中间导管“特洛伊木马”技术输送Willis覆膜支架行颅内动脉腔内隔绝术治疗颈内动脉海绵窦病变

目的初步评价在颅内血管迂曲情况下,采用中间导管"特洛伊木马"技术,输送Willis覆膜支架至目标位置,实施颅内动脉腔内隔绝术治疗颈内动脉海绵窦病变的效果。方法回顾性纳入2018年1月至2月常州市第一人民医院神经外科2例颈内动脉海绵窦病变患者的临床资料。使用Willis覆膜支架,对1例外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)和1例颈内动脉海绵窦段巨大动脉瘤进行动脉腔内隔绝血管重建术。由于患者血管迂曲,采用Navien中间导管"特洛伊木马"技术输送Willis支架到位,即在同轴导管系统下,先将5 F Navien中间导管头端越过病变部位,然后将Willis支架在中间导管内输送至病变部位,再回撤中间导管,Willis支架即可定位在病变血管段。结果 (1)2例术中Willis支架均顺利到位,球囊扩张后释放。1例TCCF因为支架在海绵窦近端弯曲处,回撤球囊支架略有移位,术后即刻造影显示略有对比剂内漏。对另1例颈内动脉海绵窦段巨大动脉瘤即刻造影,显示载瘤动脉通畅、动脉瘤不显影。(2)2例患者在术后1、3个月复查CT血管成像,显示血管重建良好。支架置入后1个月随访TCCF患者,突眼及杂音症状消失;术后3个月随访颈内动脉海绵窦段巨大动脉瘤患者,头痛症状消失,右侧动眼神经麻痹明显缓解。结论在迂曲颅内动脉使用中间导管"特洛伊木马"技术输送Willis覆膜支架到位,具有辅助作用,较传统颅内动脉腔内隔绝技术初显优势。     

覆膜支架置入术治疗颅内动脉瘤及颈内动脉海绵窦瘘临床观察

采用覆膜支架置入术治疗颅内动脉瘤及颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)共8例,7例支架成功释放于靶动脉,动脉瘤或瘘消失,并保持载瘤(瘘)动脉畅通,1例支架未能置入.术后6个月造影,除1例颈内动脉闭塞,余病例载瘤(瘘)动脉畅通.认为覆膜支架置入术是治疗颅内动脉瘤及CCF的有效手段.     

覆膜支架治疗颅内动脉疾病的临床分析

目的探讨覆膜支架在治疗颅内动脉疾病中应用的可行性和适应证。方法使用糙膜支架行病变隔绝术治疗20例患者。根据靶血管的直径和病变的长度，选择覆膜支架的直径和长度。共治疗椎动脉颅内段动脉瘤5例、颅底以上颈内动脉动脉瘤7例，经蝶手术致颈内动脉破损1例，外伤件颈内动脉动脉瘤3例、外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘3例、颈内动脉海绵窦段狭窄伴自发性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘1例。共使用覆膜支架21枚，裸支架与覆膜支架联合使用3例。结果一次性成功放置支架17例，病变即刻消失14例，术后复查消失3例，操作失败3例。短暂性轻偏瘫1例。结论合理使用覆膜支架是治疗部分颅内动脉病变的良好手段，但覆膜支架的应用也有一定的局限性。     

旋转DSA配合介入栓塞治疗老年自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘

目的 探讨介入栓塞治疗老年自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的效果及旋转数字减影血管造影术(DSA)和三维血管重建在显示瘘口位置、大小及与周围血管关系中的应用.方法 经动脉入路对11例老年自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者进行栓塞治疗,应用旋转DSA和三维血管重建寻找瘘口,采用可脱性球囊、电解可控弹簧圈(GDC)等多种材料栓塞病变侧海绵窦,同时闭塞瘘口.术后6～24个月对全部11例患者进行全脑血管造影复查.结果 9例行球囊及GDC栓塞瘘口的患者术后即刻造影显示瘘口完全闭塞,2例患侧颈内动脉完全闭塞,无复发.结论 在旋转DSA和三维血管重建的配合下栓塞老年自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘是一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

覆膜支架治疗外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘二例报道并文献复习

尽管应用可脱性球囊可治愈大部分外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘（carotid cavernous fistula,CCF）,但仍有少数病例治疗相当困难.对于一些可脱性球囊难以治愈的病例,既要去除病灶,又要保持颈内动脉的通畅则更加困难.首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科采用覆膜支架血管成形术,成功治疗了2例瘘口较小的TCCF,现报道如下.     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内栓塞治疗:20例回顾性病例系列研究

目的 评价血管内栓塞治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(traumatic carotid-cavernousfistula,TCCF)的临床效果.方法 20例TCCF患者,10例采用可脱性球囊栓塞,4例采用可脱性球囊结合弹簧圈栓塞,2例采用单纯弹簧圈栓塞,3例采用弹簧圈结合Onyx胶栓塞,1例采用覆膜支架置入术.其中,有2例因球囊早泄而再次栓塞.结果 20例患者一次性栓塞成功18例,二次栓塞成功2例.颈内动脉通畅率100％,未发生手术相关并发症.结论 血管内栓塞是治疗TCCF的一种简单、安全和疗效可靠的方法.     

国产Willis覆膜支架治疗复杂性颅内动脉瘤的疗效及长期随访

目的评价国产Willis覆膜支架系统治疗复杂性颅内动脉瘤患者的安全性及远期疗效。方法 2006年10月—2007年9月,复旦大学附属华山医院神经外科单纯采用国产颅内Willis覆膜支架系统,治疗7例复杂性颅内动脉瘤,其中颈内动脉海绵窦段3例,颈内动脉眼动脉段1例,4例均为大型宽颈动脉瘤;颈内动脉后交通段复发动脉瘤1例,椎动脉小脑后下动脉下段大型夹层动脉瘤2例。结果①对7例（7个动脉瘤）患者共置入9枚覆膜支架,其中8枚成功置入载瘤动脉。对5例置入支架后即刻造影,显示病变完全消失,载瘤动脉通畅;1例巨大海绵窦段动脉瘤置入1枚支架后,有少量对比剂漏入动脉瘤（内漏）;1例椎动脉瘤置入第1枚支架内漏明显,再置入1枚支架后好转。②术中发生颅内远端血管破裂出血1例,经开颅手术清除血肿后痊愈。其他病例无手术相关并发症。③术后5～12个月对7例患者均行临床及DSA随访,均无神经功能障碍。2例有内漏者,1例消失,1例仍有少量内漏,但较术后即刻明显好转;7例均无动脉瘤复发,载瘤动脉通畅。5例术后45～55个月再获得DSA随访,动脉瘤无复发,载瘤动脉通畅、无狭窄。1例失访,1例非动脉瘤性死亡。结论对部分复杂性颅内动脉瘤,采用Willis覆膜支架治疗安全有效,长期疗效较好。     

血管内介入治疗外伤性颈动脉-海绵窦瘘存在的问题

目的总结血管内介入治疗外伤性颈动脉一海绵窦瘘(TCCF)中存在的一些问题，探讨避免引起这些问题的技术方法。方法以可脱性球囊栓塞治疗68例TCCF患者，共进行栓塞术75次。1例经颈部切开穿刺，以球囊栓塞；2例经眼静脉入路以微弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦，其余则经股动脉入路栓塞。结果颈内动脉通畅率为66．2％，有3例在瘘口近端闭塞颈内动脉，有5例在栓塞术后3d内球囊过早泄漏，再次行栓塞术，1例栓塞瘘口后出现假性动脉瘤，1例出现眼静脉的动静脉瘘。结论以可脱性球囊栓塞TCCF是可靠的方法，但目前球囊的性能有待提高，以微弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦瘘可提高颈内动脉通畅率．双侧股动脉穿刺置管可减少并发症。     

Onyx-18胶栓塞治疗外伤性右侧颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂并反复鼻腔大出血（附1例报告）

目的观察Onyx-18胶栓塞治疗外伤性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂并反复鼻腔大出血的疗效。方法 1例外伤性右侧颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂并反复鼻腔大出血患者采用Seldinger技术,将6 F导引导管经右侧股动脉插入至右侧颈内动脉,先用0.014微导管置入颈内动脉海绵窦段破口的远端（大脑中动脉）,将一Hyperglide球囊置放在颈内动脉破口处,充盈球囊,闭塞颈内动脉覆盖破口,微导管通过瘘口进入假性动脉瘤内,注入Onyx-18胶1ml,释放球囊,造影,确保大脑供血。如此反复注入直至破口完全闭塞。结果成功闭塞颈内动脉瘘口,造影示显影正常（由于假性动脉瘤的供血＂偷流＂,闭塞前颈内动脉瘘口以远不显影）,颈内动脉通畅。结论用Onyx-18胶配合球囊辅助技术治疗外伤性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂安全、可行。     

可脱球囊栓塞治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘5例疗效分析

颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)是一种少见的疾病.2002年以来,我科对5例外伤性TCCF患者行血管内球囊栓塞治疗,取得了良好的效果.现报告如下.     

25例颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗

目的 总结微弹簧圈、Onyx胶以及覆膜支架治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘(carotid cavernous fistula,CCT)的初步体会.方法 25例CCF患者,其中外伤性22例,自发性3例;14例瘘口位于右侧颈内动脉(internal carotid artery,ICA)海绵窦段,11例位于左侧ICA海绵窦段.按Barrow分型:A型22例,C型2例,D型1例.18例单纯应用可脱弹簧圈治疗,1例应用可脱弹簧圈结合Onyx栓塞治疗,2例单纯应用Onyx栓塞治疗,4例应用覆膜支架治疗.结果 所有病例术后颅内杂音立即消失,术后造影见瘘口完全闭塞,1～20 d后临床症状消失,无死亡以及手术相关性并发症.弹簧圈治疗患者ICA通畅占12/18,4例带膜支架治疗患者ICA均通畅.2例Onyx治疗患者ICA通畅,1例可脱弹簧圈结合Onyx治疗患者ICA通畅.1例经弹簧圈治疗的外伤性CCF 1个月后复发,经再次弹簧圈治愈.其余患者随访6～24个月未见临床症状复发,6例术后获得脑血管造影随访,CCF均未见复发.结论 弹簧罔、Onyx 和覆膜支架血管内治疗是一种安全和有用的CCF治疗方法.     

Use of coronary artery stents in the treatment of internal carotid artery stenosis at the base of the skull

The management of high-grade stenosis involving the petrosal segment of the internal carotid artery has been limited to angioplasty alone in the past. However, if angioplasty fails or has less than optimum results, then endovascular stent placement should be considered. We present the first two known cases in which the Multi-Link coronary stent was used for the treatment of internal carotid disease in the petrosal segment. The first patient had symptomatic stenosis that failed angioplasty after seven months and the second patient had a symptomatic lesion that dissected upon angioplasty. The flexibility and low profile characteristics of the stent allowed it to be safely deployed with balloon expansion. No complications occurred and the patients tolerated the procedure. Patients were carefully monitored and no new neurologic events in six months of follow up occurred. These cases reveal the good clinical results of stent placement for surgically-inaccessible lesions of the internal carotid artery in the skull base. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45: 434–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Covered stents to treat partial recanalization of onyx-occluded giant intracavernous carotid aneurysm.

PURPOSE: To present the application of a covered stent for the management of a left internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm that had recanalized following embolization with Onyx. CASE REPORT: A 54-year-old man had a giant intracavernous aneurysm of the left ICA successfully occluded with Onyx. Recurrence of symptoms 5 months later prompted control angiography, which showed partial recanalization of the aneurysm. The aneurysm neck was successfully sealed by placing 2 polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents across it. Control angiography performed at 12 months after stent placement showed no stenosis or signs of recanalization of the aneurysm. CONCLUSIONS: Recanalization of giant intracavernous carotid aneurysms post-Onyx treatment may be safely treated with placement of covered stents across the aneurysm neck.     

Relationship between oversizing of self-expanding stents and late loss index in carotid stenting

Stenting of the internal carotid artery is facilitated by stenting across the carotid bifurcation and sizing the diameter of a self-expanding stent to the large common carotid segment. This usually results in marked oversizing of the self-expanding stent in the internal carotid segment. This study was done to determine the relationship between stent oversizing and late luminal loss index after stenting of the internal carotid artery. Between September 1995 and March 1997, there were 165 patients (189 vessels) who underwent successful carotid stenting with self-expanding stents. Fifty-nine patients (63 vessels) had six-month follow-up carotid angiograms and on-line quantitative angiographic analysis. The mean reference diameter of the internal carotid arteries was 4.93 ± 1.31 mm. Nominal stent size was 5 mm in 4 patients, 6 mm in 6 patients, 8 mm in 106 patients, 10 mm in 77 patients, and 12 mm in 1 patient. The average stent/patient was 1.03 ± 0.16. There were three patients who had more than 50% diameter renarrowing at follow-up. The mean late loss index was 0.25 ± 0.41. By linear regression analysis, there was no clear linear relationship between stent oversizing and late loss index after stenting (correlation coefficient = -0.21, P = 0.09). When analysis of variance with linear contrast was used to analyze six groups of different stent/artery ratios (from 1.4 to ≥ 2), late loss indexes are significantly lower in the groups of high stent/artery ratio than the groups of low stent/artery ratio (P = 0.01). The process of oversizing of self-expanding stents deployed in the internal carotid artery does not appear to be associated with late restenosis and high stent/artery ratio seems to be associated with low late loss index. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45:139–143, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Endovascular repair of traumatic pseudoaneurysm by uncovered self-expandable stenting with or without transstent coiling of the aneurysm cavity.

Various surgical options for internal carotid or subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm repair have been reported; however, in general they have resulted in poor outcomes with high morbidity and mortality rates. Recently, these open surgical procedures have been partly replaced by percutaneous transluminal placement of endovascular devices. We evaluated the potential for using flexible self-expanding uncovered stents with or without coiling to treat extracranial internal carotid, subclavian and other peripheral artery posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm. Three patients with posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm were treated by stent deployment and coiling (two cases) of the aneurysm cavity. In one case, a 5.0 x 47 mm Wallstent (Boston Scientific) was positioned to span the neck of the 9 x 5 mm size pseudoaneurysm (left internal carotid artery) and deployed. Angiography demonstrated complete occlusion of the pseudoaneurysm without coiling. In the second patient, a 5.0 x 31 mm Wallstent (Boston Scientific) was positioned to span the neck of the 9 x 7 mm size pseudoaneurysm (right internal carotid artery) and deployed. A total of six coils (Guglielmi Detachable Coils, Boston Scientific) were deployed into the pseudoaneurysm cavity until it was completely obliterated. In the third case, an 8.0 x 80 mm SMART (Cordis) stent was advanced over the wire, positioned to span the neck of the 10 x 7 mm size pseudoaneurysm of the left subclavian artery, and deployed. Fourteen 40 x 0.5 mm Trufill (Cordis) pushable coils were deployed into the pseudoaneurysm cavity until it was completely obliterated. At long-term follow-up (6-9 months), all patients were asymptomatic without flow into the aneurysm cavity by Duplex ultrasound. We conclude that uncovered endovascular flexible self-expanding stent placement with transstent coil embolization of the pseudoaneurysm cavity is a promising new technique to treat posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm vascular disease by minimally invasive methods, while preserving the patency of the vessel and side branches.     

Successful stenting seven days after atherothrombotic occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid artery.

PURPOSE: To report a case of successful stenting after a subacute stroke. CASE REPORT: A 75-year-old man presented with sudden onset of right-sided weakness and difficulty speaking. Imaging revealed an occlusion of the left petrous to lacerum internal carotid artery (ICA) segment and slightly decreased cerebral blood flow in the left hemisphere; there were stenoses of the ostial and cavernous ICA segments on the right. On the seventh day after the stroke, he underwent protected carotid angioplasty of the left intracranial ICA occlusion to reduce the high risk of ischemic stroke owing to bilateral disease. An external arteriovenous shunt was established with an occluding balloon in the proximal ICA and a filter in the femoral vein. After protected balloon dilation of the ICA occlusion, a 3.5 x 18-mm balloon-expandable coronary stent was deployed across the residual stenotic segment. An intraluminal filling defect of the petrous ICA segment suggested an arterial dissection or intraluminal thrombus, so another 2 coronary stents were deployed. Macroscopically visible materials were captured in the filter. The patient had a good clinical course and was discharged without neurological deficits on the twelfth day after the stroke. Angiography at 3 months confirmed no restenosis of the stented vessel. CONCLUSION: This experience suggests that short atherothrombotic intracranial ICA occlusions can be opened in the subacute stroke stage without distal migration of thrombi under proximal protection and flow reversal.