高校医院抗生素使用现状分析

目的了解高校医院抗生素使用情况，并对不合理用药处方进行分析，为抗生素使用更为安全、有效、合理提供信息。方法抽取东北农业大学医院2005年和2006年门诊处方共计17455张，统计抗生素使用情况及不合理用药情况。结果2005年抽取的8452张处方中，使用抗生素的处方有3442张，占40．7％；2006年的9003张处方中，使用抗生素的处方有4639张，占51.5％；2006年抗生素使用率明显高于2005年，差异有统计学意义（χ^2=204．63，P〈0．01）。抽查出的不合理处方393张，主要问题是给药次数不合理、配伍不合理、重复用药、给药时间不合理等，分别占不合理使用抗生素处方的73．8％、12．5％、4．8％和4．3％。结论抗生素使用现状不客乐观，存在明显的不合理使用抗生素问题。     

门诊处方不合理用药调查分析

目的分析我院门诊不合理用药的情况,以进一步指导抗菌药物的合理应用。方法选取对我院2009年1～12月门诊处方采用随机抽样分析,每月各抽取5d的处方,统计其不合理用药的情况。结果在药物应用的合理程度方面来讲,3448张门诊处方合格率为95.6%,不合理用药处方150张,占4.4%。抗生素类药物处方988张,抗生素类药物的使用率28.6%,不合理使用抗生素类药物处方共106张,占不合理用药处方的70.67%。结论合理用药可以减轻病人的经济负担,提高医院的合理用药率。     

2007年4季度某医院门诊抗生素药物处方分析

目的 了解内江市第二人民医院门诊抗生素药物应用情况,促进合理用药.方法 随机抽查2007-10/12门诊处方3 000张,对含有抗生素药物的处方进行统计分析.结果 含有抗生素药物的处方1 320张,占44.0%;其中口服单用的926张,占70.2%,注射用抗生素药物308张,占23.3%;不合理处方有211张,占抗生素药物处方的16.0%,占所抽查处方的7.0%.结论 内江市二医院使用抗生素药物在门诊应用较突出,不合理使用抗生素药物较明显.要尽快建立合理用药抗生素药物的监督机制,才是解决门诊处方抗生索药物不合理用药的关键.     

我院门诊抗菌药物处方分析

目的分析医院门诊处方中抗菌药物的使用情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法随机抽取医院2010年1月-2011年7月处方4300张,运用Excel电子表格对应用抗菌药物的处方进行统计、分析。结果 4300张处方中,应用抗菌药物处方1651张占38.4%。其中,抗菌药物联用处方611张占应用抗菌药物处方的37.0%;注射用抗菌药物处方206张,占抗菌药物处方的12.5%,口服抗菌药物处方1273张,占抗菌药物处方的77.1%。头孢菌素类和氟喹诺酮类药物应用频率较高,分别占33.2%、26.3%。儿科与内科应用抗菌药物频次较高,分别占32.9%、19.2%。抗菌药物不合理使用情况有无指征用药、药理作用拮抗及抗菌药物给药剂量不合理、抗菌药物配伍、抗菌药物使用时间间隔不合理等。结论医院门诊处方抗菌药物的应用存在诸多不合理情况,应进一步加强抗菌药物合理应用,提高我院临床用药的安全性、有效性、经济性。     

新乡市某医院2008年抗生素使用调查分析

目的调查新乡市某医院门、急诊处方不合理使用情况。方法根据统计学方法,随机抽取门、急诊处方,根据药理学知识、医学文献、药品使用说明书等,对不合理使用抗生素进行分析。结果随机抽取门、急诊处方5565张,占全年总处方量的13．71％,使用抗生素处方1530张,占总处方量的27．49％;不合理抗生素使用处方257张,占抗生素使用处方的16．8％。结论目前该院抗生素的使用存在一定问题,有多种抗生素联用、滥用现象,主要表现在给药方案不合理,配伍不合理,选药不合理,重复使用等。     

不合理用药处方调查与分析

目的通过对医院的处方进行客观的调查、统计,分析不合理用药各类情况,更好指导合理用药。让临床医师安全、正确、合理地选择药品,减少药源性疾病,提高医疗质量,消减医药资源浪费现象,减轻患者的医药负担,保障患者用药安全,减少医患纠纷。方法采用回顾性调查方法,随机抽取门诊2010年9月～12月处方17 993张,对抽查处方进行审查,将其中不合理用药的处方挑选出来进行统计分析。结果共抽查处方17 993张,不合理用药处方362张,占随机抽取处方的2.01%;不合理用药主要表现在超过5种用药,重复给药,剂量不合理,配伍不当,用法不合理,中西药合用的不明确因素,抗生素滥用,其他书写不规范等。结论我院门诊用药基本合理,但仍存在一定问题,临床医师应注意用药的合理性和经济性,药剂人员应严格把好发药关,保证患者用药安全、有效。     

某医院门诊抗菌药物应用分析

目的了解某医院门诊抗菌药物使用情况及存在问题,为促进抗菌药物合理使用提供依据。方法随机抽取2012-06/12每月各3d门诊处方共6 177张,对抗菌药物使用情况进行分析。结果有抗菌药物的处方1 777张,以口服抗菌药物为主,共1 057张,占抗菌药物处方总数的59.50%;单一用药处方共1 451张,占抗菌药物处方比例81.70%;两联用药76张,占抗菌药物处方比例4.30%。不合理使用抗菌药物处方处方225张,占抗菌药物处方比例12.70%。结论某医院抗菌药物的使用存在不合理用药情况,需进一步加强指导监督。     

我院质子泵抑制剂用药分析及合理使用分析

目的:分析我院质子泵抑制剂(PPIs)用药的合理使用情况。方法:随机选择我院2015年4月~2016年4月一年内的门诊PPIs处方350张进行分析,之后根据我院PPIs处方评价标准对给药途径、药物指征、溶媒选择、用量和联合用药、用法等进行评价。结果:在随机抽取的350张处方中,有100张是不合理处方,不合理率是28.5%。其中不合理的情况有100例,药物用途不合理占5%,联合用药不合理占15%,诊断和适应证不合理占71%,用法错误占3%。结论:我院门诊对PPIs的使用存在不合理情况。医生需要严格根据患者适应证给药,药师要加强监督,及时发现问题及时解决。     

2015年抗菌药物专项点评分析与评价

目的通过专项点评了解我院门诊抗菌药物的使用情况,分析不合理用药原因,为我院加强抗菌药物专项整治措施提供参考。方法抽取我院2015年1月~12月门诊处方,每月抽取12名医师,每人50份门诊抗菌药物处方(以实际计算)共5580份处方。从用药适应症、药物选择、药物剂量、给药间隔、用药途径、溶媒、用药疗程、联合用药、更换药品等方面对抗菌药物使用的合理性进行专项点评,对存在的问题进行分析讨论。结果不合理处方768份,占抗菌药物处方数的13.76%。临床诊断不规范处方171份(占不合理处方22.27%);给药频次不适宜处方182份(占不合理处方23.70%);剂型与给药途径不适宜处方111份(占不合理处方14.45%);无治疗细菌感染的临床诊断或诊断不明的处方75份(占不合理处方9.77%);给药剂量不适宜处方57份(占不合理处方7.42%);用药疗程等其它不合理处方172份(占不合理处方22.40%)。结论持续的抗菌药物专项处方点评的开展,使得医院合理用药水平明显提升并持续改进,但仍存在一些问题,应进一步制订干预措施,促进抗菌药物的合理使用。     

我院门诊病人抗生素应用调查分析

目的：分析我院门诊抗生素应用情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：随机抽取2007年1～12月门诊西药房处方4657张,对门诊抗生素的品种、用药频度、抗生素联用情况和用药合理性进行统计分析。结果：抽查的4657张处方中,共涉及9类抗生素,其中抗生素处方总数为3162张,占67．9％。使用频度前3位顺序为：头孢菌素类、青霉素类、喹诺酮类。抗生素以单联为主,不合理用药表现为适应证不符、联合用药不当和给药次数不当及配伍反应。结论：2007年门诊抗生素使用频度高,用药情况基本合理,但仍存在一定程度的不合理应用现象,有待改进。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.