Methods of stunning freshwater fish: impact on meat quality and aspects of animal welfare

 Taking into account aspects of meat quality and animal welfare, three methods of stunning fish were compared: a manual technique (blow on the head, stab in the neck), one using electricity and one using CO₂. The following results were obtained using eel (n=72), carp (n=120) and trout (n=54). From the viewpoint of animal welfare, the effects on the fish were judged. Excitation and mucus secretion as well as the time taken for the fish to be anaesthetized were recorded. With manual and electrical stunning, all fish were anaesthetized almost immediately, while using CO₂ it took 3.2 min (trout), 9.2 min (carp) and 109.7 min (eel) on average. After slaughter and after 3 and 8 days of storage on ice, the fish meat quality parameters, i.e. pH value, water-holding capacity and rigor mortis, were measured. CO₂ stunning gave rise to the lowest pH values and water-holding capacities. Rigor mortis in carp and eel advanced the most. Testing of raw and prepared fish was performed by a panel assessing organoleptic properties. In many cases, fish anaesthetized manually were ranked to be better than those in the other groups. Received: 4 June 1996 / Revised version: 5 July 1996     

Methods of stunning freshwater fish: impact on meat quality and aspects of animal welfare

 Taking into account aspects of meat quality and animal welfare, three methods of stunning fish were compared: a manual technique (blow on the head, stab in the neck), one using electricity and one using CO₂. The following results were obtained using eel (n=72), carp (n=120) and trout (n=54). From the viewpoint of animal welfare, the effects on the fish were judged. Excitation and mucus secretion as well as the time taken for the fish to be anaesthetized were recorded. With manual and electrical stunning, all fish were anaesthetized almost immediately, while using CO₂ it took 3.2 min (trout), 9.2 min (carp) and 109.7 min (eel) on average. After slaughter and after 3 and 8 days of storage on ice, the fish meat quality parameters, i.e. pH value, water-holding capacity and rigor mortis, were measured. CO₂ stunning gave rise to the lowest pH values and water-holding capacities. Rigor mortis in carp and eel advanced the most. Testing of raw and prepared fish was performed by a panel assessing organoleptic properties. In many cases, fish anaesthetized manually were ranked to be better than those in the other groups. Received: 4 June 1996 / Revised version: 5 July 1996     

两种电泳法分析丁香提取物对猪肌原纤维蛋白氧化位点的控制

研究猪肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）经胰蛋白酶水解后的肌球蛋白头部（S1）和尾部（Rod）受羟自由基的氧化程度以及丁香提取物对蛋白氧化位点的影响。选择未氧化的MP、氧化的MP及与丁香提取物结合后氧化的MP进行一维电泳、双向电泳实验和质谱鉴定。一维电泳结果表明,丁香提取物对S1部位的保护作用更加明显,Rod和S1分解生成的小片段主要是通过二硫键与肌动蛋白发生了交联。双向电泳和质谱鉴定结果证实了氧化后增加的蛋白,主要是肌球蛋白或肌动蛋白等MP中主要蛋白的亚基或碎片;丁香提取物的添加能够有效地控制这些碎片的产生,从分子水平上证实了丁香提取物抑制蛋白氧化的效果。肽段质谱鉴定结果显示,羟自由基诱发的MP氧化主要修饰的氨基酸部位为甲硫氨酸和半胱氨酸。本研究表明在肉制品加工与贮藏中添加丁香提取物可以改善肉制品的功能特性。     

Quality and Shelf Life of Cold and Frozen Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fillets: Effects of Fish Protein-Based Biodegradable Coatings

The Klunzinger’s ponyfish (Equulites klunzingeri) protein powder extracted with acid or alkali aided process as a biodegradable coating material for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets during cold (+2°C) and frozen storage (–18°C) were investigated. The coating with alkaline treated protein (AlPC) and acid treated protein (AcPC) extended the shelf life of fillets from 11 to 14 days in cold storage and improved the quality parameters in three months frozen storage period. According to total viable count and total psychrophile count results, bacteria grew more quickly in uncoated fillets than coated fillets. The protein-based coating did prevent spoilage of the rainbow trout fillets as reflected by a decrease in pH, total volatile base-nitrogen and free fatty acids during cold and frozen storage period. Therefore, this study demonstrated that fish protein-based coating had a positive effect on maintaining the rainbow trout fillets quality, and edible coatings from discard fish can offer a promising alternative for preserving fish fillets.     

肌肽联合超高压对黑鱼肉脂质氧化及肌原纤维蛋白的影响

为研究肌肽联合超高压（CUH）对黑鱼肉脂质氧化及肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）的影响,以新鲜宰后黑鱼肉为材料,比较分析CUH（肌肽浓度25 mmol/L,超高压压力300 MPa,保压时间900 s）处理对黑鱼肉在冷藏期间的脂质氧化、蛋白氧化、蛋白降解、蛋白结构等的影响。通过测定超高压后黑鱼中脂肪氧合酶活和CUH处理过鱼肉丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化来分析鱼肉脂质氧化情况;通过检测冷藏期间鱼肉蛋白羰基含量的变化表征鱼肉蛋白氧化程度;利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）、TCA-溶解肽和总蛋白酶活探究CUH处理对鱼肉蛋白降解的影响;为进一步了解鱼肉CUH对黑鱼肉及肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响,分别对冷藏期间黑鱼肉进行扫描电镜（SEM）和圆二色谱（CD）的跟踪测定。结果表明:超高压处理使鱼肉脂肪氧合酶活下降了64.46%,CUH处理过的鱼肉在冷藏期第9 d脂质氧化和蛋白氧化抑制率分别为51.25%和3.63%。超高压处理使鱼肉总蛋白酶活下降了25.75%,CUH处理显著降低了鱼肉冷藏期间肌原纤维蛋白的降解（P<0.05）,第9 d蛋白降解抑制率为63.41%。CUH处理过的鱼肉在冷藏期间纤维完整且紧密,鱼肉体系中有新的氢键的形成,蛋白结构呈现有序化。综上所述,CUH处理能抑制黑鱼肉在冷藏期间的脂质氧化、蛋白氧化和蛋白降解,并维持鱼肉及肌原纤维蛋白结构,从而显著提高黑鱼肉的品质,为改善黑鱼肉贮藏品质提供理论依据。     

过氧自由基对兔肉肌原纤维蛋白理化性质及结构的影响

为探讨脂质氧化对蛋白质氧化的影响,用不同浓度2,2-偶氮二(2-甲基丙基咪)二盐酸盐[2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride,AAPH]热解产生的脂质初级代谢产物过氧自由基处理兔肉肌原纤维蛋白(myofibril protein,MP)。结果表明,随着AAPH浓度的增加,兔肉MP羰基含量、表面疏水性、亮度值和黄度值显著增加(P<0.05),而MP总巯基、游离氨、溶解度、内源性荧光强度和Zeta电位绝对值都呈显著降低趋势(P<0.05)。拉曼光谱结果显示,MP的α-螺旋含量下降,无规则卷曲含量上升,进一步证实蛋白质二级结构发生改变。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)结果表明,AAPH会导致MP发生交联和聚集,形成分子质量较大的聚集物。因此,过氧自由基会通过促进兔肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化,影响MP的理化性质,研究可为通过调控脂质氧化来控制兔肉加工过程中的蛋白氧化提供一定的理论依据。     

Hydroxyl Radical and Ferryl-Generating Systems Promote Gel Network Formation of Myofibrillar Protein

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was to examine how oxidatively induced protein cross-linking would influence the gelation properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) under meat processing conditions. MP suspensions in 0.6 M NaCl at pH 6 were treated with an iron-catalyzed oxidizing system (IOS: 10 μM FeCl₃, 0.1 mM ascorbic acid, 0.05 to 5 mM H₂O₂) or a H₂O₂-activated metmyoglobin oxidizing system (MOS: 0.01 to 0.1 mM metmyoglobin/H₂O₂) that produced hydroxyl radical and ferryl species, respectively. Both oxidizing systems promoted MP thermal gelation, which was evidenced by rapid protein–protein interaction and the enhancement in storage modulus (elasticity) of the gel network as revealed by dynamic rheological testing in the 20 to 74 °C temperature range. This gelation-enhancing effect was attributed to the shift of myosin aggregation in the early stage of heating from predominantly head–head association (nonoxidized control samples) to prevalently tail–tail cross-linking through disulfide bonds. However, both hardness and water-holding capacity of chilled gels tended to decline when MP was exposed to ≥1 mM H₂O₂ in IOS and to all concentrations of metmyoglobin in MOS. Microscopic examination confirmed a more porous structure in oxidized gels when compared with nonoxidized protein gels. The results demonstrated that mild oxidation altered the mode of myosin aggregation in favor of an elastic gel network formation, but it did not improve or had a negative effect on water-binding properties of MP gels. Practical Application: Mild oxidation promotes protein network formation and enhances gelation of myofibrillar protein under normal salt and pH conditions used in meat processing. This oxidative effect, which involves disulfide linkages, is somewhat similar to that in bakery product processing where oxidants are used to improve dough performance through gluten protein interaction.     

EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL STUNNING DURATION ON POSTMORTEM RIGOR DEVELOPMENT AND BROILER BREAST MEAT TENDERNESS

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of electrical stunning duration on poultry breast meat postmortem biochemistry and texture. Broilers were stunned with 100 V AC for 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 s, killed by conventional neck cut, and bled for 180 s to determine percentage blood loss. Breast fillets were removed from the carcass immediately after picking or following 24 h of aging in an ice-water bath. R-values and pH were determined at both deboning times and Allo-Kramer shear values were recorded after holding the samples for 48 h at 2 C. Stunning durations of 10, 20 and 40 s resulted in lower (P < 0.05) blood losses than birds stunned for 0 or 5 s. Stunning inhibited postmortem glycolysis as indicated by higher (P < 0.05) pH values and lower R-values at 15 min postmortem, but not after 24 h. Stunning had no effect on Allo-Kramer shear values. Stunning durations from 5 to 40 s at 100 V AC had no significant effect on postmortem rigor development, or meat quality.     

Shelf life of meat from lambs given essential oil-free rosemary extract containing carnosic acid plus carnosol at 200 or 400 mg kg

The use of dietary rosemary extract (DRE) at low doses is proposed as a nutritional strategy to improve meat preservation. Lamb diet was supplemented with 0, 200 or 400 mg DRE (containing carnosic acid and carnosol at 1:1 w:w) per kg feed during the fattening stage. Meat quality was evaluated in lamb fillets packed under protective atmosphere and kept in retail conditions for up to 14 days. The effects of diet and storage time were determined on different physical–chemical (L*a*b* color, pH, TBARS, protein oxidation and volatiles from lipid oxidation), microbial (total viable and psychrophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, molds and yeasts) and sensory (appearance and odor) characteristics of the meat. The antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of DRE on meat were demonstrated. DRE delayed lean and fat discoloration, lipid oxidation, odor deterioration and microbial spoilage, extending the shelf life time of fillets from around 9 to 13 days. Both DRE doses provided similar shelf life extension.     

真空冷冻干燥大蒜粉对Fenton氧化体系中牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白乳化特性的影响

用牦牛肉分离肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）和牦牛肉脂肪,向牦牛肉MP中分别添加质量分数为0%、0.2%、0.5%和1.0%的真空冷冻干燥（vacuum freeze-dried,VFD）大蒜粉,并构建Fenton氧化体系,测定牦牛肉MP在4 ℃环境中氧化12 h后的活性巯基含量、蛋白质溶解性、表面疏水性以及牦牛肉MP乳液的界面吸附蛋白百分比、乳液黏度、乳化活性、乳液稳定性（澄清指数、积分透光率、沉降速率）和微观结构,研究VFD大蒜粉对氧化体系中牦牛肉MP乳化特性的影响。结果表明：高添加量的VFD大蒜粉（0.5%、1.0%）能显著增强Fenton氧化体系中牦牛肉MP的乳化活性、乳化稳定性和乳液中油相分布均匀性（P＜0.05）;其中,添加0.5% VFD大蒜粉对Fenton氧化体系中牦牛肉MP的保护效果较强,能使牦牛肉MP的活性巯基含量增加1.55 倍、蛋白质溶解性增加19%、表面疏水性降低25.41%;添加1.0% VFD大蒜粉对Fenton氧化体系中牦牛肉MP的乳化特性改善作用较强,能使牦牛肉MP乳液的黏度增加1.02 倍、乳化活性增加49.80%,澄清指数、积分透光率以及沉降速率分别降低17.06%、37.44%和50.79%。说明VFD大蒜粉能显著改善Fenton氧化体系中牦牛肉MP的乳化特性,但作用效果与添加量相关,当添加质量分数为1.0%的VFD大蒜粉时,其改善作用较强。     

氧化对兔肉肌原纤维蛋白结构、乳化性和凝胶性的影响研究

为探讨氧化对兔肉肌原纤维蛋白结构的氧化修饰及对肌原纤维蛋白乳化性质和凝胶质构特性的影响,本文利用0~10.0 mmol/L 2,2'-盐酸脒基丙烷(2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride,AAPH)热解产生的烷过氧自由基对兔肉肌原纤维蛋白进行氧化处理。结果表明,随着AAPH浓度的增加,兔肉肌原纤维蛋白游离巯基含量、内源性荧光强度和蛋白乳化稳定性不断减小,而羰基含量、二聚酪氨酸含量、蛋白粒径、乳化活性显著增加(P<0.05),表面疏水性则呈现先增后减再增的趋势。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)结果显示,低浓度AAPH(0~1.0 mmol/L)和高浓度(10.0 mmol/L)分别诱导了蛋白的聚集和裂解,这些结构的改变引起了肌原纤维蛋白凝胶性质的改变。适度的氧化改性(AAPH 0~1.0 mmol/L)能提高兔肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的质构特性,而进一步氧化(AAPH 1.0~10.0 mmol/L)则显著降低了凝胶的性能(P<0.05)。因此,烷过氧自由基的氧化修饰能显著影响兔肉肌原纤维蛋白的结构和乳化凝胶性质(P<0.05)。     

Combined effect of electrical stimulation, aging time and marination on quality of chicken breast fillet processed under commercial conditions

BACKGROUND: Electrical stimulation (ES) in poultry processing is reported in the literature with varying degrees of effectiveness. Furthermore, the combined effects of ES and polyphosphate marination are not completely known. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of ES, aging time prior to deboning and phosphate marination on meat quality of broiler breast fillets. RESULTS: The implementation of ES accelerated pH decline in fillets at any aging time studied regardless of marination treatment, but no differences (P > 0.05) were found in pH of fillets deboned without aging. Warner–Bratzler (WB) shear values of ES fillets significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at 2 h of aging whereas WB of non‐ES fillets decreased at 6 h of aging in breast meat, with or without marination. In non‐marinated fillets the ES treatment reduced (P < 0.05) cooking loss in meat aged 0, 2 and 4 h. In marinated fillets the ES treatment decreased cooking loss at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h of aging. CONCLUSION: ES in carcasses aged 2 or 4 h improves tenderness and reduces cooking loss. Marination improves tenderness in both stimulated and non‐stimulated fillets, at all aging times. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chitosan and Protein Coatings Affect Yield, Moisture Loss, and Lipid Oxidation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Fillets During Frozen Storage

The effects of chitosan (CH1 = 1% and CH2 = 2% solution), egg albumin (EA), soy protein concentrate (SPC), pink salmon protein powder (PSP), and arrowtooth flounder protein powder (AFP) as edible coatings on quality of skinless pink salmon fillets were evaluated during 3 mo frozen storage. Coating with 2% chitosan (CH2) resulted in significantly higher yield than coating with PSP and AFP. The thaw yield of salmon fillets coated with CH2 was higher than those of the control and fillets coated with AFP. The noncoated, CH1‐, and CH2‐coated fillets had similar drip loss (0.4% to 1.2%), which was lower than those observed for PSP‐ and AFP‐coated fillets. All fillet samples had similar cook yield (84.2% to 88.8%). The fillet coated with CH1, CH2, SPC, and EA had significantly higher (P < 0.05) moisture content after thawing than the control noncoated fillets. Coating with CH1 and CH2 was effective in reducing about 50% relative moisture loss compared with the control noncoated fillets. Chitosan (CH1 and CH2) and SPC delayed lipid oxidation. There were no significant (P > 0.05) effects of coating on a*, b*, and whiteness values for cooked fillets after 3 mo frozen storage.     

Head current during and blood splashes after electrical stunning in relation to characteristics of the pig's body

In order to evaluate electrical stunning in relation to the incidence of blood splashes, meat quality and carcass quality parameters, 2035 pigs, heterozygous for the halothane gene, were observed during slaughter at a commercial slaughterhouse. The head current during electrical stunning is significantly higher (P<0.01) in gilts with a lower live weight (P<0.0001) or cold carcass weight (P<0.0001) and a higher lean meat percentage (P<0.0001). Also the incidence of blood splashes in the ham is significantly higher in gilts (P<0.0001) with a higher lean meat percentage (P=0.0028; odds ratio=1.11), a lower live weight (P=0.003; odds ratio=0.98) and a lower type number (P=0.0074; odds ratio=0.64). For barrows, no significant parameters were revealed. These results suggest that the variability in incidence of blood splashes can be explained by the variability of current density depending both on sex and body characteristics. Thus, electrical stunning can be improved by providing an energy level, based on the body characteristics of the pig.     

三明治型魔芋葡聚糖/海藻酸钠/魔芋葡聚糖复合保鲜涂膜对三文鱼鱼片蛋白氧化的影响

为拓展多糖保鲜涂膜在水产品中的应用,本实验以魔芋葡聚糖(konjac glucan,KGM)和海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)为成膜基质,以百里香酚(thymol,Thy)和ε-聚赖氨酸盐酸盐(ε-poly-L-lysine hydrochloride,ε-PL)为保鲜剂,制备了三明治型KGM/SA/KGM复合保鲜涂膜。以生鲜三文鱼鱼片为对象,研究4℃贮藏条件下复合涂膜对三文鱼鱼片蛋白氧化的影响。结果表明,与同期无菌水处理的三文鱼鱼片相比,复合涂膜处理后鱼片肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度、巯基含量及Ca²⁺-ATPase活力增加,羰基含量和表面疏水性明显降低,荧光光谱和红外光谱显示,蛋白质三级和二级结构较为完整。经KGM/SA+ε-PL/KGM+Thy复合涂膜处理的鱼片在贮藏后期各项蛋白氧化指标均优于同期KGM/SA+ε-PL/KGM和KGM/SA+Thy/KGM复合涂膜处理样品。即三明治型KGM/SA/KGM复合涂膜中的ε-PL和Thy具有协同增效作用,可以更好地延缓蛋白质氧化变性。本研究可为可食性保鲜涂膜的应用提供理论指导和技术支持。     

Relationship between N-nitrosodiethylamine formation and protein oxidation in pork protein extracts

The relationship between protein oxidation and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) formation was assessed. Packaged fresh minced pork was stored at 2 ± 1 °C for 0, 4, 7, and 10 days. Myofibrillar protein (MP), sarcoplasmic protein (SP), and muscle homogenate were obtained from the stored minced pork and allowed to react with sodium nitrite at 80 °C for 1 h. The relationship between NDEA formation and indexes of protein oxidation was assessed by principal component analysis. The formation of NDEA in meat was correlated with protein and lipid oxidation. Lipid oxidation promoted the formation of NDEA and was positively correlated with protein oxidation. Carbonyl compounds from oxidized MP and free amines from dissociated SP promoted NDEA formation. Therefore, the effect of protein oxidation on NDEA formation depends on the type of protein and its oxidation products.     

PREVIOUS BACTERIAL INFECTION AFFECTS TEXTURAL QUALITY PARAMETERS OF HEAT‐TREATED FILLETS FROM RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS)

ABSTRACT

Sensory quality of fish meat is influenced by many parameters prior to slaughter. In the present study, it was examined if previous infections or damages in the muscle tissue influence product quality parameters in fish. Fillets from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in seawater at a commercial fish farm were sensory evaluated for more than a year after recovery following physical tissue damage or infection by the bacterial pathogens Yersinia ruckeri and Vibrio anguillarum. The effect of vaccination was also included as some fish were vaccinated before bacterial challenge. The fish fillets were sensory examined as heat‐treated and cold‐smoked. Heat‐treated fillets from nonvaccinated fish previously infected by V. anguillarum had changed textural characteristics and were less flaky, had a lower oiliness and a higher toughness and fibrousness in comparison with control fish. This article was the first to describe a correlation between previous infections in fish and changes in sensory‐quality parameters.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This work contributes with knowledge about sensory‐quality parameters of fish meat after recovery from infections and physical‐tissue damage. Because the results demonstrate an influence on the texture from previous disease, the practical potentials of the results are valuable for the aquaculture industry. In order to minimize the effects of previous diseases on the sensory quality regarding the texture, these fishes should be processed as cold‐smoked instead of being sold as raw meat. The established correlation between disease history stresses the importance of disease prevention in aquaculture production, e.g., vaccination of the fish.     

Superchilled,chilled and frozen storage of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) fillets – changes in texture,drip loss,protein solubility and oxidation

Changes in quality characteristics in relation to protease activity and protein oxidation in chilled, superchilled and frozen mackerel fillets during storage were studied. The solubility of sarcoplasmic proteins was quite stable in mackerel samples for all storage experiments, whereas the solubility of myofibrillar proteins decreased in both superchilled and frozen samples. A significant correlation (r = 0.983, P < 0.05) between the increased activity of cathepsin B+L in chilled fillets and softening of the fish flesh during storage was revealed. Contrary with chilled samples, the texture of superchilled mackerel fillets became tougher along the storage period, which can be explained by a higher rate of myofibrillar oxidation (r = 0.940, P < 0.05). The hardness and drip loss decreased slightly at the end of frozen storage. Superchilling preserved the quality of mackerel fillets with the least side effects in relation to protein solubility, drip loss and softening of the fish tissue as compared to chilled and frozen storage.     

Effect of Lactobacillus cultures on microbiological,chemical and odour changes during storage of rainbow trout fillets

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of applying two Lactobacillus protective cultures on microbiological, chemical and odour changes during storage of refrigerated vacuum‐packed rainbow trout (Oncorrynchus mykiss) fillets. Lactobacillus sakei CECT 4808 and Lb. curvatus CECT 904^T were inoculated individually or in combination into rainbow trout fillets. The samples were vacuum‐packed and stored at 4 ± 0.5 °C and were assessed during a 20‐day storage period for microbiological (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., lactic acid bacteria (LAB), H₂S‐producing bacteria, yeasts and moulds) and chemical (pH, total volatile basic nitrogen, lipid oxidation) parameters and off‐odour. Samples inoculated with Lb. sakei and with both strains had significantly (P≤0.05) lower counts of all microbiological spoilage indicator organisms (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., H₂S‐producing bacteria, yeasts and moulds) than those inoculated with Lb. curvatus or the controls. All chemical parameters examined and off‐odour scores were also significantly (P≤0.05) improved in the samples inoculated with Lb. sakei or with both strains compared with those inoculated with Lb. curvatus or the controls. Lb. sakei generally showed a better preservative effect (P≤0.05) than the combination of strains. Inoculation with Lb. sakei CECT 4808 could provide an additional hurdle to improve shelf‐life of refrigerated vacuum‐packaged trout fillets, as inoculation with this strain resulted in extension of shelf‐life by 5 days. Furthermore, this strain showed some antioxidative ability, which could retard lipid oxidation in fish. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Raw-meat packaging and storage affect the color and odor of irradiated broiler breast fillets after cooking

Raw breast fillets were divided into two groups and either vacuum or aerobically packaged. The fillets in each group were subdivided equally into two groups and then irradiated at 0 or 3 kGy using a Linear Accelerator. After 0, 3 and 7 days of storage at 4?°C, fillets were cooked in an 85?°C water bath (cook-in-bag) to an internal temperature of 74?°C. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of raw fillets was measured before cooking, and color and sensory characteristics were analyzed after cooking. Irradiation decreased the ORP of meat, but the potential in aerobically packaged fillets increased during storage. After cooking, color a*-value of irradiated fillets was higher than that of the non-irradiated. Irradiation of raw meat also changed color L* and b* values after cooking. Aerobic storage reduced the redness of cooked meat induced by irradiation. Irradiated raw broiler fillets stored for 0 day and 3 day under aerobic conditions before cooking produced a oxidized chicken-like odor. The odor, however, disappeared after 7 days of storage under aerobic conditions before cooking. For raw broiler samples stored under vacuum conditions, significant differences in color and odor between irradiated and non-irradiated fillets remained throughout the 7-day storage period after cooking. Irradiation had only a minor influence on lipid oxidation of raw breast fillets as indicated by low TBARS values. This study indicates that the effect of irradiation on color and odor of broiler breast fillets after cooking can be reduced significantly through shelf-display of raw fillets under aerobic conditions. Storage under vacuum conditions before cooking is not effective in reducing irradiation-induced changes in the color and odor of breast fillet after cooking.