阿尔泰造山带花岗岩时空演变、构造环境及地壳生长意义——以中国阿尔泰为例

阿尔泰造山带横跨中、俄、哈、蒙四国边界,是中亚造山带主要组成部分,发育大量的花岗岩等侵入体。本文研究总结这些岩体的时空演变、成因类型和构造环境,并探讨其增生造山和地壳生长意义。依据锆石年龄,这些岩体可大致分为早中古生代的470～440Ma(中晚奥陶世)和425～360Ma(晚志留世—晚泥盆世)、晚古生代的355～318Ma(早石炭世)和290～270Ma(早二叠世)以及早中生代245～190Ma(中晚三叠世—早侏罗世)3个阶段5个期次,其中425～360Ma花岗岩可进一步细分为425～390Ma和380～360Ma两个峰期。早中古生代(470～360Ma)花岗岩体分布广泛,主要为钙碱性I型,多具不同程度变形,其中470～440Ma岩体变形极强(片麻岩体)。它们为同造山俯冲增生产物,形成于活动陆缘俯冲(470～440Ma)、继续俯冲弧后盆地伸展(420～390Ma)到聚合碰撞(380～360Ma)的过程中。早石炭世岩体发育于造山带南部,为不变形圆形状或不规则状,具典型碱性花岗岩特征,为晚(后)造山产物。早二叠世岩体主要发育于阿尔泰造山带南部,少量分布于造山带内部,多为圆形,不变形,少量变形岩体集中在额尔齐斯构造带内,成因类型以I、A型为特点,伴生有大量基性岩脉(体),显示为后造山底侵伸展环境。早中生代岩体为不变形圆形或不规则状,具有高分异I型和S型花岗岩特征,伴有稀有金属矿产,具有板内环境特点。花岗岩体同位素填图显示,阿尔泰中部块体岩体具有较低的εNd(t)值和老的Nd同位素模式年龄(1～1.3Ga),暗示存在古老地壳基底;由北向南εNd(t)值增高,模式年龄变年轻,显示陆壳向南生长,其中水平和垂向生长率分别为18%～28%和7%～8%。中生代时期阿尔泰造山带保留水平增生结构,没有发生大规模构造块体垂向叠覆。阿尔泰造山带经历了古陆缘构造演化,奥陶纪—志留纪陆缘俯冲,泥盆纪陆弧及陆缘边缘裂解、弧后盆地形成,晚泥盆世最终洋盆闭合及早石炭世各块体拼合的演化过程。该研究表明增生造山带中同样存在构造演化的阶段性;中亚增生造山作用不仅具有弧前增生,而且还存在陆缘裂解再拼合作用。     

新疆阿尔泰山南缘沙尔布拉克一带早二叠世花岗岩的年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

对出露于阿尔泰山南缘沙尔布拉克一带的布可萨拉岩体和索尔库都克岩体中的似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年,206Pb/238U年龄分别为277.0Ma±2.4Ma和280.9Ma±4.3Ma,表明形成于早二叠世。岩石地球化学特征表明,该期花岗岩具有富碱、高钾的特征,属高钾钙碱性系列,为具有I—A、I—S过渡特点的I型花岗岩,稀土元素含量较高(∑REE为184.68×10-6～221.49×10-6),轻稀土元素富集(LREE/HREE为4.52～8.45),Eu负异常明显(δEu为0.47～0.68),富集大离子亲石元素,具Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等元素负异常。结合区域资料分析,该期岩体形成于碰撞造山后的拉张构造环境,属于后造山花岗岩。阿尔泰南缘早二叠世花岗岩是在后造山拉张背景下,地幔物质减压熔融形成岩浆上涌,底侵于新生地壳之下,使地壳熔融形成岩浆沿深断裂带上侵形成的。     

大兴安岭东北部霍龙门地区早二叠世花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

黑龙江霍龙门地区位于兴蒙造山带东部的兴安地块和松嫩地块接触带上,区内花岗岩类以晚古生代花岗岩为主,岩性主要为正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩、碱长花岗岩和二长闪长岩等。研究区的正长花岗岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果为294.8 Ma±1.8Ma,表明其形成于早二叠世,且在早三叠世(244.6 Ma±4.1 Ma)遭受了较弱的岩浆侵位事件的叠加影响。该时代岩石的主量元素具有高钾(K_2O质量分数平均为4.52%)、富钠(Na_2O质量分数平均为3.85%)、略富铝(Al_2O_3质量分数平均为13.73%)、低镁(MgO质量分数平均为0.21%)和贫磷(P_2O_5质量分数平均为0.06%)贫钙(CaO质量分数平均为0.61%)的特征;微量元素表现出Th,Zr,Nd,Rb明显富集,而Ba,Sr,P,Ti明显亏损;稀土元素具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素相对亏损的特征,有较明显的负Eu异常(δEu平均为0.49),轻重稀土元素分馏程度较强。岩石总体上属于高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩。花岗岩的R_1-R_2构造环境判别图解与微量元素Rb-Yb+Nb,Rb-Yb+Ta构造环境判别图解显示,该期发育的早二叠世花岗岩处于碰撞造山晚期向造山期后伸展的构造环境,结合区域北东向大量分布晚石炭世-早二叠世期间反映造山期后伸展环境的A型花岗岩的特征及本区所处的构造环境推测,研究区内早二叠世花岗岩应为兴安地块与松嫩地块北东向碰撞造山晚期向造山期后伸展拉张环境下岩浆侵位的产物。     

松潘-甘孜造山带东缘塔公岩体岩石学、同位素年代学特征及其构造意义

松潘-甘孜造山带东缘的三叠纪-侏罗纪中酸性花岗岩,如塔公岩体,为晚三叠世的碰撞造山以及燕山期的构造演化提供了重要信息.区域地质调查填图表明,塔公岩体为石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩.其地球化学特征表明岩石主体属高钾钙碱性系列、准铝质-过铝质过渡系列,稀土配分曲线显示其轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,具有壳源岩浆特征,稀土-微量元素投点结果表明花岗岩形成于造山时期后碰撞阶段.对塔公花岗岩体采集的4件同位素样品的年龄数据质量较高,为214±1 Ma、214±1 Ma、215±1 Ma、216±1 Ma;该组年龄可以作为限制印支晚期扬子、华北和昌都板块之间碰撞时限的证据.基于塔公花岗岩类的岩石地球化学特征、同位素年代学特征,结合区域研究资料,认为松潘-甘孜造山带东缘类似塔公岩体的晚三叠世花岗岩类形成于昌都、扬子和华北地块后碰撞阶段的岩石圈拆沉作用.      

云开造山带强过铝深熔花岗岩地球化学、年代学及构造背景

云开造山带条带—眼球状(环斑)深熔花岗岩(含紫苏花岗岩)地球化学和年代学的研究表明,绝大多数花岗岩的A／ CNK>1．1,CaO／Na2O=0．62-1．61(平均0．94,大于0．3),Al2O3／TiO=16．6-60．6(平均23．68),高场强元素Ta、Nb、Zr 亏损,具大陆边缘俯冲-碰撞造山带后碰撞构造环境强过铝(SP)高钾钙碱性-钙碱性花岗岩的特征,紫苏花岗岩和片麻状含榴黑云二长花岗岩Al2O3／TiO(平均17．82)明显低于条带-眼球状(环斑)黑云二长花岗岩Al2O3／TiO(平均29．55),显示其形成温度更高,并具A型花岗岩的演化特征．而且从高钾钙碱性条带-眼球状(环斑)黑云二长花岗岩到钙碱性紫苏花岗岩、片麻状含榴黑云二长花岗岩,形成时代由(465±10)Ma、(467±10)Ma变为(435±11)Ma、(413±8)Ma,表明扬子板块与华夏板块在加里东期发生了洋—陆俯冲—碰撞造山和后碰撞的伸展—拆沉—底侵岩浆岩作用,并且后期又经历了海西—印支期挤压抬升和伸展揭顶作用的改造,这也为华南存在加里东期扬子板块向华夏板块的洋-陆俯冲-碰撞造山提供了重要证据．     

北秦岭新元古代北北西向碰撞造山带存在的可能性及两侧陆块的汇聚与裂解

在北秦岭北西一北西西向显生宙造山带核部鉴别出与其斜交的北西向古构造带,可能为被改造了的北北西向新元古代造山带的残迹.强烈的区域变形(959～889Ma)和变质特别是高压变质(996～750Ma)以及S→I→A型花岗岩演化(959～725Ma)揭示,该造山带可能经历了同碰撞、晚碰撞到碰撞后伸展的碰撞造山旋回.由此推测,在该区新元古代时期可能发生了陆块的汇聚与裂解;当时造山带的原始方位及两侧汇聚陆块的边界可能是北北西向,汇聚方向可能是北东东向.     

内蒙古赤峰地区早二叠世花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

以赤峰地区铭山复式岩体、尖山子岩体为研究对象,通过锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学研究,确定了其形成时代,探讨了岩石成因和岩浆源区性质及其形成的构造背景。LA-ICP-MS锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U测年结果表明,铭山复式岩体中灰白色斑状黑云二长花岗岩、尖山子岩体中浅肉红色细粒正长花岗岩分别形成于284.4±7.9Ma、294.7±8.5Ma,为早二叠世。根据地质体间接触关系可知,铭山复式岩体中的二长花岗岩岩体和尖山子岩体均为复式岩体,有待进一步解体。斑状黑云二长花岗岩SiO_2含量较高,K_2O+Na_2O含量较高,A/CNK1,属于高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩。细粒正长花岗岩Al_2O_3含量为14.32%~15.14%,Na_2O/K_2O=0.71~0.99,A/CNK=1.17~1.20,在标准矿物中出现刚玉分子。二者微量元素特征相似,富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta,具Sr、P、Ti的负异常,表现出岛弧岩浆岩类特征。结合岩石地球化学、区域地质特征,认为赤峰地区早二叠世岩体形成于岛弧/活动大陆边缘构造背景,其形成与古亚洲洋向南俯冲有关。     

湖北新春花岗岩类锆石SHRIMP年龄:大别山造山带内弱变质—未变质晋宁期花岗岩类的发现

蕲春花岗质杂岩体包括斑状二长花岗岩和花岗岩两部分,它们之间在化学性质上存在着很大的差异,前者表现为高Al_2O_3(15.73％)、相对高CaO(2.46％)、Na_2O含量明显高于K_2O(Na_2O/K_2O=1.27),尤以强烈亏损重稀土元素和极强的轻、重稀土元素分馏程度[(La/Yb)_N=46.8]为特征而类似于太古宙高Al_2O_3的TTG岩石。而后者则以较低的Al_2O_3含量(14.05％)、贫CaO(0.82％)、K_2O含量明显高于Na_2O(Na_2O/K_2O=0.81)为特征,轻、重稀土元素的分馏程度[(La/Yb)_N=10.89]也较片麻状二长花岗岩中弱得多。两类岩石中锆石的U-PbSHRIMP年龄分别为824.6±17.6 Ma和784±20 Ma,该时代与大别山造山带内花岗片麻岩的原岩形成年龄类似。大别山造山带内弱变质-未变质晋宁期花岗岩的出现表明扬子板块印支期向北俯冲时,该花岗质杂岩处于俯冲板片的后缘,可代表造山带内扬子基底的原地露头。而岩体周围的高压变质杂岩应是折返上来的无根构造岩片,大别山造山带内高压-超高压变质杂岩的出露不是整体性抬升剥蚀的结果。     

内蒙古宝音图晚二叠世—晚三叠世花岗岩岩石化学特征及其构造环境

宝音图花岗岩基位于华北地台北缘西段,针对其中牙马图岩体、罕乌拉岩体及布格道苏绍崩岩体等的岩石地球化学研究与年代学测定,结果表明岩体时代分别为261Ma±1.3 Ma,220.9 Ma±0.3 Ma和204.9 Ma±5.9 Ma,系晚二叠世—晚三叠世侵入岩体,其岩石类型主要为黑云母花岗闪长岩、斑状黑云母花岗岩和二云母花岗岩,其中晚二叠世花岗闪长岩Na2O/K2O平均值为2.06,A/CNK为0.96~1.15,平均值为1.03,里特曼指数(σ)平均值为1.9,总体属过铝质钙碱性岩;晚三叠世花岗岩Na2O/K2O平均值为0.82,A/CNK为0.92~1.16,平均值为1.03,里特曼指数(σ)为2.18,属过铝质钙碱性岩。岩石化学构造环境分析表明,晚二叠世—晚三叠世早期岩浆活动是俯冲造山过程中形成的具有岛弧性质的闪长岩类和花岗岩类,而晚三叠世晚期岩浆作用是与之有关的造山晚期陆缘花岗岩类。     

青海龙羊峡地区侵入岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

青海龙羊峡地区侵入体岩石类型为正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩及花岗闪长岩,岩石中Al_2O_3=11.78%~15.11%,K_2O=3.57%~5.58%,A/NK=1.14~1.63,A/CNK=0.87~0.97,TFe O/(TFeO+MgO)=0.74~0.91,岩石具偏铝质中-高钾钙碱性花岗岩特征。用LA-ICP-MS测得龙羊峡侵入岩体的正长花岗岩和二长花岗岩中的锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为243.5±2.9Ma(MSWD=5.2)和247.2±1.7Ma(MSWD=0.97),这2个年龄被解释为岩体侵位年龄。代表了印支运动在西秦岭造山带西段与东昆仑造山带转换衔接部位的共和坳拉谷的构造演化的地质记录。青海龙羊峡地区侵入岩体的形成时代及构造环境的确定,对研究共和坳拉谷的构造演化及动力学机制具有重要意义。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.