剂量。结果表明:主体墙材中掺入煤灰渣后,所建居室内的居民受到的辐射剂量增加,这与类似的研究结论一致;我国掺燃煤火电煤灰渣的墙材相对于红砖所致居民的总附加年有效个人剂量为0.01～0.30 mSv/a,均值约0.22 mSv/a,其中内照射贡献占82%的份额;1992—2010年期间我国燃煤火电煤灰渣在主体墙材中的利用所致居民归一化附加集体剂量在1.92×10³ ～5.85×10³ 人·Sv/GWa之间;煤灰渣的利用对室内²²²Rn浓度升高的贡献份额均值为28%,范围为7%～38%。该研究结果可为燃煤火电煤灰渣利用政策的制定和燃煤火电放射性环境风险分析提供必要的基础数据。     

Modern internal-irradiation dosimetry

A graphical user interface making it possible to create initial data files automatically for calculating the radiation spectrum of a human body using the MCNP program and to perform graphical analyis of the computational results is described. The results of using the program developed to perform spectrometry of human-body radiation and internal dosimetry are desrcribed. The development of precise measurement methods, such as the spectrometry of human-body radiation, and the appearance of new methods for analyzing the results of measurements will make the monitoring of internal irradiation of workers in the nuclear power industry more accurate.Translated from Atomnaya Ènergiya, Vol. 97, No. 4, pp. 286–293, October, 2004.     

The Potential for Developing and the Possibility of Attaining Radiation Equivalence between Uranium and Wastes in Future Nuclear Power

The development of nuclear power with capacity up to 300 GW using thermal reactors and BREST fast reactors with small excess breeding (BR 1.05) and nuclear power operating potentially for up to 3750 yr using depleted uranium is examined on the basis of fuel materials balances. To examine the radiation balance, all wastes, which have accumulated by the time mentioned from reprocessing of spent fuel from thermal and fast reactors are included, taking account of the running nuclide composition. The change in the potential biological danger is calculated as a function of the holding time of the entire mass of the wastes taking account of the short-lived nuclide daughter products. The possibility of starting coextraction of thorium and radium with uranium starting in 2010 and 2030 or without coextraction is taken into account. If coextraction is implemented during the periods indicated, then radiation balance of the radiactive wastes which accumulate by 2100 or 2200 is reached within a holding period of 80–120 yr. Without coextraction, the fraction of plutonium going into the wastes will have to be decreased from 0.1 to 0.01%.     

核舰船核事故舱室辐射后果评价研究

本文结合核舰船的设计特点和实际运行经验，分析了核事故时放射性核素由核反应堆舱（以下简称堆舱）向其他舱室的传输途径及在各舱室中的分布，给出了放射性素活度和人员剂量的估算方法，计算了核事故情况下各舱室的辐射水平和人员的受照剂量，后果评价表明，设计基准事故时，各舱室辐射后果较轻，人员剂量没有超过有关标准规定的剂量限值，严重事故时，堆舱邻舱辐射后果严重，人员剂量超过有关标准规定的剂量限值。     

Fission product release and its environment impact for normal reactor operations and for relevant accidents

The radioactive concentration in the primary loop and the radioactive release for both normal operations and accidents for the HTR-10 are calculated and presented in the paper. The coated-particle fuel is used in the HTR-10, which has good performance of retaining fission products. Therefore the radioactive concentration in the primary loop of the HTR-10 is very low, and the amount of radioactive release to the environment is also very small for both normal operation and accident conditions. The radiation doses to the public caused by radioactive release for both normal operations and accidents are given in the paper. The results show that the maximum individual effective dose to the public due to the release of airborne radioactivity during normal operations is only 1.4×10⁻⁴ mSv a⁻¹, which is much lower than the dose limit (1 mSv a⁻¹) stipulated by Chinese National Standard GB8703-86. For depressurization accident and water ingress accident, the maximum individual whole-body doses to man are only 7.7×10⁻² and 2.0×10⁻¹ mSv, thyroid doses only 1.7×10⁻¹ and 1.1 mSv, respectively. They are much lower than the prescribed minimum of emergency intervention level (whole-body dose: 5 mSv, thyroid dose: 50 mSv) for sheltering measures stipulated by the Chinese Nuclear Safety Criterion HAD002/03. The conclusion is that the environmental impact is very small for normal operations and accidents for the HTR-10, and the requirements stipulated in the Chinese Nuclear Safety Criterions are satisfied perfectly.     

Protection of the public in situations of prolonged radiation exposure. The application of the Commission's system of radiological protection to controllable radiation exposure due to natural sources and long-lived radioactive residues

This report provides guidance on the application of the ICRP system of radiological protection to prolonged exposure situations affecting members of the public. It addresses the general application of the Commission's system to the control of prolonged exposures resulting from practices and to the undertaking of interventions in prolonged exposure situations. Additionally, it provides recommendations on generic reference levels for such interventions. The report also considers some specific situations and discusses a number of issues that have been of concern, namely: natural radiation sources that may give rise to high doses; the restoration and rehabilitation of sites where human activities involving radioactive substances have been carried out; the return to 'normality' following an accident that has released radioactive substances to the environment; and the global marketing of commodities for public consumption that contain radioactive substances. Annexes provide some examples of prolonged exposure situations and discuss the radiological protection quantities, radiation-induced health effects and aspects of the Commission's system of radiological protection relevant to prolonged exposure. Quantitative recommendations for prolonged exposures are provided in the report. They must be interpreted with extreme caution; Chapters 4 and 5 stress the upper bound nature of the following values: Generic reference levels for intervention, in terms of existing total annual doses, are given as < approximately 100 mSv, above which intervention is almost always justifiable (situations for which the annual dose threshold for deterministic effects in relevant organs is exceeded will almost always require intervention), and < approximately 10 mSv, below which intervention is not likely to be justifiable (and above which it may be necessary). Intervention exemption levels for commodities, especially building materials, are expressed as an additional annual dose of approximately 1 mSv. The dose limit for exposures of the public from practices is expressed as aggregated (prolonged and transitory) additional annual doses from all relevant practices of 1 mSv. Dose constraints for sources within practices are expressed as an additional annual dose lower than 1 mSv (e.g. of approximately 0.3 mSv), which could be approximately 0.1 mSv for the prolonged exposure component. An exemption level for practices is expressed as an additional annual dose of approximately 0.01 mSv.