轻度认知功能障碍、焦虑及抑郁对帕金森病患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)、焦虑及抑郁等对帕金森病(PD)患者生活质量的影响。方法选取诊治的103例PD患者,收集年龄、病程、受教育年限、统一帕金森病评定量表第三部分(UPDRSⅢ)评分、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分和39项PD生存质量调查表(PDQ-39)评分等资料,分析上述指标与PDQ-39评分的相关性。结果相关性分析结果显示,年龄、病程、HAMA评分、HAMD评分、MoCA评分和UPDRSⅢ评分均与PDQ-39评分呈显著相关;多元线性逐步回归分析结果显示,年龄、HAMA评分、HAMD评分和MoCA评分是影响PDQ-39评分的主要因素(P 0. 05);影响PDQ-39评分的因素大小依次为HAMD评分、HAMA评分、MoCA评分和年龄。结论 MCI、焦虑及抑郁是影响PD患者生活质量的重要因素,且以抑郁的影响最大。     

不同睡眠障碍类型对帕金森病患者生活质量的影响

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者不同睡眠障碍类型对其生活质量的影响,为临床干预提供依据。方法应用中文版39项帕金森病生活质量问卷(PDQ-39)评定92例PD患者生活质量。采用Epworth嗜睡评分量表、香港版REM睡眠行为异常问卷(RBDQ-HK)、PD非运动症状问卷(NMSQuest)第4项和第6项、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表中第10项分别评定患者白天过度嗜睡(EDS)、快速动眼睡眠行为障碍(RBD)、失眠、不宁腿综合征(RLS)、睡眠呼吸暂停(SDB)等情况。分析不同睡眠障碍类型对PD患者生活质量的影响。结果伴睡眠障碍的PD患者PDQ-39评分明显高于不伴睡眠障碍的PD患者(P0.05)。在各类睡眠障碍中,失眠为PD患者生活质量最强的预测因子(r2=0.138,P=0.000),其次是RLS(r2=0.040,P=0.000),H-Y分级亦有预测作用,3者对PDQ-39总分的影响占决定作用的52%。RBD、EDS、SDB对PD患者生活质量的影响不明显。结论睡眠障碍可明显降低PD患者生活质量,其中失眠影响最显著,RLS次之。     

帕金森病相关性疼痛的相关因素及其对生活质量的影响

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)相关性疼痛的相关因素及其对生活质量的影响。方法根据是否伴有疼痛将120例PD患者分为疼痛组(49例)和非疼痛组(71例)。采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)和Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级评估患者的严重程度,采用PD生活质量量表-39(PDQ-39)测评其生活质量,用数字评分法(NRS)评估疼痛组患者疼痛程度。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和MMSE评价患者的焦虑、抑郁及认知情况。结果与无疼痛组比较,疼痛组H-Y分期及UPDRSⅠ、UPDRSⅢ服药后(med-on)、UPDRSⅢ服药前(med-off)、PDQ-39、HAMA、HAMD评分均显著升高(P0.05～0.01)。Spearman相关分析显示,NRS评分与H-Y分级及UPDRSⅠ、UPDRSⅢmed-off、UPDRSⅢmed-on、PDQ-39、HAMA、HAMD评分呈正相关(P0.05～0.01),与年龄、发病年龄、病程、受教育年限及UPDRSⅡ、MMSE评分无相关性(均P0.05)。线性回归分析显示,UPDRSⅡ、HAMA、NRS评分对PDQ-39有显著性影响(均P0.01)。结论 PD相关性疼痛可能与精神活动、运动症状、焦虑抑郁相关。PD相关性疼痛是影响PD患者生活质量的独立预测因子。     

丘脑底核电刺激对帕金森病患者抑郁的疗效及抑郁与其他症状改善程度的相关性研究

目的探讨丘脑底核电刺激(STN-DBS)对帕金森病(PD)患者抑郁的疗效,并观察其与其他症状改善程度的相关性。方法对70例接受STN-DBS治疗的PD患者进行术前评估及12个月以上追踪,采用统一PD评定量表第三部分(UPDRSⅢ)、39项PD调查表(PDQ-39)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评估患者运动症状、生活质量及抑郁水平,并记录患者PD药物服用情况。结果 PD患者接受STN-DBS治疗1年以上,其运动症状明显改善,PD相关生活质量提高,PD相关药物用量降低(均P0.001)。HAMD总分及七类因子分在STN-DBS治疗1年后均显著下降(均P0.05)。PD患者HAMD总分的改善程度与UPDRSⅢ药物"关"期改善及PDQ-39评分改善呈正相关(均P0.05)。各类因子分别与其他疗效相关分析可见:焦虑/躯体化与UPDRSⅢ药物"关"期改善及PDQ-39评分改善呈正相关(均P0.05);体质量减轻与药物减量呈负相关(P0.05);认知障碍、睡眠障碍及绝望感分别与PDQ-39评分改善呈正相关(均P0.001);阻滞与UPDRSⅢ药物"开"、"关"期改善及PDQ-39评分改善分别呈正相关(均P0.05);日夜变化与其他症状改善之间均无相关性。结论 STN-DBS治疗PD患者1年以上,可显著改善其抑郁障碍。且不同抑郁因子分的改善与生活质量、运动症状改善及药物减量间存在特异相关性。     

脑深部电刺激丘脑底核治疗原发性帕金森病的疗效及影响因素分析

目的分析影响脑深部电刺激(DBS)术治疗原发性帕金森病(PD)患者疗效的因素。方法采用自身对照方法,收集40例以丘脑底核为靶标的DBS术治疗PD患者的运动功能、生活质量和临床相关资料进行回顾性分析,应用运动量表和神经心理量表对患者进行术后评估,对可能的疗效影响因素进行相关性分析。结果术后1年刺激器开机未服药(DBS-ON/MED-OFF)状态下的运动评分(UPDRSⅢ)与术前药物关期(MED-OFF)比较,运动功能总分和震颤、强直、少动、PIGD分项得分均显著下降(P0.05),术后生活质量(PDQ-39)较术前明显提升(P0.05)。其中,合并快眼动期睡眠行为障碍(RBD)患者与无RBD患者的症状比较,术后PDQ-39得分更高;4个主要非运动症状、PD病程、术前PDQ-39和自主神经功能评分均与术后PDQ-39评分相关(P0.05);女性和术前MMSE得分与术后PDQ-39变化值具有相关性(P0.05)。结论 DBS治疗可整体改善PD患者运动功能;但PDQ-39改善受非运动症状尤其是RBD、性别和病程的影响;基于生活质量的DBS疗效评价应更多关注RBD等因素的影响。     

中晚期帕金森病患者生活质量调查及分析

目的对中晚期帕金森病(PD)患者的生活质量进行评估并分析影响因素,为临床干预提供依据。方法选择符合PD诊断标准,并根据HoehnYahr(H-Y)分级纳入中晚期患者83例,应用PD生命质量评价量表(PDQ-39)评定患者的总体生活质量,用SPSS22.0统计较软件对数据进行统计学分析。采用Spearman相关检验对PDQ-39与发病年龄、病程、左旋多巴等效剂量(LEDD)、Beck抑郁量表(BDI)的相关性进行分析;以PDQ-39总分为因变量,与BDI和LEDD为自变量进行多元逐步回归分析。结果相关性分析显示,中晚期PD患者的LEDD与PDQ-39总分呈弱相关(r=0.262,P=0.017),BDI与PDQ-39总分呈高相关性(r=0.687,P=0.000)。多元回归分析结果显示,中晚期PD患者的BDI、LEDD等2项变量对PDQ-39总分的影响占比为47.4%。结论抑郁及用药剂量对于中晚期PD患者生活质量有一定影响,对中晚期PD患者进行抗抑郁干预及左旋多巴类药物替代治疗,对改善患者生活质量有一定帮助。     

帕金森病患者神经精神症状及其影响因素研究

目的调查帕金森病(PD)患者的神经精神症状的发生、分布情况,并分析各神经精神症状间的相互关系及影响因素。方法应用简明精神病量表(BPRS)调查209例PD患者的20项神经精神症状发生率和分布情况,并分析各神经精神症状间的相关性以及与临床特征包括年龄、受教育时间、病程、认知水平、运动功能、抑郁、焦虑、睡眠、生活质量、左旋多巴等效剂量等的相关性。结果 PD神经精神症状发生率较高的前3位分别为动作迟缓(84.21%)、关心身体健康(66.51%)和焦虑(54.55%),发生率较低的症状为不合作、定向障碍和自知力障碍(均为5.26%)。BPRS的5个分量表即焦虑抑郁、缺乏活力、思维障碍、激活性和敌对猜疑两两之间均具有相关性(均P0.01),其中思维障碍与敌对猜疑(r=0.477)、缺乏活力与思维障碍(r=0.441)、缺乏活力与敌对猜疑(r=0.429)之间呈中度相关。BPRS总分与受教育时间、帕金森病睡眠量表(PDSS)评分和简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评分呈负相关,与年龄、统一帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)第3部分评分、修订Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分期、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分、帕金森病生活质量问卷(PDQ-39)评分呈正相关(均P0.05),与病程和左旋多巴等效剂量无相关性(均P0.05)。BPRS高分组(35分)PD与BPRS低分组(≤35分)PD患者在年龄、起病年龄、UPDRSⅢ、PDQ-39、HAMA、HAMD和MMSE评分间比较存在统计学差异(均P0.05)。逐步多元线性回归分析结果示HAMA和MMSE评分对BPRS总分影响最大(r2分别为0.196和0.270)。结论 PD患者的神经精神症状发生率高且具多样性。MMSE评分越低,PD患者精神症状越严重。     

帕金森病剂末现象的临床特征分析

目的明确帕金森病(PD)患者剂末现象发生率和临床特征。方法横断面调查129例PD患者临床基本特征,在运动功能较好状态下用PD评分量表(UPDRS)评价运动功能;自主功能神经量表、PD睡眠量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、简易智力状态检查(MMSE)量表评价相应非运动症状; PD患者生活质量问卷-39(PDQ-39)量表评价近1个月健康生活质量。采用UPDRS-36项和剂末现象问卷(WOQ-9)判定剂末现象的发生及特点。结果①剂末现象发生率为51. 9%;②存在剂末现象患者中,非运动症状波动不单独出现;③多元线性回归分析,WOQ-9得分(P=0. 010)、HAMA得分(P=0. 028)和MMSE得分(P=0. 016)是PDQ-39综合指数的影响因素(R~2=0. 55,F=15. 28)。结论 PD患者剂末现象的发生率较高,其临床特点呈多样化和规律性,剂末现象是PD患者生活质量的重要影响因素。     

帕金森病患者健康相关生活质量的影响因素研究

目的探讨影响帕金森病(PD)患者健康相关生活质量(HRQoL)的主要因素。方法选用39项PD问卷(PDQ-39)、PD统一评定量表(UPDRS)和相关非运动症状评定量表对99例PD患者进行调查,分析影响HRQoL的主要因素。结果相关分析显示,PDQ-39综合指数(PDQ-39SI)与病程、每日左旋多巴剂量、UPDRSⅡ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ评分、Hoehn-Yahr分期、17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HRSD-17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和爱泼沃斯嗜睡量表(ESS)评分呈正相关(r为0.42～0.80,P均小于0.01),与简易精神状态量表(MMSE)、帕金森病睡眠量表(PDSS)评分呈负相关(r为-0.47、-0.68,P均小于0.01),与PD分型呈正相关(r=0.23,P<0.05)。进一步的多元回归结果表明:UPDRSⅡ、HAMD-17、ESS评分是影响PDQ-39SI的主要因素,3因素相加对HRQoL的影响起决定作用的72.1%。结论非运动症状对PD患者HRQoL有着显著的影响,应重视对抑郁和日间过度嗜睡等非运动症状的治疗。     

帕金森病患者疼痛与睡眠障碍的相关性

目的 探讨伴疼痛的帕金森病(PD)患者的临床特征,并分析PD患者疼痛与睡眠障碍的相关性.方法 118例原发性PD患者分为伴疼痛组与不伴疼痛组,调查他们的一般特征,使用VAS评价患者的疼痛程度,使用UPDRSⅡ、UPDRSⅢ、H-Y分期、HAMD-17、HAMA量表、PDQ-8分别评价患者的运动症状、疾病严重程度、神经精神症状、生活质量.使用PDSS-2、ESS和PSG评价患者的睡眠情况.并对两组人群进行比较.结果 伴疼痛组病程长,UPDRS得分、H-Y分期、左旋多巴等效剂量、HAMD、HAMD、PDSS-2、PDQ-8得分均高于不伴疼痛组(P＜0.05).HAMD和PDSS-2评分与是PD患者疼痛的独立危险因素.VAS评分与PDSS-2评分有相关性,伴疼痛的PD患者与不伴疼痛患者相比,PSG主要表现为入睡潜伏期延长,睡眠效率下降,N1百分比增多、觉醒次数增多.结论 PD患者中,抑郁、睡眠障碍是疼痛的影响因素;PD疼痛与睡眠障碍有相关性;伴疼痛的PD患者夜间睡眠更差.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -