不同压力对 TC4 钛合金真空脉冲渗氮的影响

目的采用不同压力对TC4钛合金进行真空脉冲渗氮处理,提高其表面硬度及耐磨性。方法通过金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计及耐磨试验机分析渗氮硬化层的组织与性能。结果 TC4钛合金经过真空气体渗氮处理后,形成了由Ti N,Ti2Al N和钛铝金属间化合物Ti3Al组成的复合改性层。渗氮压力太低,表面氮化物数量较少,氮化物层较薄;随渗氮压力的增大,表面氮化物数量增多,表面硬度及耐磨性增加。压力为0.015 MPa时,氮化物层表面硬度最大,表面硬度为1100~1200HV,有效硬化层深度为50~60μm。渗氮压力继续增加,表层组织变得疏松,表面硬度及耐磨性开始降低。结论选择合适的渗氮压力和表面氮浓度进行真空脉冲渗氮,可以提高钛合金表面硬度,改善耐磨性。     

TD3钛合金离子渗氮层的摩擦磨损性能

采用等离子表面渗氮技术对TD3合金进行渗氮处理,并对渗氮层显微组织、相组成及硬度进行检测。对渗氮前后TD3合金分别进行常温(25 ℃)及600 ℃的摩擦磨损试验,分析摩擦温度对其摩擦因数、磨痕形貌及磨损率的影响;结果表明,离子渗氮处理后TD3合金表面形成一定厚度的氮化物层,氮化物层在降低摩擦因数的同时,显著降低了TD3合金的磨损率,温度由25 ℃升至600 ℃时,磨痕形貌变化较大,摩擦因数及磨损率也有一定幅度的增加。     

TC4钛合金的离子渗氮工艺

对TC4钛合金进行一系列离子渗氮试验,研究了离子渗氮温度、时间对渗层组织结构、显微硬度及表面残余应力的影响。结果表明:TC4钛合金经离子渗氮后表面硬度均可提高至基体的2~4倍,且表面为残余压应力状态。当渗氮温度800℃或渗氮时间8 h时,表面形成氮化物数量较少,光镜下只能观察到扩散层,随着渗氮温度的升高,渗氮时间的延长,表面由Ti N+Ti2N组成的化合物层厚度增加,致密性增强,硬度也随之增加。TC4钛合金经850℃×16 h离子渗氮后表面硬度可达到900 HV0.1左右,渗氮层由致密的化合物层+扩散层组成。随着渗氮温度继续增加,渗氮时间继续延长,表层氮化物聚集长大,渗氮层开始变得疏松。     

渗氮-渗硫复合处理对Ti-6Al-4V合金摩擦学性能的影响

采用离子渗氮-渗硫复合处理在Ti-6Al-4V合金的表面形成复合渗层.用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对复合渗层的相结构和渗层表面微观形貌进行了分析;并对复合渗层的摩擦学性能进行测试.结果表明,渗氮-渗硫复合处理,可在Ti-6Al-4V合金的表面形成具有良好减摩作用的硫化物层、次表层为具有高硬度的氮化物层和过渡层的理想的摩擦学表面.与未渗硫处理的试样相比,摩擦系数显著降低.     

离子渗氮-渗硫对Ti-6Al-4V复合渗层组织与性能的影响

运用渗氮-渗硫复合处理技术在Ti-6Al-4V表面形成复合渗层。用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对渗氮后600℃下不同时间渗硫所形成的复合渗层的相结构、表面及微观形貌进行了分析;并对复合渗层的截面硬度梯度进行了测定。结果表明:复合渗层由钛的硫化物、钛的氮化物、过渡层及基体组成。在渗硫温度一定时,渗硫时间的变化,会对渗层的截面硬度梯度、截面形貌产生较大的影响。其中900℃×4 h渗氮+600℃×3 h渗硫的复合处理,所得到的复合渗层是较理想的摩擦学表面。     

真空渗氮时间对TC4钛合金渗氮层组织与性能的影响

采用不同时间对TC4钛合金进行真空渗氮处理。通过金相分析、X射线衍射(XRD)、显微硬度测试和耐磨试验研究了渗氮时间对渗氮层组织与性能的影响。结果表明:经820℃不同时间真空渗氮后,TC4钛合金表面物相主要以Ti N和Ti2Al N为主,渗氮初期,氮化物层厚度增加较快,随时间延长,氮化物层厚度增加速度逐渐减小,渗氮层深度与时间符合遵循抛物线规律。表面硬度及耐磨性随时间延长而增加,当渗氮时间达到10 h以后,表面硬度及耐磨性随时间延长基本保持不变,氮化物层厚度随时间延长继续增加。     

38Х2МЮА钢渗氮时氮化物层中相成份和含氮量的调节

如所周知,为使工件获得高的硬度、耐磨性和抗蚀性,必须在工件表面形成由氮化物ε(ε+γ′)相组成的渗氮层,但是,在很多情况下,如在高速钢、模具钢以及38X2MIOA钢渗氮时,在表面不应形成脆的渗氮层,只需要能保证有高硬度和耐磨性的(α+γ′+MN)内渗氮区。本文介绍了通用渗氮钢38X2MIOA渗氮层获得的特点。     

盐浴渗氮处理对FeCrMnNiAl0.2Ti0.1高熵合金组织及性能的影响

采用盐浴渗氮的化学热处理方法对FeCrMnNiAl_0.2Ti_0.1高熵合金进行表面强化,主要工艺为预热+盐浴渗氮+氧化,研究渗氮温度对渗层和性能的影响。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪研究不同渗氮温度下高熵合金的组织结构和物相,利用显微硬度计和W-2000摩擦磨损试验机分别测量硬度和耐磨性。结果表明,经过盐浴渗氮后,高熵合金表面形成含氮化物和氧化物的复合渗层,渗氮层深度最高为27.1 μm,硬度最高可达1080.0 HV0.2。盐浴渗氮可以有效提高高熵合金的耐磨性,改善摩擦学行为,640 ℃渗氮试样的磨损率仅为0.025 mm³/(N·m),与铸态相比降低了约76.7%。     

离子渗氮前预氧化催渗作用及机理

研究了预氧化对42CrMo钢离子渗氮的催渗作用及机理。采用光学显微镜、显微硬度计、XRD、SEM和接触角测量仪研究了渗氮层厚度、渗氮层物相、预氧化后表面形貌和表面自由能。结果表明,预氧化对离子渗氮具有明显的催渗作用,在300℃预氧化30 min后进行离子渗氮(500℃、4 h),化合物层厚度达到15μm,是不经预氧化处理的传统离子渗氮化合物层厚度的2倍以上;有效扩散层厚度达到最大值570μm,明显高于传统离子渗氮的有效扩散层厚度。研究还表明,300℃预氧化30 min后表面产生了大量纳米级氧化物颗粒和微裂纹、孔洞,同时接触角最小、表面自由能最大,离子渗氮阶段氧化物可以有效地转化为氮化物。由此推测预氧化催渗机理可能是表面纳米级氧化物颗粒和微裂纹、孔洞的形成,一方面有利于活性氮原子的吸附,从而促进化合层的形成,另一方面为氮原子提供的扩散通道,有利于扩散层的增加。     

40Cr钢表面纳米化对气体渗氮行为的影响

采用超音速微粒轰击技术对40Cr钢经调质处理后进行单面表面纳米化,使其表面形成晶粒尺寸约10nm的纳米晶层,然后对试样进行不同温度和时间的低温气体渗氮。利用金相法,硬度法和X射线衍射法对试样两面的渗氮层进行分析对比。结果表明：纳米层表面形成氮化物的温度可降至300℃左右,而在450℃时,原始粗晶面气体渗氮才形成连续的氮化物层。主要原因是表面纳米化后大量的晶界为氮原子的扩散提供了通道,同时,晶界和晶内存在的缺陷也可降低氮化物形成的氮势门槛值。     

EVOLUTION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF LASER SURFACE ALLOYING OF γ TiAi ALLOY WITH NITROGEN

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Reactive Atmospheric Plasma Spraying of AlN Coatings: Influence of Aluminum Feedstock Particle Size

Feedstock powder characteristics (size distribution, morphology, shape, specific mass, and injection rate) are considered to be one of the key factors in controlling plasma-sprayed coatings microstructure and properties. The influence of feedstock powder characteristics to control the reaction and coatings microstructure in reactive plasma spraying process (RPS) is still unclear. This study, investigated the influence of feedstock particle size in RPS of aluminum nitride (AlN) coatings, through plasma nitriding of aluminum (Al) feedstock powders. It was possible to fabricate AlN-based coatings through plasma nitriding of all kinds of Al powders in atmospheric plasma spray (APS) process. The nitriding ratio was improved with decreasing the particle size of feedstock powder, due to improving the nitriding reaction during flight. However, decreasing the particle size of feedstock powder suppressed the coatings thickness. Due to the loss of the powder during the injection, the excessive vaporization of fine Al particles and the completing nitriding reaction of some fine Al particles during flight. The feedstock particle size directly affects on the nitriding, melting, flowability, and the vaporization behaviors of Al powders during spraying. It concluded that using smaller particle size powders is useful for improving the nitriding ratio and not suitable for fabrication thick AlN coatings in reactive plasma spray process. To fabricate thick AlN coatings through RPS, enhancing the nitriding reaction of Al powders with large particle size during spraying is required.     

Duplex surface layer treatment of Al alloy: electron beam alloying and plasma nitriding

Abstract

Al alloys offer a high potential as lightweight construction materials due to their low density, specific strength and processing properties. However, the field of application is limited by their low hardness and poor wear properties. Duplex surface treatment combining electron beam (EB) alloying and plasma nitriding offers one possibility to produce hard and wear resistant surface layers on Al alloys. The EB alloyed surface layer acts as supporting layer for the hard AlN coating so that the load bearing capacity can be enhanced. In the present study duplex treatment of Al-5083 (AlMg4·5Mn0·7) Al alloy has been investigated. Before the EB treatment alloying material deposition was carried out by atmospherically plasma spraying. Various sandwich layers based on Al and Fe respectively, have been applied. Different beam deflection techniques have been tested and their effect on surface deformation, microstructure and hardness was evaluated. Plasma nitriding was carried out in order to evaluate the nitriding behaviour of the surfaces modified by EB. Applying the EB meander technique results in smooth surfaces, good microstructural connection to the matrix material and a homogeneous distribution of the alloying elements together with an increase in hardness of ～300 HV0·1. Plasma nitriding leads to the formation of AlN layers of ～5 μm thickness.     

Influence of NH4Cl Powder Addition for Fabrication of Aluminum Nitride Coating in Reactive Atmospheric Plasma Spray Process

Reactive plasma spray is the key to fabricating aluminum nitride (AlN) thermally sprayed coatings. It was possible to fabricate AlN/Al composite coatings using atmospheric plasma spray process through plasma nitriding of Al powders (Al 30 ??m). The nitriding reaction and the AlN content could be improved by controlling the spray distance and the feedstock powder particle size. Increasing the spray distance and/or using smaller particle size of Al powders improved the in-flight nitriding reaction. However, it was difficult to fabricate thick and dense AlN coatings with an increase in the spray distance and/or when using fine particles. Thus, the coatings thickness was suppressed because of the complete nitriding of some particles (formation of AlN particles) during flight, which prevents the particle deposition. Furthermore, the excessive vaporization of Al fine particles (due to increased particle temperature) decreased the deposition efficiency. To fabricate thick AlN coatings in the reactive plasma spray process, improving the nitriding reaction of the large Al particles at short spray distance is required to decrease the vaporization of Al particles during flight. This study investigated the influence of adding ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) powders on the nitriding process of large Al powders and on the microstructure of the fabricated coatings. It was possible to fabricate thick AlN coatings at 100 mm spray distance with small addition of NH₄Cl powders to the Al feedstock powders (30 ??m). Addition of NH₄Cl to the starting Al powders promoted the formation of AlN through changing the reaction path to vapor-phase nitridation chlorination-nitridation sequences as confirmed by the thermodynamic analysis of possible intermediate reactions. This changes the nitriding reaction to a mild way, so it is more controlled with no explosive mode and with relatively low heating rates. Thus, NH₄Cl acts as a catalyst, nitrogen source, and diluent agent. Furthermore, the evolved gases from the sublimation or decomposition of NH₄Cl can prevent the Al particles coalescing after melting.     

Splat Morphology and Influence of Feeding Rate During Reactive Plasma Spray of Aluminum Powder

Fabrication of aluminum nitride (AlN) coatings using conventional plasma spraying processes directly has been deemed impossible. It is attributed to the thermal decomposition of the AlN feedstock particles during spraying without a stable melting phase. Using the reactivity of the plasma (reactive plasma spraying: RPS) showed a promising consideration for in situ formation of AlN thermally sprayed coatings. Several AlN-based coatings were fabricated through the RPS of aluminum powders in the N₂/H₂ plasma. The focus of this study is in discussing the morphology of splat deposition during the nitriding of Al particles. Furthermore, the influence of the feeding rate during the RPS and nitriding of Al powders will be investigated. The nitride content, as well as the unreacted molten Al phase, strongly influences splat deposition and morphology during the RPS of Al. The collected splats can be divided into reacted, partially reacted, and unreacted splats. The reacted splats tend to show a disk or egg-shell shape. The partially reacted mainly had outside nitride shells and an unreacted molten Al part in the center. The unreacted splats tended to show a splash shape. The main controlling factor is the time of the droplet impact on the substrate during the reaction sequence. The particle size and spray distance showed significant effects on the splat formation due to their effect on the nitriding conversion and the melting behavior of the particles during RPS nitriding. The powder feeding rate was investigated through increasing the injection rate and by using a low carrier gas flow rate. Increasing the powder feeding rate significantly improved the coating thickness. However, it suppressed the nitriding conversion of the large Al particles. Thus, with increasing the amount of the powder in the plasma, the Al molten particles are easily aggregated and agglomerate together upon colliding on the substrate with an AlN shell on the surface. This prevents the N₂ from having access to all of the aggregated particles. Therefore, the fabricated coatings using large Al particles consist of surface AlN layers and the central parts of AlN and Al composite layers. On the other hand, it was possible to fabricate about 500-μm-thick AlN coatings using fine Al particles of 15 μm and increasing the feeding rate. Using the fine particles improved the nitriding reaction due to the improvement of the surface area (the reaction area). Moreover, the nitriding process of the Al particles with increasing the feeding rate was also investigated.     

Titanium alloys after surface gas nitriding

Experimental studies using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for nitriding of four titanium-alloys near α Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V, near α Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, α + β Ti-6Al-4V and near β Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al at different temperatures and for different periods of time are presented. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used in order to study the phase transformations that occur during gas nitriding. As a result of the nitrogen interaction, a nitrided layer was formed that consists of titanium nitrides, followed by an interstitial solution of nitrogen in the hcp α titanium phase. The microstructural changes of these alloys in relation to the alloy composition and processing parameters were studied. It was found that the microstructure of alloys nitrided at temperatures below their β transus temperatures for various periods of time is uniform and homogeneous. With the increase of the temperature above their β transus temperatures the microstructure changes to irregular. Microindentation hardness testing using a Knoop indenter was conducted on the nitrided titanium alloys to analyse their hardness evolution in relation to the nitriding processing parameters and alloy composition. It was found that the microhardness increases with the increase of the temperature and time of nitriding. The surface morphology of the Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alloy in relation to the nitriding processing parameters was analysed.     

TC4钛合金不同气源激光渗氮行为

在用矩形光斑高功率半导体激光器,在纯氮气和氮氩混合两种不同方式下,通过不同气流量和氮氩混合对Ti-6Al-4V进行表面渗氮,研究气体流量、氮氩混气比对渗氮熔池形态及渗氮组织和力学性能的影响。采用SEM、EDS以及XRD对渗氮层的显微组织、微区成分及相组成进行研究。结果表明:采用纯氮渗氮时,在15 L/min气流量下获得均匀渗氮层,继续增大气流量渗氮熔池流动紊乱,出现贯穿裂纹,且渗氮深度和硬度并未随气流量增加;采用不同氮氩混气比渗氮时,渗氮层的表层硬度均较相同条件下纯氮气渗氮层的有所降低,且渗氮层裂纹倾向减弱,渗氮层组织由表至里在200~800μm内按层深依次存在TiN0.88、TiN0.61、TiN0.3三种稳定相;分别采用纯氮气和不同氮氩混气比渗氮时,渗氮层组织沿层深分布依次均为粗短树枝晶、等轴晶、细长树枝晶、针状晶。     

Research on component phases and microstructure shape of a rapid ion nitriding layer

The properties of nitrided parts are closely related to the component phases of their compound layers and microstructure shape of their diffusion layers. Based upon the influence of nitriding temperature and nitrogen (N) potential on formation and decomposition of ion nitriding layer, the component phases and microstructure shape of ion nitrided layer, which was processed under cyclic N potential, was studied with x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanism of rapid ion nitriding is also discussed in this paper. The results show that if the rapid ion nitriding by the thermal cycling and the N potential cycling is controlled, the nitriding speed and nitrided layer thickness of materials can not only be enhanced compared to the conventional ion nitriding technique, but also the alloy nitrides can be obviously increased. The precipitation hardness phases of diffusion layer became more trivial and spread in all directions. It is very important to improve the quality of the nitrided layer and to enhance the properties of nitrided parts.     

航空燃油附件零件渗氮技术的应用

分析了38CrMoAl和4Cr14NiW2Mo钢件气体渗氮层产生高脆性和裂纹的原因,论述了纯氨和氨＋氮渗氮对钢件渗氮层成分、组织和性能的影响。结果表明,氨＋氮渗氮可以改善炉内气氛,有利于氮原子沿着晶内扩散,抑制相变扩散和晶界扩散,减轻高氮化合物的形成和发展,降低脆性,避免裂纹生成。